Results Of Cronbach Research Articles

Factors Influencing Chinese Vocational College Students' Satisfaction with Learning Management Platform

Background and Aim: In the rapidly evolving landscape of education, online learning platforms, such as the Chaoxing Learning Platform, have gained substantial attention. Recognizing the pivotal role of student satisfaction in the effectiveness of these platforms, this study aims to investigate the factors influencing college students' satisfaction specifically within the context of Beihai Vocational College.Materials and Methods: This study employed a purposive sampling method, selecting 150 respondents from Beihai Vocational College who met the research objectives to ensure the representativeness and credibility of the survey results. Quantitative research methods were applied, utilizing measurement tools in various aspects, including system quality, information quality, interaction, perceived usefulness, and student satisfaction. Results of Cronbach’s Alpha of the research instruments show that the alpha coefficient of information quality and interaction is within the range of 0.8 to <0.9， and the alpha coefficient of system quality, perceived usefulness, and student satisfaction is within the range of 0.9. The level of Cronbach’s alpha in the variables is within very good to excellent level. This indicated the acceptable level of internal consistency of the research instrument, which confirmed the reliability of the research instrument. Ultimately, methods such as descriptive statistics and multivariate regression analysis were used to conduct in-depth data analysis, aiming to comprehensively understand the impact of the Chaoxing learning platform on student satisfaction. Results: The results of the study showed that the independent variables system quality (β = 0.1465, P = 0.287), information quality (β = 0.3602, P = 0.016), and perceived usefulness (β = 0.5478, P = 0.005) were significantly positively correlated. In addition, the test also found that interaction (β = -0.0430, P = 0.084) did not have a significant effect on students' satisfaction with the Chaoxing Learning Platform at Beihai Vocational College. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that most of the students of Beihai Vocational College are satisfied with using the Chaoxing Learning Platform for learning, and students can learn, communicate, and collaborate well through this platform, which provides satisfactory learning results.

Construction and validation of a Computerized Formative Assessment Literacy (CFAL) questionnaire for language teachers: an exploratory sequential mixed-methods investigation

The contributions of Computerized Formative Assessment (CFA) to teachers’ instructional practices and students’ learning outcomes necessitate the development of valid and reliable instruments for measuring teachers’ literacy. To address this necessity, this study adopted an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design via drawing on a dual deductive–inductive approach to develop and validate a Computerized Formative Assessment Literacy (CFAL) questionnaire for language teachers. The participants comprised 489 Iranian male and female English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers teaching from elementary to advanced levels at different language institutes in eight big cities across the country. The results of Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) revealed that CFAL consisted of six factors including practical, theoretical, socio-affective, critical, identity-related, and developmental. The results of Cronbach’s alpha demonstrated that the questionnaire and its six components had satisfactory levels of reliability. The findings are discussed and implications for developing professional programs aiming at determining and promoting teachers’ CFAL are presented.

Translation and Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Parental Belief Scale in Iranian Parents.

This study is done to determine the translation and psychometric properties of the Persian version of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Parental Belief Scale (NICU-PBS) in Iranian parents. The present study was conducted by the descriptive cross-sectional method. This research was conducted from January to August 2021. The population included all parents whose infants were hospitalized in NICUs of two university-affiliated hospitals (Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences and Shiraz University of Medical Sciences). Out of them, 291 subjects were selected by the purposeful sampling method. The utilized questionnaires included a demographic information form, NICU-PBS, Beck Depression Inventory, and Maternal role adaptation scale. The descriptive statistical indexes, Cronbach's alpha, intra-class correlation coefficient, and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used for data analysis. Also, to evaluate the construct validity of the NICU-PBS, we used Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The participants included 97 fathers (33.33%) and 194 mothers (66.67%). According to the CFA results, the three-factor model NICU-PBS (confidence in the parental role, parent-child interaction, parental knowledge of the NICU) was approved in Iranian parents (χ2/df = 1.79; p < 0.001; GFI = 0.91; AGFI = 0.89; CFI = 0.91; RMSEA = 0.05). NICU-PBS with BDI-II (r = -0.42) has divergent validity, and material role adaptation (r = 0.46) has moderate and acceptable convergence validity (p < 0.01). The results of Cronbach's alpha for the total NICU-PBS were 0.85. The results demonstrated the proper and acceptable validity and reliability of NICU-PBS among Iranian parents.

