Fourier Transform Infrared Results Research Articles

Fabrication of tannic acid-incorporated polyvinylpyrrolidone/polyvinyl alcohol composite hydrogel and its application as an adsorbent for copper ion removal.

An effective tannic acid-incorporated polyvinylpyrrolidone/polyvinyl alcohol composite hydrogel with high-potential sorption capacity was developed for the removal of copper from aqueous solution. The composite hydrogel exhibited pH-dependent swelling, in which swelling and shrinking occurred reversibly with adjustment of the pH of the medium. At pH 4, the maximal adsorption capacity for copper at 30°C was 297.0mg g-1, and the adsorbent dose was 4g L-1. The adsorption kinetics were best fitted with a pseudo-second order kinetic model. The adsorption behavior was well predicted by the Freundlish isotherm. The thermodynamics parameters indicated a spontaneous and exothermic reaction with an increase in the entropy of the system. The chemical changes in the film structure before and after adsorption treatment were characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The FTIR, XPS and XAS results confirmed that Cu bound to the oxygens in the -OH, C = O and N-(C = O)- functional groups on the T-HD. XAS analysis revealed the chemical composition and molecular geometry of the adsorbed copper ions. The single-solute adsorption and coadsorption mechanisms, which provide insight into cobalt-copper, nickel-copper, or nickel-cobalt-copper complex solutions, were investigated. The composite hydrogel exhibited excellent regeneration ability in EDTA solution. Notably, the adsorbent retained an adsorption efficiency exceeding 87% even after five regeneration cycles. On the basis of both adsorbent characteristics and adsorption performance, it was determined that the composite hydrogel has the potential to be used as a platform for developing materials to treat wastewater containing high levels of metal contaminants such as those from the electroplating industry.

Enhancing shelf-life and nutritional value of broccoli florets through vacuum impregnation with calcium chloride and ascorbic acid.

The present investigation aimed to enhance the postharvest shelf-life of broccoli using vacuum impregnation (VI). Broccoli florets were impregnated with physiologically active chemicals, i.e. calcium chloride and ascorbic acid. Post-impregnation broccoli florets were packed in three different packaging materials (poly(ethylene terephthalate) punnets, low-density polyethylene pouches and shrink-wrap film) and stored at two temperatures (5 and 25 °C). The effects of impregnation solutions, packaging materials and storage temperature on physicochemical attributes (weight loss, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid, total chlorophylls and carotenoid content), antioxidant and phenolic contents, and shelf life were studied. The changes in the chemical structure post-impregnation and during storage were investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Results showed that impregnated broccoli florets exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) higher levels of biochemical attributes immediately after impregnation. During storage, the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of broccoli florets declined for all the samples. However, the reduction in these properties was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in impregnated florets as compared to untreated control samples. Principal component analysis and FTIR results also indicated a clear difference in the impregnated and control samples. The shelf-life of broccoli florets stored at 25 °C was assessed as 4 and 3 days for impregnated and control samples, respectively; whereas the samples stored at 5 °C had a shelf-life of 12 days for impregnated samples and 5 days for the control samples. The findings of the study elucidate the potential of VI in enhancing the initial quality and shelf-life of broccoli. The deterioration during storage is primarily due to physiological weight loss, a natural loss of water and volatile compounds that occur following harvest due to transpiration and respiration. Excessive transpiration can lead to dehydration, which reduces the quality and shelf-life of the product. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

A Novel pH-Responsive Nano-Sized Lanthanum-Doped Polyvinyl Alcohol-Carbon Quantum Dot Composite for Root Canal Irrigation.

