Results Of Histopathological Examination Research Articles

Infectivity and pathogenesis characterization of getah virus (GETV) strain via different inoculation routes in mice

In recent years, the epidemiological profile of Getah virus (GETV) has become increasingly serious, posing a huge threat to animal and public health in China. GETV can cause multi-species infection, including horses, pigs, rats, cattle, kangaroos, reptiles and birds. However, there were few reports on the efficiency of the virus entering the host via routes of different systems. In the present study, a GETV strain (SC201807) was obtained from a piglet's blood in 2018 in Sichuan, China. First, we established a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) SYBR assay specific to GETV. Then, we evaluated the infection efficiency of different routes using mouse animal model. 108 male mice were randomly divided into four groups as follows: intramuscular, intraoral and intranasal infection routes, and negative control. All mice in the experimental group were inoculated with 4 × 102.85 TCID50 GETV virus. Tissue tropism experiments show that GETV has a wide range of tissue distribution, and intramuscular infection is the first to infect all tissues of the body, and suggest that oral infection may be a new GETV transmission route. Histopathological examination results showed that intramuscular injection of GETV mainly caused different degrees of pathological damage to the tissues, and could rapidly induce a large amount of inflammatory regulatory factors such as IL-6 and TNF-α. Our data may help us to evaluate the risk of transmission of Porcine Getah virus and provide an experimental basis for the prevention and control of Porcine Getah virus.

Postmortem diagnosis of arterial atherosclerosis in autopsy, postmortem computed tomography and histopathological examinations in medico-legal aspect = Pośmiertna diagnostyka miażdżycy naczyń tętniczych w badaniach sekcyjnych, w pośmiertnym badaniu tomografią komputerową oraz w badaniach histopatologicznych w aspekcie medyczno-sądowym

The aim of this study is to provide a retrospective assessment of the possibility of determining the severity of atherosclerosis based on postmortem computed tomography (PMCT), autopsy protocols and histopathological examination results. In the first stage of the study, 200 cases were evaluated of persons over 40 years of age in whom postmortem computed tomography and autopsy were performed. In the second stage, the cases were divided into a study group (cardiovascular deaths) and a control group, as well as divided by age and, in addition to autopsy protocols and PMCT results, histopathological findings were evaluated. The results of stage I demonstrated that the best detection of atherosclerosis was in the advanced stage with a predominance of detection in PMCT. Atherosclerosis detection in autopsy was highest in the coronary arteries, aorta and cerebral arteries; while in PMCT it remained equal in all evaluated locations. Autopsy showed higher detection of advanced atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries and aorta compared to PMCT. The results of stage II of the study revealed that attaching the results of the general histopathological examination to the retrospective evaluation does not provide an opportunity to increase the accuracy of the evaluation of atherosclerotic lesions. The results obtained indicate the need for prospective studies. Conclusions: autopsy allows macroscopic evaluation of a very broad spectrum of atherosclerotic lesions, but often without precise determination of their nature, and with limited localization; PMCT allows accurate and reproducible evaluation of calcified atherosclerotic lesions in large and medium-sized vessels, but is unsuitable for the evaluation of non-calcified lesions and small vessels; targeted histopathological examinations allow very accurate, but local assessment of atherosclerotic lesions.

