Restriction Range Research Articles

Integrating GEE and IWQI for sustainable irrigation: A geospatial water quality assessment

The surface and sub-surface water quality is one of the decisive parameters for sustainable agriculture and water resources management. Deteriorating water quality impacts the irrigation, crop production, and human health. Therefore, the present work made an attempt to identify the water suitability for irrigation using the contemporary approach i.e. Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) and Zone mapping using GIS techniques, and demonstrated for case of Wadhwan, Gujarat India. Three indices i.e., NDVI, NDWI, and LSWI were mapped using Landsat satellite imagery, whereas, Watermask index was mapped using Sentinel II satellite imagery for the assessment of the availability of water in different forms. The IWQI has applied to categorize the water quality as severe, high, moderate, low, and no restriction. The IWQI in the study area ranges from 6.4 to 62.5. The overall the water quality of study area shows that the 13.64 % of the region in severe restriction range, 56.82% in high restriction range, and 29.54% in moderate restriction range, which is in alarming for farmers and policy makers. The GIS zoning map effectively visualized the spatial distribution of IWQI, helping decision-makers to identify severity zones. Furthermore, the Piper diagram analysis has been performed, which shows that the water quality of the study area falls under mixed Ca2+-Mg2+-Cl-, mixed Ca2+-Na+-HCO3-, and Na-HCO3 types. The results revealed that major areas are in moderate to severe restriction zones, lying under deteriorated water quality, and need immediate attention for improvement before use. The IWQI advances SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) by optimizing water quality for crop production and SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) by ensuring sustainable water resource management, while indirectly supporting SDG 15 (Life on Land) through improved soil health and land management practices.

Effect of mobilization and rotator cuff strengthening in frozen shoulder: A review of literature

The term frozen shoulder refers to a painful and worsening shoulder condition characterized by stiffness and limited range of motion. Adhesive capsulitis, also known as this ailment, is a condition characterized by glenohumeral joint restriction, pain, and limited range of motion. The presence of intracapsular fibrosis complicates this condition by affecting range of motion (ROM), pain, and inflammation. This review evaluated joint mobilization with strengthening exercise interventions for adhesive capsulitis, focusing on ROM, discomfort, and function. The review used peer-reviewed papers, randomized controlled trials, quasi-experimental research, and clinical trials adapted from multiple databases. The movement with mobilization (MWM) approach is a potential intervention that improves outcomes related to frozen shoulder, especially when combined with rotator cuff strengthening interventions. The analysis concludes by highlighting the advantages and efficacy of mobilization in conjunction with rotator cuff strengthening for enhancing muscle strength and the overall results in cases of frozen shoulder. The evidence-based conclusions highlight the promising results of this combination strategy in effectively managing and treating frozen shoulder, addressing the study limitations, and offering suggestions for future research.

Detection-Free Object Tracking for Multiple Occluded Targets in Plenoptic Video

Multiple object tracking (MOT) is a fundamental task in vision, but MOT techniques for plenoptic video are scarce. Almost all 2D MOT algorithms that show high performance mostly use the detection-based method which has the disadvantage of operating only for a specific object. To enable tracking of arbitrary desired objects, this paper introduces a groundbreaking detection-free tracking method for MOT in plenoptic videos. The proposed method deviates from traditional detection-based tracking methods, emphasizing the challenges of tracking targets with occlusions. The paper presents specialized algorithms that exploit the multifocal information of plenoptic video, including the focal range restriction and dynamic focal range adjustment schemes to secure robustness for occluded object tracking. To the improvement of the spatial searching capability, the anchor ensemble and the dynamic change of spatial search region algorithms are also proposed. Additionally, in terms of MOT, to reduce the computation time involved, the motion-adaptive time scheduling technique is proposed, which improves computation speed while guaranteeing a certain level of accuracy. Experimental results show a significant improvement in tracking performance, with a 77% success rate based on intersection over union for occluded targets in plenoptic videos, marking a substantial advancement in the field of plenoptic object tracking.