A Study on the Factors Influencing the Sustainable Development of Education in the Context of COVID-19: Tencent Conference Online Platform

The difficulties of offline education caused by the COVID-19 epidemic are attracting increasing public attention. Although international research on online education platforms is gradually deepening, the research on the influencing factors of Chinese users’ participation in these platforms shows different results due to regional differences. Therefore, this study adopts the technology acceptance model (TAM) as the basis to build the index system of influencing factors for the Tencent conference online education platform. The questionnaire design covered five dimensions, including external environment, platform satisfaction, and continuous use intention. An online questionnaire survey was conducted on participants in some regions of China, 320 questionnaires were distributed, and 297 valid questionnaires were collected. The data were analyzed by SPSS 26.0, and the results of Cronbach’s coefficient of 0.939 and a KMO value of 0.941 were obtained. The weight value, entropy value, and importance ranking of the factors were determined by combining hierarchical analysis and the entropy weighting method. First, the perceived ease of use is the most critical factor influencing the users’ use of online delivery platforms. Second, freedom from geographical time difference, the ease of operation, system perfection, and proficiency in use greatly influenced the participants’ use of the online lecture platform. Third, the study group suggested that the platform should be optimized in terms of convenience, stability, and freedom from geographical time difference, and provide reasonable references and lessons for future educational efforts.

Translation and Validation of the Premenstrual Assessment Form-Short Form Questionnaire in Hungarian.

Premenstrual symptoms, including premenstrual syndrome and its more severe form premenstrual dysphoric disorder, are a set of somatic and psychological symptoms that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Our research aimed to adapt the Hungarian version of the Premenstrual Assessment Form-Short Form (PAF-SF), a questionnaire suitable for assessing premenstrual symptoms, and to examine its reliability, validity, and applicability. The questionnaire was validated according to Beaton's six-step guidelines. Our sample consisted of 198 menstruating women, 50 of whom completed the instrument for a second time to assess reliability. Descriptive statistics were calculated presenting mean (standard deviation), the internal consistency was measured by Cronbach's alpha value, the test-retest reliability using intraclass correlation coefficients, Spearman rank correlation was applied to test the criterion validity of the questionnaire, and discriminant validity was examined using the independent-sample t test using IBM SPSS 28.0 software. The structural validity was evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using IBM AMOS 29.0 software. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Our sample (average age 25.37 ± 4.80 years) scored 28.08 ± 9.49 points out of the maximum 60 points when filling out the PAF-SF questionnaire. The result of Cronbach's alpha calculation, which supports the reliability of the questionnaire, was 0.845. During the CFA, the three-factor structure (Affect, Water Retention, and Pain) was supported (root mean-square error approximation [RMSEA] = 0.054; Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.965; Comparative Fit Index = 0.976; χ2 = 48.642; df = 31; p = 0.023; χ2/df = 1.569). The PAF-SF questionnaire proved to be a reliable measuring tool for assessing premenstrual symptoms among women of reproductive age.

The design and psychometric evaluation of a COVID-19 social stigma questionnaire in nurses

BackgroundThe patient’s fear of social reactions, the disease stigma, and being a transmission agent is a psychological and social consequence of contracting some diseases, especially infectious ones, in any society. The present study aimed to design and psychometrically evaluate a COVID-19 social stigma questionnaire in nurses.MethodsThis mixed-method study was conducted using a sequential exploratory approach according to the Creswell method in Mazandaran Province (Iran) during 2021-22. The study was performed in three phases: (1) a qualitative phase to explain the key concept, (2) designing the scale items, and (3) an experimental phase with the scale psychometric evaluation. In the first phase, nurses’ experiences regarding the concept of COVID-19 social stigma were evaluated using a qualitative method with an inductive qualitative content analysis approach. In this phase, the lived experiences of 12 nurses working at hospitals of Babol University of Medical Sciences were extracted through in-depth interviews with semi-structured questions and analyzed by conventional content analysis. The main classes are contradictory feelings, rejection, and adaptation strategies. In the second phase, the designed items were validated by determining face validity, content validity, and construct validity using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). In addition, the scale’s reliability was determined through internal consistency and stability.ResultsFollowing the study’s first phase, a pool of questions with 64 initial items was formed. After evaluating face and content validity, the number of items was reduced to 24 cases. An excellent total content validity (S-CVI/Ave) of 0.93 was calculated for the scale. According to EFA outputs, three factors accounted for the most variance (52.82%), and four items were excluded in this phase. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) statistic and Bartlett’s test of sphericity were calculated at 0.776 and P < 0.001, respectively. The results of Cronbach’s alpha (0.796) and intraclass correlation (0.793) indicated the correlation and internal consistency of the scale.ConclusionThis scale can help healthcare managers and policymakers apply necessary protective measures by evaluating the social stigma of COVID-19 in nurses and emerging infectious diseases that may occur in the future.