THE EFFECT OF MIMOSINE FROM SIMPLICIA OF THE LAMTORO LEAF ON THE HISTOPATOLOGICAL OF WHITE RATS’ TESTIS

Lamtoro leaves (Leucaena leucocephala) are often used as cattle feed. Lamtoro leaf feeding causes decrease in sperm concentration, in diameter of the seminiferous tubules, impaired spermatogenesis, cell degeneration and atrophy. This research aims to determine the histopathology of the testes of white rat given mimosine at different doses. This research uses 20 of 2 months old male Wistar strain white rat with 300-350 g body weight. This research used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments, which is P0 (negative control), P1 (positive control) is given mimosine standard 5 mg/day/head, P2 is given lamtoro leaf simplicia 50 mg/day/head and P3 is given leaf simplicia lamtoro 150 mg/day/head. Treatment was given for 14 days orally and on the 15th day a necropsy of testicular organ was taken. Histopathological examination was carried out based on the presence of congestion and necrosis lesions in the seminiferous tubules. Data from testicular histopathological examination results were scored based on severity consisting of, 0 = no lesions; 1= mild lesion (focal); 2= moderate lesion (multifocal); 3 = severe (diffuse), then analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. The results of the study showed that administration of mimosine from lamtoro leaf simplisia could cause congestion and necrosis compared to control and treatment. Administration of mimosine dose 5 mg/day/ head (P1) causes congestion and necrosis while administration of mimosine from lamtoro leaf simplicia dose 50 mg / head / day (P3) does not cause lesions and dose 150 mg/day/ head (P2) causes congestion in the testicles.

Relationship between Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes and Neoadjuvant Chemoterapy Responsiveness: A Cross-Sectional Study on Breast Cancer Patients

Breast cancer is still a significant health problem in the world, with chemotherapy as an essential component in its management. Limited research on tumor- infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) as a biomarker for the effectiveness of breast cancer treatment was conducted and is still contradictory. This study aims to investigate the relationship between TILs and the clinical response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. The research used a cross-sectional study on eligible breast cancer patients in Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital in Makassar. TIL levels were grouped based on the histopathological examination results of breast tissue samples into three categories: low (0% to 10%), medium 15% to 50% and high (55% to 100%). Responsiveness was assessed based on changes in tumor size after neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The Chi-Square test is the primary analysis in this study. Results of 40 participants, the sample had a median age of 40 (27-73 years), mainly in the clinical stage III (40.0%), had moderate TIL concentration (47.5%), and was responsive to the neoadjuvant chemotherapy (87.5%). There was no significant association between TIL concentration and chemotherapy responsiveness (p > 0.05). However, in post-chemotherapy conditions, the median value of tumor size in the group with the high TIL category was significantly lower than in the low and medium TIL groups (p=0.034). There was no association between TIL levels and the clinical response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. Further research is needed to confirm these findings.

#2983 Correlation of microRNA expression with IgA nephropathy progression: preliminary results

Abstract Background and Aims IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common cause of glomerulonephritis worldwide. IgAN is diagnosed based on the result of histopathological examination. The risk factors for disease progression primarily include the level of impairment of renal function at the time of diagnosis (GFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2), the presence of hypertension, daily administration of more than 1.0 g, and the occurrence of hematuria. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression. Their role has a significant impact on the proper functioning of the body, and disorders related to their expression can lead to the development of many pathological processes in the body. The study aimed to assess the dependence of microRNA expression on the stage of the disease in patients with IgA nephropathy. Method A study was conducted involving patients newly diagnosed with IgA nephropathy based on histopathological examination results. The expression of microRNA molecules (miR-146a, miR-155, miR-200b, miR-429) was determined in urine sediment and blood. The analysis focused on examining the relationship between microRNA expression and the stage of disease progression (proteinuria, renal parameters). Blood and urine tests were performed before the start of immunosuppressive treatment with glucocorticosteroids according to the Pozzi regimen. Results Twenty-seven patients were included in the study group- 14 women (51.9%) and 13 men (48.1%). Nephrotic-range proteinuria (>3000 mg/24 h) was observed in 5 patients (18.5%), while subnephrotic proteinuria was present in 22 patients (77.8%). Reserved kidney function (eGFR > 90) was found in 17 patients (63%). The exact distribution of results according to the stage of renal failure is given in the Table 1. Statistically significant positive correlation was found between serum creatinine concentration and miR-200b expression in urine (R = 0,398, p = 0,049). Initially, no statistically significant correlation was found between the expression of selected miRNA molecules and the degree of 24-hour proteinuria. Conclusion MiRNA molecules may be promising, non-invasive biomarkers widely used in clinical practice. Determining the viability of clinical use of microRNA molecules will require a panel of miRNAs or miRNAs used in combination with other biomarkers and clinical outcomes to improve diagnostic utility.

