Results Of Canonical Discriminant Analysis Research Articles

Сравнительный анализ изменчивости формы семенных чешуй шишек Larix dahurica и L. cajanderi (Pinaceae)

Сравнительный анализ изменчивости формы семенных чешуй шишек Larix dahurica и L. cajanderi (Pinaceae)

Elemental analysis of Hungarian honey samples and bee products by MP-AES method

Honey is a naturally sweet product of honeybees (Apis mellifera) made from the nectar of different plants, as well as honeydew. The average mineral content of honey with nectar origin is reported to be 0.1–0.2%, while that for honeydew is 1%. Mineral concentration in honey was found to be correlated with geographical and botanical origins, geochemical soil composition and local pollution. Thus, honeys are considered to be excellent indicators of the environmental factors.In this study, 187 samples were collected from all over Hungary, including 11 different types of honey and special bee products. The country was divided into 7 regions based on the NUTS system and the samples were grouped accordingly. The concentration of 4 macro elements (Na, Ca, Mg, K) and 15 micro elements (Al, B, Ba, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Zn) were determined by the relatively new MP-AES technique. Experimental data were evaluated by statistical analysis.The results of Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) indicated that considering the geological origin, Central Hungary and Western Transdanubia showed some separation from the other sampling regions as well as the differentiation of five honey types was also observed among the collected species. Higher difference was found between the species than the regions indicating that the botanical aspects have a higher effect compared to the geological ones on the elemental composition of the studied honey samples. From the measured elements potassium was present in the highest concentration and chestnut honeys were observed to have outstanding overall mineral level. It can be further concluded that the MP-AES method is proved to be a suitable and cost-effective alternative for the elemental analysis of prepared honey samples.

Geographical discrimination of Italian honey by multi-element analysis with a chemometric approach

In this study the concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, Na, Al, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Se, Pb, Cd, and As in 39 honey samples of different botanical (orange-blossom, lemon-blossom, chestnut, eucalyptus, acacia, sulla and wildflower honeys) and geographical (Sicily and Calabria, Italy) origin were determined by ICP-OES and ICP-MS. The most abundant minerals decreased in the following order: K (mean value: 1.57mgg−1)>Ca (0.2mgg−1)>Mg (0.121mgg−1)>Na (0.092mgg−1). Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) values and benchmark levels were employed to assess the honey quality and safety. The data excluded toxicological risks: for an adult of 60kg, a daily intake of 2g of honey covered maximum 0.40% of Tolerable Weekly Intake (TWI) for Al, 0.33% of Benchmark Dose of 1% Extra Risk (BMDL01) for Pb, and 0.07% of Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) for Ni. Mineral content marks the differences in honey samples from different geographical origin despite the botanical factor weight and can be used as a tool to assess the traceability of honeys. The discrimination between Sicilian and Calabrian honeys was achieved by Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and also the results of Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) indicate that the 100% of total samples are correctly classified. This research contributes to the studies to determine the geographical origin of honeys.

The Characteristics of Extreme Erosion Events in a Small Mountainous Watershed

A large amount of soil loss is caused by a small number of extreme events that are mainly responsible for the time compression of geomorphic processes. The aim of this study was to analyze suspended sediment transport during extreme erosion events in a mountainous watershed. Field measurements were conducted in Wangjiaqiao, a small agricultural watershed (16.7 km2) in the Three Gorges Area (TGA) of China. Continuous records were used to analyze suspended sediment transport regimes and assess the sediment loads of 205 rainfall–runoff events during a period of 16 hydrological years (1989–2004). Extreme events were defined as the largest events, ranked in order of their absolute magnitude (representing the 95th percentile). Ten extreme erosion events from 205 erosion events, representing 83.8% of the total suspended sediment load, were selected for study. The results of canonical discriminant analysis indicated that extreme erosion events are characterized by high maximum flood-suspended sediment concentrations, high runoff coefficients, and high flood peak discharge, which could possibly be explained by the transport of deposited sediment within the stream bed during previous events or bank collapses.

Multivariate Analysis of Diversity of Landrace Rice Germplasm

ABSTRACTMultivariate analysis is based on a statistical principle involving observation and analysis of more than one statistical variable at a time. The variability of 434 accessions of rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm from Côte d'Ivoire was evaluated for 10 agro‐morphological traits in upland conditions at M'bé, Côte d'Ivoire (7°5′ N, 5°1′ W) in 2002 using augmented experimental design and analyzed with multivariate methods. The unweighted pair group method of the average linkage (UPGMA) cluster analysis, canonical discriminant analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to analyze the data obtained. This enabled the assessment of the extent and pattern of variation of the germplasm and identification of the major traits contributing to the diversity. Seven cluster groups were obtained from the 10 agro‐botanical traits using the UPGMA. Canonical discriminant analysis showed the contribution of each trait to the classification of the rice accessions into different cluster groups. The first three principal components explained about 72.24% of the total variation among the 10 characters. The results of canonical discriminant analysis and PCA suggested that traits such as plant height, number of days to heading and maturity, tillering ability, and grain size (weight, length, width, and shape) were the principal discriminatory characteristics. It was concluded that variation exists in the germplasm, which provides opportunities for this collection to be useful for genetic improvement.