Forensic Accounting Techniques and Corruption in the Public Sector of South-West, Nigeria

Corruption is recognized as a significant global challenge which remains unresolved, Nigeria inclusive. It continues to impede progress, economic growth, and social development. Also, Corruption have been the focus of ongoing literature discussion especially Sub-Saharan Africa, centering on the adverse effects of corruption, hindering post-pandemic recovery and efforts to address economic, ecological, and healthcare challenges. From literature, researchers focused on conventional audit as solution variable. This study, thereby, examined the effect of forensic accounting techniques on corruption in the public sector of South-West, Nigeria. The study adopted a survey research design. The population of the study comprised 395 staff working in the Anti-graft agencies and ministry and departmental agencies in South-West, Nigeria. A sample of 254 respondents was determined using the Krejcie and Morgan formula. The result of Cronbach's alpha was greater than 0.70 and the AVE was greater than 0.5, the adapted questionnaire was deemed reliable and valid to proceed for analysis. The paper used the two methods of statistics (descriptive statistics and inferential statistics) to analyse the data. Forensic accounting techniques had significant effect on corruption ( Adj R2 = 0.07, F (5, 220) = 4.77, p &lt; 0.05). Audit quality and quality of governance significantly controlled the effect of forensic accounting techniques on corruption (Adj R2 = 0.07, F (7, 218) = 3.42; p &lt; 0.05). The study concluded that forensic accounting techniques affected corruption in the public sector of South-West, Nigeria. It was recommended that the anti-graft agencies and Ministry and departmental agencies should integrate forensic accounting techniques into their processes in order to achieve transparency and accountability in the management of public funds. The governments of South-West, Nigeria must ensure to establish forensic accounting unit where trained expert are employed with attractive remuneration to carry out investigation cases of corruption to ensure enough evidence and facts are presented in courts for effective prosecution of such cases.

Adaptation and validation of the Longer-term Unmet Needs after Stroke (LUNS) monitoring tool in Sri Lanka

BackgroundGlobally, stroke is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Unmet needs are defined as expressed needs that are not fulfilled by services provided and are considered an important indicator of the adequacy and quality of stroke follow-up care. This study aimed to culturally adapt, modify, translate and validate, the Longer-term Unmet Needs after Stroke (LUNS) monitoring tool, to Sri Lanka. Currently, there is no validated tool in Sri Lanka to assess unmet needs among stroke survivors and unmet needs are not systematically assessed.MethodsA phased approach followed to culturally adapt, translate, establish its factorial validity and evaluate the convergent and divergent validity, reliability, and overall acceptability. The process of culturally adapting the tool was carried out using two rounds of the modified Delphi technique. The modified tool was translated to Sinhala and pretested among 10 stroke survivors. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 119 stroke survivors to establish the factorial validity and convergent and discriminant validity using the GHQ-12 and Barthel Index. The Socio-demographic characteristics of the study participants are presented. Communalities were assessed for 21 items and 2 items were dropped. Factor structure was confirmed with varimax and oblique rotations. The correlation coefficient was calculated to assess convergent and divergent validity. Cronbach’s alpha value was calculated to assess internal reliability.ResultsFollowing the modified Delphi technique, 5 items of LUNS tool were removed, and 5 items were modified. Three new items were added based on expert recommendation. One item related to driving also removed as it does not fit with the factor structure emerged. In establishing factorial validity 5 factors emerged from the exploratory factor analysis. In assessing the convergent and discriminant validity, test results revealed that both General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) and Barthel Index significantly correlated as expected with unmet needs. The results of Cronbach’s alpha showed that all the factors were moderately high confirming the reliability of the tool.ConclusionsThe Sinhala version of the LUNS monitoring tool is a valid and reliable instrument to assess the unmet needs of stroke survivors. Assessment of unmet needs will add new insight into evaluation of the quantity, quality, and effectiveness of healthcare interventions received by stroke survivors in Sri Lanka.