Effect of Histopathological Findings of Gastric Specimens Resected During Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy on Weight Loss Success: A Retrospective Analysis of 599 Patients.

Even though there aren't enough studies on long-term outcomes, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG)is the most common procedure amongweight loss surgeries. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the histopathological results of resected stomach specimens of patients who underwent LSG and to analyze the effect of histopathological results on weight loss success. The patients were divided into two groups according to histopathological results of the pathology specimens: abnormal (chronic active gastritis, chronic inactive gastritis, neoplasias) and normal. If the excess weight loss percentage (EWL%) values were over 70% at the end of the first year following LSG, the patients were considered successful in terms of weight loss. The groups were compared in terms of age, gender, preoperative body mass index (BMI) value, as well as postoperative first-year BMI, EWL%, total weight loss percentage (TWL%), and successful patient percentage. A total of 599 patients were included in this study. When the patients were dichotomized according to their pathology results as normal or abnormal, 101 (%83.5) of the patients with normal pathology results had EWL% greater than 70%. On the contrary, 356 (74.5%) of the patients with abnormal pathology results had EWL% greater than 70%, and this difference was statistically significant (p=0.038). Patients with normal histopathologic examination results of resected gastric specimens after LSG are more successful than the patient population with abnormal histopathologic results in terms of the percentage of patients with EWL% above 70 at the end of the first postoperative year. We recommend routine histopathologic analysis of gastric specimens after LSG in severely obese patients.

Comparison of the effectiveness of contrast-enhanced mammography in detecting malignant lesions in patients with extremely dense breasts compared to the all-densities population

PurposeTo assess the effectiveness of contrast-enhanced mammography (CEM) recombinant images in detecting malignant lesions in patients with extremely dense breasts compared to the all-densities population.Material and methods792 patients with 808 breast lesions, in whom the final decision on core-needle biopsy was made based on CEM, and who received the result of histopathological examination, were qualified for a single-centre, retrospective study. Patient electronic records and imaging examinations were reviewed to establish demographics, clinical and imaging findings, and histopathology results. The CEM images were reassessed and assigned to the appropriate American College of Radiology (ACR) density categories.ResultsExtremely dense breasts were present in 86 (10.9%) patients. Histopathological examination confirmed the presence of malignant lesions in 52.6% of cases in the entire group of patients and 43% in the group of extremely dense breasts. CEM incorrectly classified the lesion as false negative in 16/425 (3.8%) cases for the whole group, and in 1/37 (2.7%) cases for extremely dense breasts. The sensitivity of CEM for the group of all patients was 96.2%, speci­ficity – 60%, positive predictive values (PPV) – 72.8%, and negative predictive values (NPV) – 93.5%. In the group of patients with extremely dense breasts, the sensitivity of the method was 97.3%, specificity – 59.2%, PPV – 64.3%, and NPV – 96.7%.ConclusionsCEM is characterised by high sensitivity and NPV in detecting malignant lesions regardless of the type of breast density. In patients with extremely dense breasts, CEM could serve as a complementary or additional examination in the absence or low availability of MRI.

The preliminary application of mNGS in the diagnosis of invasive fungal sinusitis

Objective: By conducting a retrospective analysis of the clinical data of 14 patients diagnosed with invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (IFRS) confirmed by metagenomics next generation sequencing (mNGS) technology, we aim to explore the rapid diagnosis value of mNGS in IFRS. Methods: The clinical data of 14 IFRS patients admitted to TianJin First Central Hospital were retrospectively analyzed from February 2021 to October 2023. The study cohort comprised 8 males and 6 females, with ages ranging from 14 to 77 years. All patients were diagnosed as IFRS by performing mNGS sequencing technology of nasal sinus lesion biopsy specimens. Clinical data such as laboratory examination, imaging examination, histopathological examination results, treatment plan and prognosis were summarized and analyzed. Results: All 14 patients were diagnosed as IFRS, with mNGS detecting pathogens such as Rhizopus (7 cases), Aspergillus (5 cases), Trichoderma (1 case), and Scedosporium apiospermum (1 case). Follow-up evaluations were conducted for a period ranging from 2 months to 2 years post-treatment. At the end of follow-up, 11 out of 14 IFRS patients achieved a complete cure with no signs of recurrence, while the symptoms of the remaining 3 patients significantly improved with comprehensive treatment. Conclusion: mNGS emerges as a highly effective diagnostic tool for IFRS, providing valuable microbiological evidence for clinical diagnosis and demonstrating promising clinical utility.