The primary goals of endodontic therapy are to eliminate microbes and prevent reinfection. Persistent root canal infections and failure of root canal therapy are primarily attributed to the presence of bacteria, particularly E. faecalis. Chemical irrigants play a crucial role in complementing mechanical instrumentation in ensuring adequate disinfection. However, current techniques and available irrigants are limited in their ability to achieve optimal sterilization of the root canal system. In this study, we developed a novel material called La@PCDs by combining CQD-PVA and lanthanum for root canal irrigation. A one-pot hydrothermal method was used to prepare composites of lanthanum and CQD-PVA (La@PCDs). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and the particle size were employed to characterize La@PCDs. ROS generation was evaluated by measuring the fluorescence intensity emitted at 525 nm from 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). In vitro experiments were conducted to assess the effectiveness of the nanoparticles in combating Enterococcus faecalis and eradicating in situ biofilm eradication in root canal. Furthermore, cytotoxicity assessments were carried out to demonstrate the safety of La@PCDs. SEM and FTIR results showed that La@PCDs were successfully prepared and exhibiting a homogeneous size distribution and irregular morphology. ROS assessment demonstrated that La@PCDs have a synergistic effect, promoting the production of a large number of ROS. This effect only occurred under acidic PH conditions. The inherent acidity in the biofilm microenvironment can act as internal stimulus. In vitro experiments revealed superior antibacterial efficiency under acidic conditions without causing significant cytotoxicity compared to the commonly used NaClO irrigant. The biosafety of La@PCDs was confirmed. Compared to existing materials, these nanoparticles exhibit favorable antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties, along with improved biocompatibility. These findings emphasize the potential of the integrated La@PCDs as a promising option for enhancing root canal irrigation and disinfection.

Effect of adding various supplements on physicochemical properties and starch digestibility of cooked rice

This study investigated the physicochemical modifications of cooked rice caused by adding various supplements (rapeseed oil, dried wasabi powder, and dried chili pepper powder). The physicochemical and digestive properties of treated cooked rice were analyzed using multiple techniques to determine the impact of supplements on the rice quality, including its starch digestibility. All samples with added supplements showed an increase in surface firmness (0.77–0.95 kg·m/s2 (N)) and a decrease in thickness (2.23–2.35 mm) and surface adhesiveness (1.43–7.22 J/m3). Compared to the control group, two absorption peaks at 2856 and 1748 cm−1 and new signals at 1683 and 1435 cm−1 appeared in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Analysis of FTIR results revealed that the interaction force was mainly through noncovalent interactions. Moreover, adding supplements increased the resistant starch (RS) levels in all samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) suggested that oil-enriched phases, proteins, and polyphenols could cause large agglomeration and loose gel structure. These results suggested the formation of amylose-guest molecule complexes, which may influence starch functionality. Our work could provide insight into the starch–supplement interactions and the key factors affecting starch digestibility.

Synthesis of Schiff bases of 4-methoxybenzyl amine and hydrazide derivatives and their application in corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1.0 M HCl

In this work, Schiff bases of 4-methoxybenzyl amine and hydrazide derivatives containing succinic (BMSHE), oxalyl (BMOHE), and phenylaceto (BMPHE) have been synthesized and applied for corrosion inhibition of mild steel (MS) in 1.0 M HCl. The synthesized compounds are characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and H1 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The FTIR and H1 NMR results have confirmed their formation through the presence of functional groups and hydrogen associated with them. Corrosion mitigation examination is done by polarization measurements (PM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-rays (EDX), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). All inhibitors demonstrated notable efficacy in preventing MS in HCl (BMSHE-88%, BMOHE-84%, and BMPHE-72%). As per corrosion potentials, BMOHE and BMPHE have been found to be mixed types of inhibitors, and BMSHE is noticed as a cathodic inhibitor. The SEM results demonstrated how these hydrazide derivatives prevented corrosion by covering the MS surface. The EDX analysis of the surfaces has revealed that the inhibited MS contains lower amounts of O and Cl, which indicate that the inhibitors prevent MS in HCl. AFM analysis shows that the surfaces of MS in the presence of the inhibitors are damaged less than in their absence, which reveals the same facts as told above. The inhibition of MS by BMSHE, BMOHE, and BMPHE is also explained with a reason after analyzing the results.

Laminar Flow Infrared Spectroelectrochemistry.