Framing of Culture: A Comparative Study of Modern Values and Traditional Values Presented in Pakistani Dramas

This study investigates the framing of cultural values presented in Pakistani TV dramas. Cultural values are categorized in two major categories, 1) modern values and 2) traditional values. Quantitative content analysis method is used to analyze (N=154) episodes of three entertainment TV channels, a) Geo, b) ARY, and c) Hum TV. Codebook and coding sheet were developed for data coding. To achieve inter-coder reliability, two independent volunteer coders were asked to code 10% of the data. Result of Cronbach’s Alpha test confirmed that data collection tool is reliable. Results show that female characters framed more than male characters in terms of cultural values. Independent sample T-test was applied to statistically analyze the data. Results show that major roles in all the three dramas were associated with modern values.

School Trips and Local Heritage as a Resource in Primary Education: Teachers’ Perceptions

This paper presents the opinions of primary education teachers in relation to school trips (outdoor learning environment). The following questions are answered: What importance do educational trips have in the context of the curriculum? Does the teacher take advantage of the resources that the environment offers? Are the contents of the curriculum taught during field trips? Are outings planned with the aim of showing students the heritage of the surrounding area? What do students’ families think? In order to answer these questions, a structured questionnaire (CUELX-M ©) was designed, which was then completed by 124 primary school teachers who work in the Region of Murcia (Spain). Through the analysis of the responses to this questionnaire, a detailed study of teachers’ perceptions according to age, gender and teaching experience has been carried out. The reliability of the questionnaire was subjected to expert validation by judges (content, technical and methodological aspects). The reliability of each of the dimensions was also studied, and finally, the construct validity of the scales was studied. The results of Cronbach’s alpha test (=0.867) show that the questionnaire is internally consistent. 98% of the teachers participating in the study agree that school field trips should not be merely recreational and that heritage resources located in the surroundings of schools and cities should be used. However, they also point out that parents of students are sometimes reluctant for their children to participate in such activities due to their economic cost.

Persian Version of Parental Emotional Response to Children Index (P-PERCI) Among Parents of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Study on Psychometric Properties

Determination of reliability and construct validity of the Persian version of the Parental Emotional Response to Children Index (P-PERCI) in a sample of parents of children with ADHD was the aim of this study. A hundred and sixty parents who had at least six to 15 years old ADHD children living in Tehran participated in the study. The Persian version of the PERCI in addition to several socio-demographic items was used to collect the data. The results of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses showed that the five-factor model of P-PERCI was valid with an acceptable amount of explained variance. Also, the results of Cronbach’s alpha and Guttman-s λ2 Coefficients showed that each of the five factors had acceptable reliabilities. Considering the factor structure and favorable psychometric properties of the PERCI, the scale can be useable in parents of ADHD children living in Tehran.

Indikator Penyebab Praktik Korupsi pada Industri Konstruksi di Sumatera Barat

The main objective of this research is to identify and analyze indicators of the causes of corrupt practices in the construction sector in West Sumatra. Research methodology used descriptive statistics and inferential statistical analysis used in the test is Cronbach's Alpha. The results of Cronbach's Alpha test can be seen in the value in the Corrected Item-Total Correlation column for the number of variables as many as 30 can be seen in r table 0.361. This is also supported by Cronbach's alpha value of 0.960. The indicator that causes corruption in the first rank is the existence of tender evaluations that do not meet the criteria (X9). Conclusion in this research are 10 variables (out of 30 variables) indicators of the causes of corrupt practices in construction projects in West Sumatra.