Is a routine histopathological examination justified for all tumours resected from the upper extremity?

We analysed the results of histopathological examinations of benign tumours resected in 346 patients and malignant tumours resected in 6 patients. Our analysis showed a 100% concordance between the initial (clinical) diagnoses of the tumours as benign or malignant and their final histopathological diagnoses. Only in 12 cases (3.5%) of initially benign tumours did the clinical presentation and/or intraoperative findings raise doubts. The results of this study show that a routine histological evaluation of all tumours resected from the upper extremity is not justified and may be confined to selected cases in which clinical presentation and/or intraoperative findings raise doubts.

MANAGEMENT OF MAMMARY FIBROADENOMA IN ROTTWEILER DOGS

Fibroadenoma mammae is a tumor that is formed from a mixture of fibrous and glandular tissue, usually known as a type of benign tumor that grows on mammae. The aim of this study is to report case management fibroadenoma in rottweiler dogs. A Rottweiler dog eight-year-old with a body weight of 24 kg, female sex with a lump in the left (sinistra) second mammary gland. A physical and clinical examination of the dog showed a healthy dog with a good appetite and drink, normal defecation and urination. Routine hematological examination showed an increase in MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume) and a decrease in MCHC (Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration), but not very significant. The results of histopathological examination of tumor tissue samples, the dog was diagnosed with fibroadenoma mammae with a fausta prognosis. Dogs are handled by performing surgery (excision) with the method of mastectomy (regional) to remove the tumor mass and give the antibiotics cefotaxim, cefixime with anti-inflammatory meloxicam, topical drugs such as Enbatic® and hematodin. After surgical removal of the tumor mass and administration of post-operative therapy, the case dog was declared cured with the surgical wound dry and fused on the fourteenth day. Handling fibroadenoma mammae it must be done as quickly as possible to prevent the tumor from metastasizing to other parts of the body.

NEWCASTLE DISEASE AND AVIAN INFLUENZA IN BROILER THAT VACCINATED ON ONE DAY OLD

Newcastle disease and Avian Influenza are highly contagious viral diseases that can affect poultry with high mortality rates, and are zoonotic diseases that endanger humans. In this case study, broiler chickens aged 12 days were vaccinated at hatching and came from Yangapi Village, Tembuku, Bangli showed clinical symptoms of drooping neck or torticollis, no appetite, and greenish white diluted feces. Examinations are continued at each laboratory to obtain a definite diagnosis. The methods used are anatomical pathology examination, histopathology preparations, HA-HI examination, bacterial identification, and qualitative examination for paracites. The results of anatomical pathology examination found pathognomonic lesions, like ptechie in the proventriculus and ventriculus, enlargement and congestion in the lungs, hemorrhagic trachea, and hyperemic intestines. The results of histopathological examination showed marked changes with single-core inflammatory cells or lymphoid suggesting an infectious agent in the form of a virus. The results of the virology laboratory examination with the HA and HI test showed that the case chicken was positively infected by Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza viruses. Bacteriology laboratory by culture of lung and intestinal organ samples was carried out on Nutrient Agar, followed by selective media Eosin Methylene Blue Agar, primary tests, gram staining, biochemical tests and sugar tests until the results showed that Escherichia coli bacteria grew from the chicken intestines and were classified as normal flora. The results of the examination related to parasites in the feces of case chickens by qualitative methods, natif, sedimentation concentration, and floating were confirmed not to be found worm eggs or coccidia. From this case study, it can be concluded that the case chicken was infected with Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza viruses.