In this work, we advance lab-on-chip electrochemistry and spectroscopy by combining these capabilities onto a single platform, thereby achieving mid-infrared spectroelectrochemistry (SEC) for the first time. The key feature of this technique is the use of deterministic laminar flow patterns to precisely transport a reacted solution from upstream electrodes to a downstream spectral detection region. Laminar flow spectroelectrochemistry (LF-SEC) is therefore a completely new approach, which derives its distinction and advantage over traditional SEC by physically separating electrode and attenuated total reflection (ATR) elements. As such, these functional elements retain optimal properties, such as inert, highly conductive electrodes and a bare ATR element for sensitive Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. By combining ATR-FTIR with a scanning aperture system, LF-SEC provides the additional advantage of spectroscopically monitoring reactions at individual electrodes. The LF-SEC system design is first optimized through a series of targeted experiments using a ferricyanide/ferrocyanide redox pair to validate electrochemical functionality, undertake spectroscopic calibration, optimize experimental parameters, and finally validate the quantitative relationship between FTIR results and the reaction rate under galvanostatic control. After optimization, we demonstrate the technique by monitoring the oxidation of the therapeutic compound ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in the presence of biomolecular interference from a molecule with an overlapping oxidation potential. We find that molecular availability causes the reaction to switch between reaction pathways, which we could finely monitor using LF-SEC. This work opens the door to future developments that take advantage of the microfluidic reactor setup, with benefits ranging from portability to high-throughput studies under precise reaction conditions.

Acetic acid-benzaldehyde solutions: FTIR studies, DFT, isosurface, NBO and QTAIM analyses

Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of pure Acetic acid (AcOH), Benzaldehyde (PhCHO) and their binary solutions at various concentration have been recorded. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations using the functional B3LYP/6-311++G (d, p), isosurface, natural bond orbital analysis (NBO) and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analyses have been performed on dimers of AcOH, PhCHO and their complexes in gas phase. The results of FTIR and DFT calculations have been analysed to identify the dimers present in liquid AcOH/PhCHO and the PhCHO-AcOH complexes present in the binary solutions. The liquid AcOH consists of closed nine dimers with the different interaction schemes. The frequency shift suffered by vibrational bands of AcOH or PhCHO suggest the formation of 1:1 (PhCHO:AcOH) and 1:2 complexes in the binary solutions. The 1:2 complex exist even in 1:3/3:1 binary solution and this indicates that the AcOH dimers remains stable in the diluted solutions.

Jellein-I-conjugated gold nanoparticles: Insights into the antibacterial, antibiofilm activities against MRSA, and anticancer properties

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and their conjugation with nanoparticles hold promise for targeting Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In this study, Jellein-I peptide, with a cysteine at the C-terminus, was conjugated to gold nanoparticles (GNPs) to enhance its antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anticancer activities. The GNPs were synthesized and then conjugated to Jellein-I, forming Jellein-I-Cys-GNPs. The nanoparticles were characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. UV–visible spectroscopy, DLS, and TEM confirmed the formation of GNPs with an average size of 5.5 nm. The UV–visible spectroscopy and FTIR results indicated the presence of peptide functional groups on the surface of the GNPs. To assess antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays were performed against MRSA strains. The conjugated Jellein-I exhibited lower MIC and MBC values (94 μM) compared to the free peptide (512 μM) against both clinical and standard MRSA strains. Additionally, GNP-conjugated Jellein-I demonstrated antibiofilm activity, inhibiting and removing biofilms while reducing metabolic activity by more than 82 %, 44 %, and 72 %, respectively. Cell viability studies on rat dermal fibroblast (RDF) cells showed over 80 % viability across all treatment concentrations. Furthermore, a clonogenic assay on the metastatic melanoma cell line (A375) demonstrated that GNP-conjugated Jellein-I had significantly better anticancer effects than the free peptide, even at a concentration as low as 9 μM. Our findings suggest that the conjugation of Jellein-I-Cys to GNPs could be a promising formulation for enhancing the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anticancer activities of peptides. Further in vivo studies may establish this new nanoformulation as a potential therapeutic candidate for MRSA infections and cancer treatment.