Teachers’ Training in Special Needs Education and Implementation of Competency-Based Curriculum for Early Years Learners with Disabilities in Primary Schools in Nairobi City County, Kenya

A competency-based curriculum has been adopted in the Kenyan education system. However, for learners with disabilities in regular schools, they would be learning using two separate programs, that is an inclusive education program and a competency-based curriculum program. Implementing the two programs simultaneously to this category of learners could be challenging. Therefore, this study focused on the teachers training in Special Needs Education influencing competency-based curriculum implementation for Early Years Learners with disabilities in primary schools. The study was premised on the theory of Complexity and Education by Davis and Sumara (2006), which holds that the fruitfulness and range of systems in which ambiguity and uncertainty occur, should be embraced, and accommodated during evaluation. The researcher employed concurrent embedded design based on the mixed-method approach in gathering data. The study’s location was Nairobi City County, Kenya. The target population was 368 participants and from this target, the study sampled 16 heads of schools, 48 teachers, and 2 Educational Officers who were the respondents. The instruments of data collection were semi-structured questionnaires, an observation checklist, and an interview schedule. The piloting of instruments took place in one school with a special unit. The instruments were only accepted as valid and reliable after the results of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of r=.75. Data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. In addition, data were prepared and organized using Statistical Package for Social Sciences into percentages, mean, Skewness, standard deviations, graphs, and tables. The researcher tested the hypothesis by use of the chisquare test at a significant level of ? =&lt;.05. Findings disclosed that teachers with either high or low levels of training in SNE had no significant association with the level of implementation of CBC for learners with disabilities in regular class. Most teachers were trained in primary teacher education and early childhood education and lacked expertise to work with learners with disabilities. Various categories of learners present in schools were: There were no (0%) learners with physical disabilities admitted to private schools. In regards to developmental disabilities, private schools had the least 2(5%) of the children with dyslexia. Learners with behavioral/emotional disabilities who were present in private schools included: ADHD 3(7.5%), CD 1(2.5%), as compared to public schools, which had ADHD 3(7.5%), ASD 2(5%), CD 2(5%). Regarding sensory impairments, the private schools had the least 1(2.5%), while public 5(12.5%). The Low vision in private was 2(5%), while in public they were 9(22.5%), albinism 2(5%) in private schools, and none (0%) in public schools. Over half (51.28%) of teachers reported that they have trained in Competency Based Curriculum implementation and could apply the skills in teaching learners with disabilities, while slightly lower than half (48.72%) had not received any training in CBC and were unable to apply the skills. However, the level of training as ether primary teacher, early childhood education teacher or special needs education was not a predictor of competency-based curriculum implementation in classes. The study recommended a mass training of teachers in special needs education in the area of early childhood education. The study also recommended a study of the similar nature in upper primary schools.

The Factors Associated With Performance Among Infection Prevention and Control Linked Nurse During Covid-19 Pandemic.

Infection Prevention and Control Linked Nurses (IPCLN) are the spearhead of implementing the Infection Control Prevention Program. The performance of nurses in preventing and controlling infections during the Covid-19 pandemic greatly influenced the quality of services. This study aimed to determine the factors that influence the performance of IPCLN during the Covid-19 pandemic. Cross-sectional study was performed on 34 nurses at Cicendo Eye Hospital with a total sampling technique. The questionnaire in this study included knowledge, motivation, supervision, and the performance of nurses which had previously been tested with these characteristics with a result of Cronbach's alpha of 0.75. Data were analyzed using univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses. The mean score of IPCLN knowledge in this study was 14.82 ± 4.01, motivation 92.47 ± 15.85, supervision 34.74 ± 5.89, and performance 7.94 ± 2.71. There is a relationship between knowledge (p = .000), motivation (p = .000), and supervision (p = .000) on nurse performance. Motivation is the dominant factor influencing IPCLN performance compared to knowledge and supervision (Stand. Estimate = 0.5121; 95% CI = 0.1301-0.487; p < .001). Motivation is a dominant factor in IPCLN performance in this study. However, hospital management needs to maximize and make policies to improve IPCLN performance in terms of motivation. These policies can be through providing incentives for nurses, developing free continuing education programs, and issuing funds for nursing education scholarships.

KECANDUAN GADGET PADA REMAJA PASCA PEMBELAJARAN DARING DI MASA PANDEMI COVID 19

Online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic resulted in excessive use of gadgets in adolescents which could have negative impacts. The results of a preliminary study on 10 teenagers in Bandung showed that most teenagers often shared their gadgets compared to socializing with their families. The purpose of this study was to determine the categories of gadget use among adolescents after online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic. This type of research was a quantitative descriptive study. The population of this research was all high school students in Bandung. The research sample consisted of 341 students from three schools that were randomly selected, with the inclusion criteria being teenagers who had gadgets and participated in online learning and the exclusion criteria for teenagers with special needs. The data collection technique was by measuring gadget addiction categories using the adapted Smartphone Addiction Scale Short Version. Validity and reliability tests were carried out on 30 respondents using the Pearson Product Moment correlation technique with a calculated R-value of each item above 0.361 which indicated that each item in the questionnaire was valid. The reliability test used Cronbach's Alpha with the result of Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.741 which indicated that the instrument in this study was reliable. Data analysis used univariate analysis. The results of the study found that 69.5% of adolescents were in the addiction category and 30.5% of adolescents were in the non-addicted category. It is recommended for teenagers, parents, and schools understand prevention and self-control in using gadgets.