Characterization of groundwater in Quaternary aquifer of the Yanbu Al-Nakhl Basin, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah Province using pumping tests and hydrochemical techniques

In the Yanbu Al-Nakhl Basin, Quaternary aquifer is the main source of groundwater supply for different uses. The groundwater wells that have been drilled in this area are now not subject to local government regulation in terms ofdistances and daily pumping rates. This may lead to declines in groundwater levels and deterioration of its quality. The primary goal of this research is to characterize the Quaternary aquifer using measurements of hydraulic parameters and groundwater quality. To achieve this purpose, all aquifer parameters such as thickness, lithology, depth to water, water table, well loss, formation loss, well efficiency, transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity were measured. Moreover, chemical analysis for major ions as well as minor and trace elements of 14 samples were carried out to determine the physicochemical properties, groundwater facies, controlling mechanisms and five irrigation water quality indices (IWQIs). The results revealed that, groundwater originates mainly from highly permeable Quaternary alluvial sediments of (60 m thickness), and flows generally from north to south. The calculated hydraulic parameters indicated that, the average of well efficiency(γ) ranges from 42.21% to 72.2%, transmissivity (T) varies between 88.2 and 105.4 m2/day, and hydraulic conductivity (K in m/day) ranges from 4.41 to 9.3. In hydrochemical point of view, there are various types for groundwater in the study area including Ca - HCO3, Na - Cl, mixed Ca – Mg – Cl - SO4, and Na – Ca - HCO3. The processes of evaporation and rock – groundwater interaction were significantly influenced the groundwater quality in the Wadi. The computed IWQIs (TDS, TH, SAR, PS, MH, and RSC) had mean values of 1537.685, 678.31, 3.940625, 2.140625, 25.85687 and −10.8068 respectively, indicated that no restriction range for agriculture uses characterizes the majority of groundwater in Wadi Yanbu Al-Nakhl basin.

2023 IFFAS Award for Excellence Winner: Percutaneous vs Open Distal Chevron Osteotomy for the Treatment of Hallux Valgus: A Prospective Randomized Study

Category: Bunion: Midfoot/Forefoot Introduction/ Purpose: This study aimed to compare the radiologic and clinical outcomes of percutaneous and open distal chevron osteotomies. Methods: Seventy-one patients with hallux valgus deformity were randomized to undergo percutaneous distal chevron osteotomy (percutaneous group, n = 36) or open distal chevron osteotomy (open group, n = 35). The primary outcome was the hallux valgus angle 12 months postoperatively. The secondary outcomes were other radiographic parameters including inter-metatarsal angle, medial sesamoid position, first metatarsal shortening, and first metatarsal declination angle, and functional outcomes, such as foot and ankle outcome score (FAOS), foot functional index (FFI), pain visual analog scale (VAS), patient satisfaction, shoe restriction, and metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint range of motion. Radiological and clinical outcomes were assessed preoperatively and at 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. The VAS for pain was evaluated preoperatively and at 1 day, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, and 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Results: At year 1 post-operation, there were no significant differences between the groups in any radiographic parameters, except the first metatarsal declination angle. The mean first metatarsal declination angle was significantly lower in the open group than that in the percutaneous group. The FAOS, FFI, patient satisfaction, and shoe restriction did not differ significantly between the groups. However, the percutaneous group had a significantly lower VAS score for pain on day 1 post-operation than the open group. The mean range of motion of the first MTP joint decreased significantly only in the open group. Conclusion: Radiological and clinical outcomes following percutaneous distal chevron osteotomy were comparable to those of open distal chevron osteotomy. However, the percutaneous group had an advantage over the open group as it showed a lower immediate postoperative pain level and better range of motion of the first MTP joint.

Evaluation of groundwater quality for agricultural under different conditions using water quality indices, partial least squares regression models, and GIS approaches

