Restricted Theory Research Articles

Domains of ordering

This paper develops a theory of linearization in which the LCA (Kayne, The antisymmetry of syntax, MIT Press, 1994) linearizes one portion of the clause, with a secondary algorithm linearizing a second portion of the clause when the LCA-determined order of terminals would conflict with other principles of the morphosyntax. The empirical focus is the correspondence or lack thereof between scope and word order in Japanese, Tagalog, and English: for one portion of the clause, there is a strict correspondence between the linear order of certain elements and their scope, while for another portion of the clause, this correspondence breaks down. Given a theory of LCA-determined linear order and clause structure following Biberauer [Linguist Inq 45(2):169–225, 2014], alongside a restricted theory of reconstruction, we show that the portion of the clause for which the LCA determines linear order is that which displays the strict correspondence between linear order and scope, while that for which the secondary algorithm determines linear order is where the correspondence between scope and linear order breaks down.

امام شافعی کے تصور قیاس پر عمران احسن خان نیازی کے نقطۂ نظر کا جائزہ: اقسام قیاس کی روشنی میں

In response to Joseph Schacht, Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee argued that al-Shāfi‘ī had a very restricted theory of qiyās which was similar to that of Dāwūd al-Ẓāhirī who was a staunch critic of qiyās. Nyazee went on to show that al-Shāfi‘ī presented no example of qiyās al-‘illah in his book al Risālah and that his theory of qiyās only contained either dalālat al-naṣṣ of Aḥnāf or qiyās al-shabah which was rejected by Aḥnāf. We are of the view that this reading of al-Shāfi‘ī’s al-Risālah is misleading because al-Shāfi‘ī’s examples count qiyās al-‘illah when measured against the standards and terminologies developed by later jurists. Moreover, the analysis given by Nyazee of al-Shāfi‘ī’s statements is also problematic.

Incompatibility in restricted operational theories: connecting contextuality and steering

We investigate the connection between steering and contextuality in general probabilistic theories. We show that for a class of bipartite states the steerability of the state by given set of measurements is equivalent to non-existence of preparation noncontextual hidden variable model for certain restricted theory constructed from the given state and measurements. The connection between steering and contextuality is provided by the concept of incompatibility in restricted theories, which we also investigate.

A quantum prediction as a collection of epistemically restricted classical predictions

Spekkens has introduced an epistemically restricted classical theory of discrete systems, based on discrete phase space. The theory manifests a number of quantum-like properties but cannot fully imitate quantum theory because it is noncontextual. In this paper we show how, for a certain class of quantum systems, the quantum description of an experiment can be decomposed into classical descriptions that are epistemically restricted, though in a different sense than in Spekkens' work. For each aspect of the experiment—the preparation, the transformations, and the measurement—the epistemic restriction limits the form of the probability distribution an imagined classical observer may use. There are also global constraints that the whole collection of classical descriptions must satisfy. Each classical description generates its own prediction regarding the outcome of the experiment. One recovers the quantum prediction via a simple but highly nonclassical rule: the "nonrandom part" of the predicted quantum probabilities is obtained by summing the nonrandom parts of the classically predicted probabilities. By "nonrandom part" we mean the deviation from complete randomness, that is, from what one would expect upon measuring the fully mixed state.

Maximum Ionization in Restricted and Unrestricted Hartree-Fock Theory

In this paper, we investigate the maximum number of electrons that can be bound to a system of nuclei modelled by Hartree-Fock theory. We consider both the Restricted and Unrestricted Hartree-Fock models. We are taking a non-existence approach (necessary but not sufficient), in other words we are finding an upper bound on the maximum number of electrons. In giving a detailed account of the proof of Lieb’s bound [Theorem 1, Phys. Rev. A 29 (1984), 3018] for the Hartree-Fock models we establish several new auxiliary results, furthermore we propose a condition that, if satisfied, will give an improved upper bound on the maximum number of electrons within the Restricted Hartree-Fock model. For two-electron atoms we show that the latter condition holds.

Poverty and Coping Strategies of Unemployed Youths in Cross River State, Nigeria

The study investigates how unemployed youths in Cross River state respond to and cope with poor economic conditions. The phenomenon of poverty has been identified as one of the increasing social challenges in Nigeria and has been linked to a number of social problems including street crime, substance abuse, internet fraud, armed robbery, ritual killings, kidnapping, and youth restiveness. Scholars have also argued that whereas the youth is the locomotive of national development and contribute immensely to the sustenance of the developmental momentum of a nation; youths in Nigeria are largely unemployed and redundant. The social consequences of this are enormous and can only be explained from the lens of the restricted opportunity theory and the strain theory. The study employed a cross-sectional survey research design involving questionnaires, interviews, descriptive statistics and 1,010 purposively selected respondents from six local government areas in the three senatorial districts of Cross River. The findings of the study revealed that youth poverty is a growing concern in Cross River state, and is caused by limited access to loans, lack of job opportunities, policy paralysis, among many other factors. Respondents of the study further noted that unemployed youths in the state cope with the hardship associated with poverty and unemployment by engaging in various activities including negative ones such as commercial sex work, theft, cyber fraud, and armed robbery. It is thus recommended, among other things, that the Nigerian State must invest in youth development by creating programmes and funding for small scale businesses, vocational training, and skills development.