Liquiritin Carbomer Gel Cold Paste Promotes Healing of Solar Dermatitis in Mice.

Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) has various effects on human cells and tissues, which can lead to a variety of skin diseases and cause inconvenience to people's lives. Among them, solar dermatitis is one of the important risk factors for malignant melanoma, so prevention and treatment of solar dermatitis is very necessary. Additionally, liquiritin (LQ) has anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and pro-wound healing effects of liquiritin carbomer gel cold paste (LQ-CG-CP) in vitro and in vivo. The results of MTT experiments showed no cytotoxicity of LQ at concentrations of 40 μg/mL and below and cell damage at UVB irradiation doses above 60 mJ/cm2. Moreover, LQ can promote cell migration. ELISA results also showed that LQ inhibited the elevation of the inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) after UVB irradiation. In the mouse model of solar dermatitis, 2% LQ-CG-CP showed the best therapeutic efficacy for wound healing and relief of itching compared to MEIBAO moist burn moisturizer (MEBO). What is more, the results of skin histopathological examination show that LQ-CG-CP promotes re-epithelialization, shrinks wounds, and promotes collagen production, thus promoting wound healing. Simultaneously, LQ-CG-CP reduced TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 expression. In addition, LQ-CG-CP was not observed to cause histopathological changes and blood biochemical abnormalities in mice. Overall, LQ-CG-CP has great potential for the treatment of solar dermatitis.

An enhanced cardio-protective effect of nanoparticles loaded with active components from Polygonum orientale L. against isoproterenol-induced myocardial ischemia in rats

In this study, nanoparticles loaded with active components from Polygonum orientale L. (PO), a traditional Chinese herb known for its anti-myocardial ischemic properties, were investigated for cardio-protective properties. Specifically, OVQ-Nanoparticles (OVQ-NPs) with Orientin (Ori), Vitexin (Vit), and Quercetin (Que) was obtained by double emulsion-solvent evaporation method. The OVQ-NPs exhibited a spherical shape, with a uniform size distribution of 136.77 ± 3.88 nm and a stable ζ-potential of −13.40 ± 2.24 mV. Notably, these nanoparticles exhibited a favorable sustained-release characteristic, resulting in an extended circulation time within the living organism. Consequently, the administration of these nanoparticles resulted in significant improvements in electrocardiograms and heart mass index of myocardial ischemic rats induced by isoproterenol, as well as decreased serum levels of CK, LDH, and AST. Furthermore, the results of histopathological examination, such as H&E staining and TUNEL staining, confirmed a reduced level of cardiac tissue pathology and apoptosis. Moreover, the quantification of biochemical indicators (SOD, MDA, GSH, NO, TNF-α, and IL-6) demonstrated that OVQ-NPs effectively mitigated myocardial ischemia by regulating oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways. In conclusion, OVQ-NPs demonstrate promising therapeutic potential as an intervention for myocardial ischemia, providing a new perspective on traditional Chinese medicine treatment in this area.

TIRADS and BETHESDA correlation to histopathological results of thyroid nodules: a case series at Dr. Sardjito General Hospital, Yogyakarta

Early diagnosis of thyroid nodules is necessary to identify malignancy before surgery. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) and ultrasonography (USG) are supporting examinations for diagnosing thyroid tumors. There have been several previous studies related to the sensitivity of each investigation compared to postoperative biopsy findings. Both have different diagnostic values, and it is hoped that if these two diagnostic methods are applied before surgery, they will have a higher sensitivity value in determining the type of thyroid nodule compared to a single examination. A single-center retrospective case series study. Socio-demographic and clinical data were obtained from hospital records. This study included six thyroid nodule cases, consisting of three (50%) women and three (50%) men. Patients had the appearance and clinical symptoms of swelling in the neck (100%), of which 50% had symptoms of difficulty swallowing and 16% had symptoms of shortness of breath. Three (50%) patients underwent isthmolobectomy, and 3 (50%) patients underwent total thyroidectomy. Three (50%) patients suspected of approaching malignancy based on TIRADS and BETHESDA underwent total thyroidectomy with postoperative histopathological results of non-malignancy. Three (50%) patients with suspected benign nodules based on TIRADS and BETHESDA underwent isthmolobectomy, with postoperative histopathological results indicating non-malignancy. The concordance of the results of the ultrasound examination (TIRADS) and histopathology of thyroid nodules before surgery (BETHESDA) compared with the results of the postoperative histopathological examination was 50%.