Synthesis and Characterization of Polyaniline/CuO Nanocomposites with Various Temperature

Polyaniline (PANI) metal oxide composites are known for their high electrical conductivity, environmental stability, and enhanced mechanical strength, making them valuable in applications such as sensors, batteries, and electromagnetic shielding. This study focuses on synthesizing and characterizing PANI/CuO nanocomposites to examine their structural, morphological, and functional properties at different synthesis temperatures. By integrating the conductive polymer PANI with copper oxide (CuO), a p-type semiconductor with a narrow band gap, the material’s capabilities are significantly enhanced. The oxidative polymerization of aniline, the process by which PANI is formed, requires precise control of oxidizing agents and reaction conditions, as these factors directly affect the polymerization, conductivity, and overall properties of the resulting nanocomposite. The PANI/CuO nanocomposites were synthesized at three different temperatures: 10℃, 25℃, and 50℃, to determine how temperature affects their characteristics. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were employed to analyze these nanocomposites. FTIR results revealed shifts in the quinoid and benzenoid rings, indicating hydrogen bonding between the NH group of PANI and the CuO surface, which accelerates charge transfer. The SEM analysis showed that while pure PANI exhibits a uniform globular morphology, the PANI/CuO nanocomposites display a nanorod morphology. These morphological differences impact the surface area and electrical conductivity of the composites, highlighting the significance of temperature in tailoring the material's properties for specific applications.

Pullulan Polysaccharide as an Eco-Friendly Depressant for Flotation Separation of Chalcopyrite and Molybdenite.

It is difficult to separate molybdenite and chalcopyrite by froth flotation due to the good floatability of the two minerals. In this paper, the separation of copper-molybdenum sulfide minerals was realized by using pullulan polysaccharide (PU) as the depressant. The flotation test results showed that the copper concentrate grade increased from 16.24 to 29.86%, and the copper concentrate recovery reached 83.55% under low alkali conditions. The selective separation mechanism of the two minerals by PU was revealed through contact angle measurements, ζ-potential measurements, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. The ζ-potential and contact angle results showed that PU is more easily adsorbed on molybdenite to strengthen the hydrophilicity of molybdenite. The FTIR and XPS results showed that PU is adsorbed on molybdenite by physical interactions, and hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding play a major role.

Evaluation of the Effect of C9 Petroleum Resin on Rheological Behavior, Microstructure, and Chemical Properties of Styrene–Butadiene–Styrene Modified Asphalt

Understanding the modification mechanism of C9 petroleum resin (C9PR) on styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) polymer modified asphalt properties is of significant importance. In this paper, dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), storage stability, fluorescence morphology (FM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation were adopted to evaluate the rheological, chemical, and microstructure molecular motion state of C9PR and SBS composite modified asphalt at different aging states. The DSR storage results indicate that the addition of C9PR could improve the high-temperature property, storage stability, and temperature susceptibility. FM and SEM results indicate that the network microstructure was enhanced and the roughness between polymer resins and virgin asphalt was improved at the microscopic scale. The MD results indicate that the heterogeneity between C9PR and SBS modified asphalt was demonstrated, and the bonding energies were enhanced with the addition of C9PR. Moreover, the FTIR results indicate that new function groups were generated in addition to C9PR. In general, the addition of C9PR is a good approach to promote high-quality polymer modified asphalt (PMA) for pavement engineering.

Novel Li2−2xK2xPbP2O7 glass system: Synthesis, thermal, structural and dielectric properties

Novel Li2−2xK2xPbP2O7 system (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1 mol%) was synthesized through the conventional melt-quenching method. The amorphous and crystalline characteristics of the resulting compounds were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The study assessed the effect of potassium doping on thermal parameters, including glass transition temperature (Tg), crystallization temperature (Tc), and overall thermal stability. The findings reveal that the stability does not consistently follow a single pattern with K2O doping. Notably, the Li1.6K0.4PbP2O7 glass exhibits the greatest stability. The addition of K2O led to a reduction of the density and an increase in the molar volume of the system. These observations align with FTIR results, which reveal that introducing additional potassium ions results in longer bond lengths and weaker bonds. The spectroscopic study was supported by Raman spectroscopy. Post-annealing XRD analysis revealed the presence of distinct crystalline phases that differed according to the K2O content The structure of the various phosphate groups in the synthesized materials after annealing was also analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Moreover, dielectric studies were conducted over a range of frequencies, and the presence of the relaxation phenomenon as well as the influence of potassium content on dielectric features have been evidenced.