The small‐is‐very‐small principle

AbstractThe central result of this paper isthe small‐is‐very‐small principlefor restricted sequential theories. The principle says roughly that whenever the given theory shows that a definable property has a small witness, i.e., a witness in a sufficiently small definable cut, then it shows that the property has a very small witness: i.e., a witness below a given standard number. Which cuts are sufficiently small will depend on the complexity of the formula defining the property. We draw various consequences from the central result. E.g., roughly speaking, (i) every restricted, recursively enumerable sequential theory has a finitely axiomatized extension that is conservative with respect to formulas of complexity ; (ii) every sequential model has, for anyn, an extension that is elementary for formulas of complexity , in which the intersection of all definable cuts is the natural numbers; (iii) we have reflection for ‐sentences with sufficiently small witness in any consistent restricted theoryU; (iv) supposeUis recursively enumerable and sequential. Suppose further that every recursively enumerable and sequentialVthat locally intepretsU, globally interpretsU. Then,Uis mutually globally interpretable with a finitely axiomatized sequential theory. The paper contains some careful groundwork developing partial satisfaction predicates in sequential theories for the complexity measuredepth of quantifier alternations.

Neo-Cartesian unified fluid and field theory: from Klein-Gordon equation to de Broglie’s Lorentz invariant mechanics

A unified fluid and field theory containing all forces as special cases postulates that primordial fluid is formed by discrete, 3D-extended energy-like sagions obeying usual energy-momentum conservation laws. Contrary to Newtonian mechanics, mass and force are not primitive notions (hence, “Cartesian”), but the theory is atomistic (hence “neo”). Collective fluid behaviour obeys the homogeneous Klein-Gordon equation, or homogeneous 3D-wave equation, which besides usual harmonic periodic solutions has three families of quantized, Galilean-Lorentz isomorph, nonperiodic solutions discovered around 1995. Here, quantum mechanics is relativistic ab initio thus ensuring consistency with Einstein’s general theory of relativity, which is extended to include effects upon gravity of chemical and nuclear composition, as indeed observed by Eötvös (1890s), and Majorana (1919). Planck constant is identified with the bit of minimum angular momentum in sagion-sagion interactions, thus introducing quantum features at the root of classical mechanics. Acceleration produced by successive pushes of a small projectile (say, a sagion, disagion, trisagion, 4-sagion) leads to a curve resembling Einstein’s mass increase. This reinterprets one aspect of the restricted theory of relativity: rather than mass increase, Bertozzi experiment demonstrates inefficient transfer of linear momentum. The lower branch in our background universal acceleration curve is associated to static friction.

Review on the Mechanisms of Modification Al-Si alloys

The present paper investigates some mechanisms of modification the eutectic of aluminum-Silicon (Al-Si) alloys. These alloys have been many applications in general industries especially in military, aerospace and automobiles. These alloys in some cases need to modify their properties In particular the wear resistance. This can be overcome by modification the morphology of Si-eutectic. Many mechanisms were suggested in this field. The most common mechanisms are chemical modification and quenching modification. The chemical modification achieved by adding some rare earth elements like sodium (Na), strontium (Sr), and antimony (Sb). Also can be refined the structure of these alloys by using master alloys such as Al-Ti, Al-Ti-B and Al-B. According to restricted growth theory, the impurity induced twinning which reduce the growth. According to the restricted nucleation, the twin plane re-entrant edge (TPRE) Poisoning, which stopped the twin plane. The addition of sodium (Na) in the range of 0.005 to 0.01% modifies the eutectic Si but it has high vapourity and it is difficult to determine its resulting level. Strontium is added in a range of 0.02 to 0.04% but it is ability to oxidation is high as contact with atmosphere.

The Relativity of Consciousness: The Application of Time Dilation to The Theory of Integrated Information

One of the fundamental problems of science is the difficulty in understanding the relationships that interconnect consciousness with space and time. The objective of this article is to describe the relationship between consciousness and space-time by relating the Integrated Information Theory (IIT) of Giulio Tononi with the fundamental notions of space and time of the restricted relativity theory. Considering that neuroscience suggests a correlation between consciousness and neural activity, it can be inferred that there is a connection between matter and consciousness and therefore, how the forces interacting with matter can influence consciousness. A further objective is to extend the study of consciousness beyond the skull, to have a mathematical overview describing whether the amount of information produced in the unity of time by a system is stable and absolute or rather whether it depends from the interaction with the space-time and by the speed at which the system moves.