リスザル (<I>Saimiri sciurea</I>) の血液学的ならびに血清生化学的測定値の妊娠にともなう変化の正準判別分析法による解析

Hematological and serum biochemical data obtained from non-pregnant, pregnant and post-partum squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciurea) were analyzed by canonical discriminant analysis (discriminant analysis with reduction of dimensionality). All animals were of wild origin and had been maintained under uniform environmental conditions at Tsukuba Primate Center for Medical Science, N.I.H., Japan. Months were standardized by the day of parturition. The calculated arithmetic means and standard deviations were listed for each item of measurement performed. Items detected statistically significant difference (p less than 0.01) between months were as follows: red blood cell count (RBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), hematocrit value (Ht), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), white blood cell count (WBC), albumin concentration (ALB), blood urea nitrogen concentration (BUN), total cholesterol concentration (T-CHO), triglyceride concentration (TG), alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) and calcium concentration (Ca). Results of canonical discriminant analysis showed that the value of the first canonical variate (Z1) decreased from the early period of pregnancy to the middle period, and that the second canonical variate (Z2) decreased from the middle period of pregnancy to the end of pregnancy. The meaning of their changes were discussed.

The influence of water quality on macroinvertebrate community responses to copper in outdoor experimental streams

Experiments were conducted in artificial streams to examine the influence of water quality on macroinvertebrate community responses to copper (Cu). Macroinvertebrate communities were established on substratum-filled trays placed in the Clinch River and transferred to two artificial stream systems (New River and Clinch River streams) receiving water from different sources. Alkalinity and hardness in Clinch River (CR) streams were ∼2–3 times greater than in New River (NR) streams. Results of ANCOVA indicated that effects of Cu were greater in NR than in CR streams. After 4 days, total macroinvertebrate abundance was reduced by 32% in NR streams at 6 μg Cu/l but only by 25% in CR streams at 15 μg Cu/l. After 10 days, Tanytarsini chironomids, the dominant and most sensitive organisms collected, were eliminated from NR streams at 13 μg Cu/l but reduced by only 35% in CR streams at similar Cu levels. Results of canonical discriminant analysis also revealed greater impact of Cu in NR streams. After 10 days, macroinvertebrate communities in NR streams at 9 μg Cu/l were similar to those in CR streams at 24 μg Cu/l. Responses to Cu in both experimental streams and at impacted field sites were highly variable among taxa. Orthocladiini chironomids and net-spinning caddisflies were quite tolerant of Cu in experimental streams and were the only groups that recovered in the field. Our results demonstrate the importance of accounting for both water quality and composition of the resident fauna for establishing site-specific water quality criteria.

Canonical discriminant analysis for pregnancy-related changes in hematological and serum biochemical values in tamarins (Saguinus spp

Hematological and biochemical values obtained from 9 monkeys (Saguinus labiatus and S. mistax) during pre- and postpartum periods were analyzed by canonical discriminant analysis (discriminant analysis with reduction of dimensionality). All animals used were of wild origin and had been maintained under uniform environmental conditions at N. I. H., Japan. The items examined were as follows: white blood cell count (WBC), red blood cell count (RBC), hematocrit value (Ht), hemoglobin concentration (Hb), total protein concentration (TP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), albumin concentration (ALB), albumin-globulin ratio (A/G), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity (GGT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity (GPT), alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) and total cholesterol concentration (CHO). The data obtained in the pre- and postpartum periods were divided into six chronological groups. The prepartum period was divided into Group I: weeks 15-10; Group II: weeks 9-7; Group III: weeks 6-4; and Group IV: weeks 3-0. The postpartum period was divided into Group V: weeks 0-4 and Group VI: weeks 5-7). In the later pregnancy period (Groups III and IV), significant decreases in RBC, Ht, Hb, TP and ALB, and a significant increase in CHO were observed. These values in the blood and serum continued after delivery (Groups V and VI). Results of canonical discriminant analysis showed that the value of the first canonical variate decreased according to the progress of pregnancy. The postpartum groups showed negative values. Although groups in the early