Evaluating grouLindwater quality and associated hydrochemical properties is critical to manage groundwater resources in arid and semiarid environments. The current study examined groundwater quality and appropriateness for agriculture in the alluvial aquifer of Makkah Al-Mukarramah Province, Saudi Arabia, utilizing several irrigation water quality indices (IWQIs) such as irrigation water quality index (IWQI), total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), potential salinity (PS), magnesium hazard (MH), and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) assisted by multivariate modeling and GIS tools. One hundred fourteen groundwater wells were evaluated utilizing several physicochemical parameters, which indicating that the primary cation and anion concentrations were as follows: Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+, and Cl− > SO42˗ > HCO3˗ > NO3˗ > CO32˗, respectively, reflecting Ca–HCO3, Na–Cl, and mixed Ca–Mg–Cl–SO4 water facies under the stress of evaporation, saltwater intrusion, and reverse ion exchange processes. The IWQI, TDS, SAR, PS, MH, and RSC across two studied regions had mean values of 64.86, 2028.53, 4.98, 26.18, 38.70, and − 14.77, respectively. For example, the computed IWQI model indicated that approximately 31% of samples fell into the no restriction range, implying that salinity tolerance crops should be avoided, while approximately 33% of samples fell into the low to moderate restriction range, and approximately 36% of samples fell into the high to severe restriction range for irrigation, implying that moderate to high salt sensitivity crops should be irrigated in loose soil with no compacted layers. The partial least squares regression model (PLSR) produced a more accurate assessment of six IWQIs based on values of R2 and slope. In Val. datasets, the PLSR model generated strong estimates for six IWQIs with R2 varied from 0.72 to 1.00. There was a good slope value of the linear relationship between measured and predicted for each parameter and the highest slope value (1.00) was shown with RSC. In the PLSR models of six IWQIs, there were no overfitting or underfitting between the measuring, calibrating, and validating datasets. In conclusion, the combination of physicochemical characteristics, WQIs, PLSR, and GIS tools to assess groundwater suitability for irrigation and their regulating variables is beneficial and provides a clear picture of water quality.

Are the recommendation of sodium and fluid restriction in heart failure patients changing over the past years? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Heart failure (HF) is a growing problem for healthcare systems worldwide. Sodium and fluid restriction are non-pharmacological treatments recommended for patients with HF by several guidelines over the years, even without consensus. To evaluate the effects of sodium and fluid restriction in patients with HF. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases up to June 2020 and screened the reference lists of relevant articles. We included randomized controlled trials evaluating sodium and/or fluid restriction in patients with HF. We assessed three independent comparisons: (a) sodium restriction versus control; (b) fluid restriction versus control; and (c) sodium and fluid restriction versus control. Main outcomes of interest were all-cause mortality and hospitalization. Two independent reviewers selected studies and extracted data. We pooled the results using random-effects meta-analysis. We used the RoB 2.0 and the GRADE framework to assess risk of bias and quality of evidence. We included 16 studies totaling 3545 patients in our meta-analysis. Daily sodium intake was 1.5-2.4g for the intervention group and >2.7g for the control group, and daily fluid intake was 0.8-1.5L for the intervention group and free oral fluid intake for the control group. Sodium restriction increased mortality (relative risk 1.92, 95% confidence interval 1.51 to 2.45, moderate quality of evidence) and hospitalization (relative risk 1.63, 1.11 to 2.40, low quality of evidence). Fluid restriction reduced mortality (relative risk 0.32, 0.13 to 0.82, low quality of evidence) and hospitalization (relative risk 0.46, 0.27 to 0.77, n=331, low quality of evidence). The combination of sodium and fluid restriction did not significantly affect the risk of mortality (relative risk 0.92, 0.49 to 1.73, low quality of evidence) or the risk of hospitalization (relative risk 0.94, 0.75 to 1.19, low quality of evidence). The combination of sodium and fluid restriction in clinical trials resulted in a null effect although results in the opposite direction were observed for each intervention independently. Combined sodium and fluid restriction are usually recommended for patients with HF. Our findings of sodium restriction harm, risk of mortality and hospitalization are consistent with publications from several clinical trial and physiologic explanations. A well-designed clinical trial nested by an implementation study is urgent for definitive sodium range recommendation, specially considering the change of currently guidelines, pushing up the cut-off of sodium restriction range.

Flower Pollination Algorithm for Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (VRPTW)

Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (VRPTW) is a vehicle route deciding problem that is used in order to serve customer who involved more than one vehicle with a limited time, so as a minimum distance route is obtained without disobeying vehicle capacity cargo restriction and time range. Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA) is an algorithm which inspires from nature and that is flower pollination process toward a plant. Within an FPA, there are two main steps to use, they are global flower pollination and local flower pollination. Those two steps are determined by using switch probability parameter. This program is made in Java language program to apply FPA in solving VRPTW which is implemented in three example cases, they are small-scale datum with 25 customers, medium-scale datum with 50 customers, and big-scale datum with 100 customers. According to the results, it can be concluded that the larger number of flowers and iterations can affect the number of total minimum travel distance become smaller. Furthermore, a better total minimum travel distances also will be obtained if the value of switch probability parameter is larger.