TREATMENT OF CHRONIC CYSTIC ENDOMETRITIS WITH PYOMETRA IN 4 YEARS OLD KINTAMANI-BALI DOG

Pyometra in dogs is a condition of accumulation of purulent material in the female dog's uterus caused by hormonal balance resulting in infection and excess fluid production in the uterus. This paper reports the case of a four-year-old female Kintamani-Bali dog with a weight of 13.74 kg who has a complaint of red discharge that has come out through her vagina since 8 month ago. The purpose of writing this article is to provide information regarding methods of handling and evaluating therapy for chronic cystic endometritis in Kintamani Bali dogs. Hematological examination showed that white blood cells were high and ultrasound examination showed uterine abnormalities, namely thickening of the uterine wall and uterine lumen filled with fluid. The results of histopathological examination found several cysts on the uterine mucosal lamina, the uterine mucosa was necrotic accompanied by the infiltration of neutrophil inflammatory cells, plasma cells, lymphocytes, and the muscularis lamina experienced hyperplasia. The diagnosis in the case of dogs had chronic cystic endometritis accompanied by pyometra. The prognosis in this case is fausta. Handling performed on the case dog is by ovaryohysterectomy surgery. Premedication using atropine sulfate, anesthesia with a combination of ketamine and xylazine. The therapy given postoperatively was the antibiotic amoxicillin 7 mg/kg BB intramuscularly and anti-inflammatory and analgesics were given tolfedin 4 mg/kg BB given intramuscularly. Followed by the home administration of amoxicillin 15 mg/kg BB tablets given orally three times a day for seven days and the anti-inflammatory meloxicam 0.2 mg/kg BB tablets given orally once a day for five days. The results of wound healing showed that the healing process on the 14th day was marked by the wound becoming dry. Animal sterile is better done by ovaryohysterectomy.

Correlative Study of Ultrasound Scan, Fine-needle Aspiration Cytology and Histopathology of Thyroid Swellings

Abstract Introduction: Thyroid swellings are common clinical entities with a reported prevalence of about 10% of the adult population. As ultrasound technology is advancing, so is the detection of thyroid lesions, even if they are as small as a few millimetres in size. While fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is the standard procedure for thyroid nodule diagnosis; it involves risks and unnecessary costs. However, histopathological examination (HPE) is the gold standard for the classification of thyroid swellings. While individual characteristics of USS which increase the suspiciousness of malignancy, have been studied repeatedly but are inconclusive, we therefore need a comprehensive system of stratifying thyroid nodules and characterising them with confidence so that we can reduce the number of needless painful aspiration and biopsy procedures. Aim: This study aims to determine the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound scans and FNAC in thyroid swellings by comparing them with HPE results. Materials and Methods: It was a prospective observational study conducted in a tertiary care centre over a period of 2 years. During this period, a total of 200 patients presented with palpable thyroid nodules in the surgery outpatient department out of which 160 patients were included in our study. All the patients underwent a triple assessment (clinical examination, sonogram and FNAC) and were later posted for surgery, the specimen obtained was sent for HPE. Data were collected and the results were analysed and compared. Results: One hundred and sixty cases with thyroid swellings were studied. Out of the 160 cases, 136 were female and 24 were male with female-to-male ratio of 5.6:1. Based on various ultrasound characteristics of thyroid nodules, each thyroid nodule was classified into ACR-TIRADS categories and then FNAC was done. On HPE diagnosis of 160 cases, 98 (61.3%) patients were benign and 62 (38.8%) patients were malignant. The results of histopathology were correlated with ultrasound features and statistical analysis was done calculating sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value for each feature. The sensitivity and specificity for irregular margin were 38.7% and 93.9%, for taller-than-wide were 21% and 100%, for punctate echogenic foci/microcalcification were 8.1% and 100%, for hypoechogenicity were 91.9% and 64.3% and for solid consistency were 69.4% and 76.5%. The risk of malignancy for TIRADS categories 2, 3, 4 and 5 in our study was 2.5%, 21%, 64% and 94%, respectively. In comparison with FNAC diagnosis and HPE, FNAC is 98.0% sensitive and 54.8% specificity in detecting benign lesions while 4.84% sensitivity and 97.96% specificity in detecting malignant lesions. Conclusion: ACR-TIRADS is a good predictor of malignancy. Individual characteristics such as solid composition, hypoechogenicity, irregular borders, taller-than-wide shape and microcalcifications were highly predictive of malignancy. FNAC is of greater help in the pre-operative diagnosis and should be treated as a first-line diagnostic test for thyroid swellings to guide the management though it is not a substitute for HPE.