Targeted delivery of 5-fluorouracil and shikonin by blended and coated chitosan/pectin nanoparticles for treatment of colon cancer

Herein, 5-fluorouracil and shikonin (extracted from Fusarium tricinctum) were loaded in chitosan/pectin nanoparticle (CS/PEC-NPs), prepared by blending (B-CS/PEC-NPs) and coating (C-CS/PEC-NPs) methods. The nanoparticles characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Differential Light Scattering (DLS). Then, some properties of the nanoparticles such as drug release rate and the nanoparticles cytotoxicity were studied. The FTIR, XRD, EDX, SEM and DLS results showed that the nanoparticles synthesized properly with an almost spherical morphology, an average size of 82–93 nm for B-CS/PEC-NPs, an average diameter of below 100 nm (mostly 66–89 nm) for C-CS/PEC-NPs, and hydrodynamic diameter of 310–817 nm. The drug release results indicated the lower release rate of drugs for B-CS/PEC-NPs relative to C-CS/PEC-NPs at different pHs, high release rate of drugs for the nanoparticles in the simulated large intestinal fluids containing pectinase, and Korsmeyer-Peppas model for release of the drugs. The results showed more cytotoxicity of B-CS/PEC-NPs containing drugs, especially B-CS/PEC-NPs containing both drugs (B-CS/PEC/5-FU/SHK-NPs) after treating with pectinase (IC50 of 18.6 μg/mL). In conclusion, despite the limitation of C-CS/PEC-NPs for simultaneous loading of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, B-CS/PEC-NPs showed suitable potency for loading and targeted delivery of the drugs.

The effect of additional kepok banana blossom (Musa paradisiaca normalis) on mechanical properties of pectin-edible film as packaging

Edible film is a thin layer of film that is made from natural biodegradable material. Pectin-edible film is widely used in food as a packaging due to its bioactivity, biocompatibility, non-toxic and availability. Nevertheless, pectin-edible film has poor mechanical properties; therefore, Kepok Banana Blossom (Musa paradisiaca normalis) is added to improve its functional value. This study aims to determine the effect of Kepok Banana Blossom as a filler on the properties of edible film namely the thickness of the film, swelling, tensile strength, elongation at break, functional group analysis of FT-IR (Fourier Transform Infrared) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The film was made by mixing pectin and Kepok Banana Blossom. Various concentration of Kepok Banana Blossom (0% wt;1% wt;3% wt;5% wt;7% wt;9% wt) is diluted in water that contains tween 80 and sorbitol then is stirred around 1.5 hours. The results showed that the properties of the edible film such as tensile strength, elongation at break and elasticity value were decreased while more concentration of the Kepok Banana Blossom was added. For the thickness of the edible film, the addition of Kepok Banana Blossom increased the thickness of the film. Meanwhile, from the FT-IR results, it is shown that the edible film with a filler concentration of 9% shows that there is a new functional group, namely the N=O functional group. The SEM results show that at 9% filler concentration, the components in the form of fibers are identified and the fibers cover the cavity. In conclusion, these results indicate that the addition of Kepok Banana Blossom affects the properties of pectin-edible film.

Investigation of the effects of glycerol addition as a catalyst on the morphology and structural properties of Gd/Er co-doped hydroxyapatite

This study investigates the effects of increasing amounts of glycerol, ranging from 0 to 16 mL, used in the synthesis on the structural properties of Gd and Er-based hydroxyapatite (HAp). The samples were prepared via a wet chemical route, and their characterizations were carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The XRD and FTIR results confirmed the formation of the HAp phase in the samples. It was observed that the addition of glycerol at different amounts in the synthesis affected the crystallinity degree and crystallite size. The morphology was almost not affected by the glycerol content as used.