The Development of Minimum Competency Assessment Test Instruments (AKM) for Elementary Schools Contain Reading Literacy Based on the PISA Framework

This research was conducted based on the results of observations and interviews on the lack of teacher involvement in the process of preparing the minimum ability assessment test instrument (AKM) and many teachers and prospective teachers do not know what components are measured in the AKM. This study aims to develop a minimum ability assessment test instrument (AKM) for reading literacy and numeracy in the thematic learning of fifth grade elementary school based on the Program International Student Assessment (PISA) framework. The research method used is a research and development (R&amp;D) method with a 4D development model (Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate). This research was carried out with a small-scale test at SDIT AkmalaSabila with 19 students and a large-scale test at SDN 6 Arjawinangun, Cirebon Regency with 47 students. In addition to developing the AKM test instrument based on the PISA framework, this research is also to assess the Eligibility and quality aspects of the AKM test instrument based on the PISA framework that was developed. Data and collection techniques in this study include questionnaires, tests, and documentation. The data were analyzed using several formulas of validity, reliability, and level of difficulty. Based on the results of the study, the average percentage of Eligibility of the AKM test instrument based on the PISA framework obtained from the validation of material, language and construction experts is 93.75% in the very valid category. The results of the quality of the AKM test instrument based on the PISA framework shown that there were 26 or 83.87% items categorized valid, 5 or 17% items categorized as invalid. The result of Cronbach's Alpha coefficient value of 0.941 so that the question has a very high reliable value. The results of the difficulty level index were 23 or 88.46% questions in the medium category and 3 or 11.54% questions in the easy category. Keywords: Test Instrument, AKM, literacy and numeracy, framework PISA.

The Impact of Brand Experience on Brand Engagement with Meditating Role of Brand Love and Brand Trust

The present study aims to investigate the impact of brand experience on brand engagement with mediating role of brand love and brand trust. Within the literature, there have been a select few studies that have focused on these factors in case of Bank Melli Iran. To this end, a case study approach was utilized in which 384 customers of Bank Melli Iran in Sari (both male and female) were selected based on available non-random sampling method and the formula of Cochran to participate in this study. Data collection method was library and field type. In the field method, we used the standard questionnaire. To evaluate the validity while using content validity, structural validity (convergent, divergent validity and composite reliability) was also used. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed by Cronbach's alpha test. The results of convergent, divergent and composite reliability studies showed a good fit of measurement models, and also the results of Cronbach's alpha study showed a good reliability of each variable. After ensuring the validity and reliability of the research questionnaire, the final data collection was performed and the results were analyzed using structural equation modeling under partial least squares (PLS). Finally, the results showed that brand experience, both directly and indirectly, mediated by brand love and brand trust, has a positive effect on brand engagement.

Material Resources Adaptation and Implementation of Cbc for Early Years Learners with Disabilities in Primary Schools in Nairobi City County, Kenya