Comparative Study of Some Staining Methods for the Demonstration of Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Biopsies in Gombe State, Nigeria

Background: Currently there are different staining methods available for the demonstration of Helicobacter pylori in gastric biopsies sections. Most of these methods are technically demanding, slow and expensive with varying sensitivity and specificity. Aims: This study was to compare some of these techniques for the detection of H. pylori in routine gastric biopsy tissue sections in order to ascertain their reliability and effectiveness. Methodology: Sixty-five positive and seven negative cases of H. pylori were selected based on the results of rapid urease test, serology test and histopathological examination of the tissue sections. Histopathological examinations of sections stained by Hematoxylin and Eosin staining method (H&E), Giemsa staining method, modified Giemsa staining method, modified McMullen staining method and immunohistochemical staining were performed. Results: The sections were evaluated by two independent observers. The sensitivity and specificity for the techniques were as follow: immunohistochemistry, 100% and 100%; modified Giemsa stain, 96.9% and 85.7%; Giemsa stain, 92.3% and 81.4%; modified McMullen stain, 89.2% and 52.9%; H&E, 90.8% and 77.1%. The interobserver agreement was analyzed by Kappa (k) statistics using SPSS version 23 software. The agreement between the two observers was k: 0.859 (98.4%) for immunohistochemistry; k: 0.777 (96.9%) for modified Giemsa stain; k: 0.533 (95.2%) for Giemsa stain; k: 0.267 (92.1%) for modified McMullen stain; and k: 0.421 (93.7%) for H&E stain. Conclusion: The best results were obtained by the immunohistochemical staining and the Giemsa stainings. Although the immunohistochemistry staining method gives the best result and is very reliable, but it is fairly time consuming and expensive. Therefore, considering the cost, applicability and the reliability of the modified Giemsa or Giemsa stain, we recommend both for the detection of H. pylori in gastric biopsies sections especially in resource constrained laboratories.

Application of Targeted Coronary Angiography in the Diagnosis of Sudden Cardiac Death.

To diagnose coronary artery stenosis by using the postmortem computed tomography angiography (PMCTA), and to explore the diagnostic value of PMCTA in sudden cardiac death. Six death cases were selected, and the contrast medium iohexol was injected under high pressure through femoral artery approach with 5F pigtail catheter to obtain coronary image data and then the data was analyzed. The results of targeted coronary imaging and coronary artery calcium score (CaS) were compared with the results of conventional autopsy and histopathological examination. The autopsy and histopathological examination of cases with coronary artery stenosis obtained similar results in targeted coronary angiography, with a diagnostic concordance rate of 83.3%. Targeted coronary angiography could effectively show coronary artery diseases, and the CaS was consistent with the results of conventional autopsy and histopathological examination. Targeted coronary angiography can be used as an effective auxiliary method for conventional autopsy in cases of sudden cardiac death.