Preparation and characterization of laser cladded FeCrMoBSi amorphous composite coatings

In order to study the effect of Cr content on the glass forming ability (GFA) and mechanical properties of Fe-based amorphous composite coatings, and to prepare the Fe-based amorphous composite coatings with high hardness and wear resistance. Fe-Cr-Mo-B-Si amorphous composite coatings were prepared by laser cladding technology with different Fe to Cr ratio. The phase composition and microstructure were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) techniques. Vickers indenter, nano-indentor and friction testing machine were used to investigate the mechanical properties and wear resistance of the amorphous coatings. The XRD patterns results show that the phase composition and the content of amorphous changed obviously, and the microstructure transformed clearly from equiaxed dendrite structure to the mixed structure of crystal and amorphous with the content of Cr increases in a restriction range. It was found that the coating showed the best glass forming ability (GFA) when the Fe to Cr ratio was 0.33. The coating was mainly composed of Fe-based solid solution, amorphous and a small number of intermetallic compounds. Appropriate content of Cr can effectively inhibit the formation of intermetallic compounds and decrease the effect of dendrite orientation growth. The high amorphous content makes the coating exhibit excellent microhardness (1200 HV) and wear resistance (2.7 × 10−6 mm3/ (Nm)). At this time, slight abrasive wear is the mainly wear mechanism of Fe-based amorphous composite coatings with the elements component of Fe43.55Cr21.45Mo15B10Si10 (atm. %) at room temperatures.

Association of lumbar spine mobility and hamstring tightness in dental practitioners


 Introduction and Aim: The decrease in lumbar spine mobility and hamstring tightness can be caused due to the lack of regular exercise and awkward postures exposed at the workplace due to an individual's occupation. It can be expressed due to the awkward posture during dental practice as well and this can be controlled by doing regular exercises.The aim of the present study is to analyze the association of lumbar spine mobility and hamstring tightness in dental practitioners.
 
 Materials and Methods: The study is conducted in a Private dental college and hospital for the dental practitioners who work for more than 4 hours in a day. The hamstring tightness is measured using the goniometer and lumbar spine flexibility is measured using an inch tape. The measurements are tabulated and analyzed statistically for the correlation of lumbar spine flexibility with hamstring tightness using the SPSS tool.
 
 Results: The collected data are analyzed statistically using correlation coefficient and the findings concluded that they have a low positive correlation. The mean value of lumbar flexion range is 19.37 cm and mean value of the hamstring tightness is 27.8°, the correlation coefficient r is 0.473. Majority of female participants have increased hamstring tightness with a maximum range of 30° and around 11% of male participants have a restriction range of 25°. Similarly, around 8% of female participants have a lumbar flexion range of around 21cm, However, there is no significant difference between the gender in both the variables with p value equals 0.35 and 0.53 (p > 0.05) respectively. 
 
 Conclusion: From the obtained results it can be concluded that there is a low positive correlation between hamstring tightness and the lumbar flexion range. The findings suggest that the dental practitioners are prone to hamstring tightness which in turn can induce reduced lumbar spine mobility and impacts stress on the lumbar spine leading to low back pain.

The Effect Of Nap Duration On Sleep Inertia, Muscle Strength, And 3-km Cycling Time Trial Performance

PURPOSE: To determine the impact of napping (15-min and 30-min) on sleep inertia, peak muscle strength, and 3-km cycling time trial performance. METHODS: Six recreationally-trained college-aged participants (Age, 22 ± 1 y; VO2max, 43 ± 12 ml·kg-1·min-1) completed a familiarization- and 3 experimental trials in the afternoon. Following a night of modest sleep restriction (range: 4.6-5.8 h), participants underwent exercise testing without a nap and following 15-min (Nap15) and 30-min (Nap30) naps. Peak isokinetic leg extension force (120 deg·sec-1) and computer-simulated 3-km cycling time trial (TT) performance were assessed 30 min after napping. Sleep inertia was quantified using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale and the Tower of London cognitive task before and after each nap. Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to assess differences in peak strength and 3-km TT performance between conditions, while a 3 x 2 (nap condition by time) repeated measures ANOVA was used to assess sleep inertia. RESULTS: 3-km TT power output was similar across conditions (no-nap = 212 ± 84 W, Nap15 = 208 ± 95 W; Nap30 = 213 ± 95 W). Though peak strength following Nap30 was not statistically lower than no-nap (p = 0.12), peak strength was 8.0 ± 0.8% lower in Nap30 compared to Nap15 (p < 0.05). Sleep inertia was similar across conditions. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that napping prior to competition will not improve performance but rather may impair peak power-oriented activities. Data should be gathered to assess the impact of longer duration napping and the potential performance benefits of napping following more severe sleep restriction.