A competency-based curriculum has been adopted in the Kenyan education system. However, learners with disabilities in regular schools would be learning using two separate programs, that is an inclusive education program and a competency-based curriculum program. Implementing the two programs simultaneously to this category of learners could be challenging. Therefore, this study focused on the material resources adaptation influencing competency-based curriculum implementation for Early Years Learners with disabilities in primary schools. The study was premised on the theory of Complexity and Education by Davis and Sumara (2006), which holds that the fruitfulness and range of systems in which ambiguity and uncertainty occur, should be embraced, and accommodated during evaluation. The researcher employed a concurrent embedded design based on the mixed-method approach in data gathering. The study’s location was Nairobi City County, Kenya. The target population was 368 participants and from this target, the study sampled 16 heads of schools, 48 teachers, and 2 Educational Officers who were the respondents. The instruments of data collection were semi-structured questionnaires, an observation checklist, and an interview schedule. The piloting of instruments took place in one school with a special unit. The instruments were only accepted as valid and reliable after the results of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of r=.75. Data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. In addition, data were prepared and organized using Statistical Package for Social Sciences into percentages, mean, Skewness, standard deviations, graphs, and tables. The researcher tested the hypothesis by use of the chi-square test at a significant level of α =&lt;.05. Findings revealed that teachers with a high mean score on instructional methods adaptation for learners with disabilities also had high mean scores on implementation of CBC in a regular class. Only about 13(29.5%) of teachers occasionally adapted teaching materials to learners with disabilities. Most of the materials mentioned were missing in the class for the implementation of CBC TO learners with disabilities. Similarly, most of the materials such as tables, charts, graphics, and computers were those used in a standard classroom and therefore lacked adaptation for use by learners with disabilities in a CBC class. most schools had inadequate knowledge of material resources for learning by learners with disabilities. Most school officials failed to understand the difference between the materials used in the standard classroom and the adapted materials for special instruction for learners with disabilities which hampered the proper implementation of CBC. Only about 2(5%) of the teachers from public schools had attended seminars and workshops on special needs education, while about 14(35%) belonged to private schools. Consequently, teachers who had attended the seminars and workshops in special needs education revealed that the knowledge gained during the training improved their skills in material resource adaptation for learners with disabilities. The study recommended the need for mass training of teachers in the use of adapted material resources and adaptation of material resources for the accommodation of learners with disabilities in Nairobi, Kenya.

A comparative study of executive functions indices among children with different types of specific learning disabilities: Psychometric properties of BRIEF-2

Introduction: Executive functions are a set of high-level cognitive abilities that are related to the educational problems of children. Aim: This research aimed to investigate psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Second Edition (BRIEF-2) and compare its indices among children with different types of specific learning disabilities (SLD). Method: This study was descriptive psychometric and causal-comparative research. The statistical population consisted of the 6-12-year-old-girls and boys with SLD, Isfahan city, in 2020-2021. A total of 346 students were selected using a convenience sampling method. The achievement tests were then taken, and BRIEF-2 was completed by their parents. The data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis, differentiation analysis, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, split-half reliability coefficient, and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) via SPSS.23.0 and AMOS.24.0 software. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis results showed that this scale has acceptable fit indices values (RMSEA=0.072), and construct validity and discriminant validity are confirmed (P&lt;0.001). In addition, the results of Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.896) and split-half reliability coefficient (0.814) showed that the questionnaire has good reliability. Furthermore, MANOVA results indicated a significant difference between the indices of the BRIEF-2 and the type of learning disabilities (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: The BRIEF-2 has good psychometric properties to evaluate the executive functions in 6-12-year-old children with SLD. Considering the significant relationship between the indices of the BRIEF-2 and the type of learning disabilities, the weakness in the indices of executive functions may be probably associated with children' learning problems.

The Relationship between Self-Adjustment and Self-Esteem with Self-Disclosure in Adolescents

This study examines the relationship between self-adjustment and self-esteem with self-disclosure in adolescents at SMP N 3 Pangkah. Self-disclosure is the use of communication that is needed to make it easier for teenagers to adapt to the surrounding environment and adapt well in society and judge themselves from the views of other individuals. This study uses the Self Disclosure Scale (40 items), Self-Adjustment Scale (40 items), and Self-Esteem Scale (40 items). The population in this study were 7th-grade students of SMP Negeri 3 Pangkah located in Grobog Kulon, Pangkah District, Tegal Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia, which consisted of 8 classes with a total of 256 students. While the sample in this study consisted of 4 types of 100 students of class VII, SMP Negeri 3 Pangkah was obtained using simple random sampling.The self-disclosure scale has a reliability of 0.907, a self-adjustment scale of 0.796, a self-esteem scale of 0.839. With the results of Cronbach's alpha value close to 1.00, it can be used for research.The proposed hypothesis results are accepted based on the study results obtained R= 0.901 with p = 0.000 (p &lt;0.05). There is a significant relationship between Self Disclosure with Self-Adjustment and Self-Esteem in 7th-grade students at SMP Negeri 3 Pangkah. The correlation results show a positive value indicating that the higher the self-adjustment and self-esteem, the higher the self-disclosure.