Ultrasound and demographic predictors of papillary thyroid cancer local metastasis at the preoperative stage: a predictive model

Background. Due to the low sensitivity and specificity of neck ultrasound in the evaluation of the central lymph nodes, it is necessary to find alternative ways to predict central lymph node metastases in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). The purpose of the study is to develop a prognostic model for assessing the risk of local metastasis of papillary thyroid cancer based on preoperative ultrasound and demographic predictors. Materials and methods. A retrospective monocenter cohort study was conducted. The data of 401 patients who underwent surgery for PTC were processed. The main group included 179 patients in whom central lymph node metastases were detected during histopathological examination. The comparison group consisted of 222 patients without metastases according to the results of histopathological examination. When conducting the analysis, the following signs were considered as risk factors: subcapsular location of the tumor; size; blurred boundaries; the presence of calcification areas (microcalcifications); age of a patient. Inclusion criteria: PTC that was cytologically confirmed at the preoperative stage; surgeries (thyroidectomy/hemithyroidectomy and central neck lymph node dissection). Exclusion criteria: history of neck surgery; multifocal lesions of the thyroid gland. Results. The following logistic equation was obtained using the StatPlus program: y = –1.839 – 0.037 × X1 + 0.097 × X2 + 1.123 × X3 + 1.198 × X4 + + 0.692 × X5, where X1, X2, X3, X4, X5 are age (years), size (mm), subcapsular location (presence), blurred boundaries (presence), calcifications (presence), respectively. The obtained prognostic model provided the following operational characteristics when specifying the threshold value for P, which is equal to 0.44 (the decisive rule X > T): sensitivity — 75.4 %, specificity — 79.3 %, diagnostic efficiency — 75.1 %. To assess the quality of the model, the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed. The following data were obtained: area under the ROC curve = 0.797 (95% confidence interval: 0.753–0.841), which corresponds to the good quality of the model, and Youden index J = 0.5155. Checking the quality of the model on a control group of 100 people gave the following results: sensitivity — 72.2 %, specificity — 76.1 %, diagnostic efficiency — 75.8 %. Conclusions. The application of a prognostic model based on ultrasound data and the patient’s age makes it possible to predict the presence of local metastases of the PTC at the preoperative stage with a diagnostic efficiency of 75.8 %. No prognostic model gives 100% prediction accuracy. When choosing the treatment, additional influencing factors (history of radiation exposure, burdened family history, etc.) for a specific patient should be considered.

The Potential of a CT-Based Machine Learning Radiomics Analysis to Differentiate Brucella and Pyogenic Spondylitis.

Pyogenic spondylitis (PS) and Brucella spondylitis (BS) are common spinal infections with similar manifestations, making their differentiation challenging. This study aimed to explore the potential of CT-based radiomics features combined with machine learning algorithms to differentiate PS from BS. This retrospective study involved the collection of clinical and radiological information from 138 patients diagnosed with either PS or BS in our hospital between January 2017 and December 2022, based on histopathology examination and/or germ isolations. The region of interest (ROI) was defined by two radiologists using a 3D Slicer open-source platform, utilizing blind analysis of sagittal CT images against histopathological examination results. PyRadiomics, a Python package, was utilized to extract ROI features. Several methods were performed to reduce the dimensionality of the extracted features. Machine learning algorithms were trained and evaluated using techniques like the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC; confusion matrix-related metrics, calibration plot, and decision curve analysis to assess their ability to differentiate PS from BS. Additionally, permutation feature importance (PFI; local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME; and Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) techniques were utilized to gain insights into the interpretabilities of the models that are otherwise considered opaque black-boxes. A total of 15 radiomics features were screened during the analysis. The AUC value and Brier score of best the model were 0.88 and 0.13, respectively. The calibration plot and decision curve analysis displayed higher clinical efficiency in the differential diagnosis. According to the interpretation results, the most impactful features on the model output were wavelet LHL small dependence low gray-level emphasis (GLDN). The CT-based radiomics models that we developed have proven to be useful in reliably differentiating between PS and BS at an early stage and can provide a reliable explanation for the classification results.