Effect of graphite, graphene oxide, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the physicochemical characteristics and biocompatibility of chitosan/hyaluronic acid/hydroxyapatite scaffolds for tissue engineering applications

Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is a promising alternative approach to the repair of damaged bone tissue. This study aims to fabricate and characterize scaffolds composed of chitosan (CS), hyaluronic acid (HA), hydroxyapatite (HAp), and a combination of graphite (Gr), graphene oxide (GO), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) for BTE applications. The Gr and MWCNT were functionalized by acid oxidation, while the GO was synthesized using the improved Hummers' method. The scaffolds were prepared by lyophilization, and the physical, chemical, and biological properties were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, mechanical testing, water contact angle, degradation, and biocompatibility assays were used to characterize the scaffolds. The degradation rate was determined using the liquid displacement method. Pores of different sizes were present on the surface of and throughout the scaffold. According to the FTIR results, the scaffolds contained functional groups that promote cell differentiation and proliferation. These scaffolds have compressive strength, Young's modulus, and toughness similar to cancellous bone, with reasonable porosity and controllable degradation rates. Biocompatibility testing confirmed that the scaffolds support cell proliferation and differentiation.

Effect of Rapid Thermal Annealing on CuO Nanoparticles

Abstract This work is a comparative study of the effect of two different annealing methods on copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticle properties obtained previously by direct precipitation method. The prepared samples were annealed in air at various temperatures (300, 400, 500°C) for 1 hour. Then they were characterized by employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Visible, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The main results revealed an increase in the grain size in both methods as the annealing temperature increases. It reaches 30.93 nm in RTA and 26.75 nm in STA at 500°C. XRD spectra showed, in the case of RTA at 500 °C, a significant decrease in the intensity corresponding to the (002) and (111) orientations. This result indicated that beyond 400 °C, one hour of RTA is not suitable for enhancing CuO nanoparticle crystallinity compared to STA. The optical analysis demonstrated that the energy of the optical band gap in STA is higher than that in RTA. It reaches 2,88 eV at 500°C using RTA which is close to the gap value of CuO in the range of 1.8–2.8 eV. FT-IR results showed, for both methods, the presence of characteristic peaks of the Cu-O bonds in the monoclinic CuO structure without any trace of Cu2O structure. Nevertheless, samples exposed to RTA for one hour are more susceptible to absorbing species of C=O bond (C=O bond is due to the atmospheric CO2 absorption and the presence of organic impurities from the synthesis process) than those of STA. Hence, RTA at 500 °C is far from producing CuO nanoparticles with preferred characteristics; it needs further research to examine the effect of higher temperature by controlling the annealing time.

Property of Modified Bovine Bone Glue as an Environmental Additive in Water-Based Drilling Fluids.

At present, animal bone glue (BG) is being widely used in many fields, but there are no studies reported on oilfield chemistry. In this paper, an environmental water-based drilling fluids additive named bromoethane-modified bone glue (BG) was developed by using bovine bone glue and bromoethane as raw materials, anhydrous ethanol as solvent, sodium hydroxide as alkaline hydrolysis agent, and sodium carbonate as a system pH regulator. The inhibition, filtration performance, and temperature resistance of BG were evaluated. Performance study results show that the linear swelling rate of sodium bentonite (Na-MMT) was decreased from 50.2% (in tap water) to 38.2% (in 4 wt % BG solutions), and filtration loss was reduced from 30 mL (in tap water) to 12 mL (in 5 wt % BG). Hot-rolling experiments show that the BG solution still exhibits good performance even after 16 h × 130 °C. The reasons for BG to achieve excellent performance were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), ζ potential, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and microstructure. The results of SEM and FT-IR show that BG can fully dissolve in water and adsorb on the surface of clay particles by relying on its own adsorption functional groups such as -OH and -COOH. When 4% BG was added, ζ potential analysis revealed that the clay particle size declined by 0.502 μm, which indicated that BG can inhibit clay hydration swelling dispersion.