PCR Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Megalocytivirus Isolates in Farmed Giant Sea Perch Lates calcarifer in Southern Taiwan.

The Megalocytivirus genus includes three genotypes, red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV), infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV), and turbot reddish body iridovirus (TRBIV), and has caused mass mortalities in various marine and freshwater fish species in East and Southeast Asia. Of the three genotypes, TRBIV-like megalocytivirus is not included in the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)-reportable virus list because of its geographic restriction and narrow host range. In 2017, 39 cases of suspected iridovirus infection were isolated from fingerlings of giant sea perch (Lates calcarifer) cultured in southern Taiwan during megalocytivirus epizootics. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with different specific primer sets was undertaken to identify the causative agent. Our results revealed that 35 out of the 39 giant sea perch iridovirus (GSPIV) isolates were TRBIV-like megalocytiviruses. To further evaluate the genetic variation, the nucleotide sequences of major capsid protein (MCP) gene (1348 bp) from 12 of the 35 TRBIV-like megalocytivirus isolates were compared to those of other known. High nucleotide sequence identity showed that these 12 TRBIV-like GSPIV isolates are the same species. Phylogenetic analysis based on the MCP gene demonstrated that these 12 isolates belong to the clade II of TRBIV megalocytiviruses, and are distinct from RSIV and ISKNV. In conclusion, the GSPIV isolates belonging to TRBIV clade II megalocytiviruses have been introduced into Taiwan and caused a severe impact on the giant sea perch aquaculture industry.

Long-term functional and radiographic outcomes in 243 operated ankle fractures.

BackgroundLarge comparative studies that have evaluated long-term functional outcome of operatively treated ankle fractures are lacking. This study was performed to analyse the influence of several combinations of malleolar fractures on long-term functional outcome and development of osteoarthritis.MethodsRetrospective cohort-study on operated (1995–2007) malleolar fractures. Results were assessed with use of the AAOS- and AOFAS-questionnaires, VAS-pain score, dorsiflexion restriction (range of motion) and osteoarthritis. Categorisation was determined using the number of malleoli involved.Results243 participants with a mean follow-up of 9.6 years were included. Significant differences for all outcomes were found between unimalleolar (isolated fibular) and bimalleolar (a combination of fibular and medial) fractures (AOFAS 97 vs 91, p = 0.035; AAOS 97 vs 90, p = 0.026; dorsiflexion restriction 2.8° vs 6.7°, p = 0.003). Outcomes after fibular fractures with an additional posterior fragment were similar to isolated fibular fractures. However, significant differences were found between unimalleolar and trimalleolar (a combination of lateral, medial and posterior) fractures (AOFAS 97 vs 88, p < 0.001; AAOS 97 vs 90, p = 0.003; VAS-pain 1.1 vs 2.3 p < 0.001; dorsiflexion restriction 2.9° vs 6.9°, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in isolated fibular fractures with or without additional deltoid ligament injury. In addition, no functional differences were found between bimalleolar and trimalleolar fractures. Surprisingly, poor outcomes were found for isolated medial malleolar fractures. Development of osteoarthritis occurred mainly in trimalleolar fractures with a posterior fragment larger than 5 %.ConclusionsThe results of our study show that long-term functional outcome is strongly associated to medial malleolar fractures, isolated or as part of bi- or trimalleolar fractures. More cases of osteoarthritis are found in trimalleolar fractures.

A Study on the Mining Restriction Range and Depth Regulated by Mining-related Laws and Rules in the Republic of Korea

A Study on the Mining Restriction Range and Depth Regulated by Mining-related Laws and Rules in the Republic of Korea

Effects of Adopting the New Global Lung Function Initiative 2012 Reference Equations on the Interpretation of Spirometry

Background: The recently generated spirometry reference equations from the Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI2012) provide a long-awaited opportunity for the adoption of a globally applicable set of normal reference values. Objective: The aim of this study was to document the likely interpretative effects of changing from commonly used current spirometry reference equations to the GLI2012 equations on interpretation of test results in a clinical spirometry dataset. Methods: Spirometry results from 2,400 patients equally distributed over the age range of 5-85 years were obtained from clinical pulmonary function laboratories at three public hospitals. The frequency of obstruction [FEV₁/FVC below the lower limits of normal (LLN)] and spirometric restriction (FVC below the LLN) was assessed using the GLI2012, the National Health and Nutrition Assessment Survey (NHANES III), the European Community of Steel and Coal (ECSC) and the Stanojevic all-ages reference equations. Results: The rates of obstruction (range 20.0-28.5%) and spirometric restriction (range 14.2-25.8%) were similar across the four sets of reference equations. The highest level of agreement with the new GLI2012 equations was seen with the NHANES III equations (97.6% for obstruction and 93.6% for spirometric restriction) and the lowest with those from the ECSC (96.0 for obstruction and 92.0% for restriction). These data can be used to estimate likely diagnostic spirometry interpretation effects in the clinical setting when switching to GLI2012 spirometry reference data. Conclusions: We have found the effects on interpretation of changing to GLI2012 reference data to be minimal when changing from NHANES III and most significant when changing from ECSC reference data.

Fuzzy dynamic characteristic model based attitude control of hypersonic vehicle in gliding phase

The intelligent autonomous control of hypersonic vehicles has aroused great interest from the field of spacecraft. To solve the problem of longitudinal attitude control of hypersonic vehicle in gliding phase, a new intelligent controller is proposed in this paper. This new controller is based on the fuzzy dynamic characteristic modeling method. The fuzzy logic is introduced into the characteristic modeling by dividing the whole restriction range into several subspaces. Simulations show that this modification greatly improves the performance of the original method. With the same whole restriction range the fuzzy dynamic characteristic modeling decreases the time of convergence, and at the same time makes the attitude angle tracing more precise and robust. Since the sub-model is a characteristic model that has stronger adaptiveness than a fixed local model, the number of fuzzy rules is greatly reduced. Our model sharply reduces the complexity in constructing a fuzzy dynamic model. Finally, simulation results are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach in dealing with the attitude control problem of hypersonic vehicle in gliding phase.

The internal syntax of jeder ‘every’

In this paper I explore the elements that make up the German distributive universal quantifier jeder, and the structural relationships among them. I argue that jeder consists of three overt morphemes je-d-er, which are heads in an extended adjectival projection (xAP). Their relative order is derived by movement [ xAP je d er t jeP]. Je corresponds to the adjectival stem, -d- is an adjectival article (which in turn is analyzed as a relative complementizer) and -er is an agreement head, AgrA. The xAP further contains movement traces/ copies of the nominal which jeder quantifies over. One of these copies is in the complement of je where, I claim, it supplies the restriction (distributive key or range). The components of the proposal are all motivated independently of jeder: (i) the morphology of jeder identifies it as adjectival, hence an analysis of it must incorporate an (independently motivated) adjectival syntax; (ii) a comparison with the distributive dual quantifier beid- ‘both’ further informs the syntactic analysis internal to the word jeder; and (iii) a comparison of je in jeder and in other je-words suggests that je takes an N(P) complement, a fact that confirms the expectations regarding the selectional properties of je raised by the preceding discussion. Finally, a comparison of jeder with counterparts of it in other languages, as well as with other complex determiners in German, will broaden the scope and corroborate important aspects of the present proposal.

遠隔作業インタフェースとしての背面投射型球面ディスプレイの開発

Recently, many new potential uses of telerobotics and virtual reality have been explored in medical field. In order that a human operator can easily and intuitively execute the given micro operation, the development of suitable visual and haptic interfaces and the accurate registration of them are significantly important. However, these technical subjects are not easy to solve and have not been seriously considered. HMD is unsuitable for the surgical application because of its weight, restriction and narrow range of view. Recently, an immersive projection technology is drawing the attention for the virtual reality. In this paper, a compact and accessible spherical display with a stereo viewing system is discussed as an interface of teleoperation. The operator looks into the spherical display like a fortuneteller viewing a crystal ball. This environment is different from the immersive one surrounded by screens. The validity of developed system is confirmed by the experiment.