Synthesis and Characterization of Carbonate Hydroxyapatite from Pokea Clam Shells (&lt;i&gt;Batissa Violacea Var. Celebensis&lt;/i&gt;) by Precipitation and Hydrothermal Methods

Hydroxyapatite Carbonate (CHA) is a material that is found to have a composition more similar to bone, with a higher bioactivity than Hydroxyapatite (HA). CHA was synthesized using precipitation and hydrothermal methods using (NH4)2HPO4 as a phosphate source, NH4HCO3 as a carbonate source, and Pokea shells as a calcium source. In this study, the Pokea shells were crushed, calcined, and characterized based on physicochemical tests. CaO from Pokea shell contains 74.33% calcium. CHA was successfully produced by precipitation method at room temperature and hydrothermal at 120 C for 8 h. Sample characterization was carried out using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscope Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Based on XRD data, there are differences in the crystal size of CHA produced via precipitation and hydrothermal methods, where the crystal sizes of Precipitation CHA-1 and Hydrothermal CHA-2 are 6.388 nm and 25.969 nm. The FTIR results of both CHA show the functional groups typical of CHA, namely OH-, CO, CaO, PO43-, and CO32-. From the Ca/P EDX data results, Precipitation CHA-1 and Hydrothermal CHA-2 do not differ much, namely 1.71 and 1.69, and this value indicates that CHA has been formed.

Effective hierarchical ZSM‐5 catalysts for the cracking of naphtha and waste tire‐derived oil to light olefins

AbstractHierarchical ZSM‐5 zeolite materials with different SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratios in the range of 60–300 were synthesized using soft templating and microemulsion methods to generate zeolite materials with narrow mesopore size distributions. The resulting materials were characterized by X‐ray flourescence (XRF), Fourier transform infra‐red (FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ammonia temperature programmed desorption (NH3‐TPD), thermo‐gravimetric analysis (TGA), Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) surface area measurements, and products from the catalytic tests were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). The XRF analysis determined that the Si/Al ratios for the synthesized ZSM‐5 were close to the batch ratios. The XRD and FTIR results revealed that the synthesized samples had crystalline ZSM‐5 zeolite structures. The small angle observed from the XRD patterns confirmed the presence of mesopores in the structure of the prepared materials. The SEM results showed that the ZSM‐5 synthesized materials had different morphologies and particle sizes, as well as worm‐like holes indicating that some macropores with average pore sizes ranging between 68 and 85 nm were successfully generated in these materials. NH3‐TPD results showed that the total acidity of the prepared materials decreased with an increase in the Si/Al (SA) ratio following this trend: SA = 71 &gt; 177 &gt; 345. This may be due to the decrease in the aluminum content, which is largely responsible for the formation of acidic sites in zeolites. The acid strength was found to increase with a decrease in the Si/Al ratio, highlighted by the peak shifts to higher temperatures. From the BET results, the SA = 71 was observed to have the highest SSA of 618 m2/g given by its micropore area of 103 m2/g and an external surface area of 515 m2/g. The high external surface area present in the material was due to the development of mesopores with narrow pore size distribution of approximately 6 nm indicating the success of the microemulsion method for the generation of hierarchical zeolites with well controlled pore sizes. The hierarchical ZSM‐5 catalysts were tested for the cracking of various hydrocarbon chain lengths. Low conversions, less than 10%, were obtained in the cracking of hexane; however, when cracking longer chain C12 hydrocarbons, the conversion increased remarkably to 100%. The catalyst with SA = 71 had the highest selectivity towards ethylene and propylene olefins due to its higher acidity in comparison with the other prepared catalysts. Improved activity, selectivity towards ethylene and propylene greater than 60%, and enhanced catalyst stability were demonstrated when using a hierarchical ZSM‐5 compared to the commercial catalyst in the cracking of dodecane. High selectivity towards light olefins was obtained for the cracking of waste tire‐derived oil. The results suggest that these hierarchical materials are suited to the cracking of long chain hydrocarbons and are promising materials for the valorization of waste tire‐derived oils.