Gravitating magnetic monopole via the spontaneous symmetry breaking of pure R2 gravity

The pure $R^2$ gravity is equivalent to Einstein gravity with cosmological constant and a massless scalar field and it further possesses the so-called restricted Weyl symmetry which is a symmetry larger than scale symmetry. To incorporate matter, we consider a restricted Weyl invariant action composed of pure $R^2$ gravity, SU(2) Yang-Mills fields and a non-minimally coupled massless Higgs field (a triplet of scalars). When the restricted Weyl symmetry is spontaneously broken, it is equivalent to an Einstein-Yang-Mills-Higgs (EYMH) action with a cosmological constant and a massive Higgs non-minimally coupled to gravity i.e. via a term $\tilde{\xi} R |\Phi|^2$. When the restricted Weyl symmetry is not spontaneously broken, linearization about Minkowski space-time does not yield gravitons in the original $R^2$ gravity and hence it does not gravitate. However, we show that in the broken gauge sector of our theory, where the Higgs field acquires a non-zero vacuum expectation value, Minkowski space-time is a viable gravitating background solution. We then obtain numerically gravitating magnetic monopole solutions for non-zero coupling constant $\tilde{\xi}=1/6$ in three different backgrounds: Minkowski, anti-de Sitter (AdS) and de Sitter (dS), all of which are realized in our restricted Weyl invariant theory.

Hamiltonian, Path Integral and BRST Formulations of the Restricted Gauge Theory of <i>QCD<sub>2</sub></i>

We study the Hamiltonian, path integral and Becchi-Rouet-Stora and Tyutin (BRST) formulations of the restricted gauge theory of QCD2 a la Cho et al. under appropriate gauge-fixing conditions.

Modeling the Structures and Electronic Properties of Uracil and Thymine in Gas Phase and Water

The molecular geometries and electronic properties of Uracil and Thymine are studied at the Restricted Hatree-Fock (RHF) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) levels of theory in gas phase and water. The optimized structures, dipole moments, total energies, charge transfer, quadrupole moments and other electronic properties of the two molecules were computed in gas and water. The two molecules showed higher polarity, stability and band gap in water. The average bond lengths of Thymine are greater than those of Uracil in gas. Thymine has significantly lower bond lengths than Uracil in solution. The average bond lengths of C-C and N-H are respectively the longest and shortest. Thymine molecule has lower total energies compared to Uracil at both levels of theory and in both media. The polarity of both molecules increases in solution. HOMO and LUMO energy values decrease slightly in solution for both molecules at both levels of theory. The Ionization Potential (IP) and Electron Affinity (EA) decreases for both molecules in solution. The chemical potential and electrophilicity of both molecules increase in solution. The chemical hardness of Uracil increases slightly in solution while that of Thymine decreases slightly in solution.

A Dismal Reality: Behavioural Analysis and Consumer Policy

Before the behavioural turn, the economic account of consumer policy concerns was too optimistic and reductive. After the turn, we, the consumers, are more likely to need from an economic perspective a more intrusive consumer policy. This is the dismality thesis defended in this article. The dismality thesis is a theoretical, comparative, and argumentative thesis, albeit normatively incomplete. It follows from two premises. First, pre-behavioural economics elaborated a restricted theory of consumer harm in unregulated markets (“consumer harm premise”) and, second, it overstated the effectiveness of information disclosure as a means of consumer policy (“institutional premise”). The dismality thesis is further supported by a comparison of the discussion of attributes control in the pre- and post-behavioural turn literature and by commenting on the main source of controversy about attributes control in the post-turn literature, the so-called “artificial truncation” of behavioural analysis.

A Dismal Reality: Behavioural Analysis and Consumer Policy

Before the behavioural turn, the economic account of consumer policy concerns was too optimistic and reductive. After the turn, we, the consumers, are more likely to need from an economic perspective a more intrusive consumer policy. This is the dismality thesis defended in this article. The dismality thesis is a theoretical, comparative, and argumentative thesis, albeit normatively incomplete. It follows from two premises. First, pre-behavioural economics elaborated a restricted theory of consumer harm in unregulated markets (“consumer harm premise”) and, second, it overstated the effectiveness of information disclosure as a means of consumer policy (“institutional premise”). The dismality thesis is further supported by a comparison of the discussion of attributes control in the pre- and post-behavioural turn literature and by commenting on the main source of controversy about attributes control in the post-turn literature, the so-called “artificial truncation” of behavioural analysis.

Foliations-Webs-Hessian Geometry-Information Geometry-Entropy and Cohomology

IN MEMORIAM OF ALEXANDER GROTHENDIECK. THE MAN.

How to quantify the temporal storage effect using simulations instead of math.

The storage effect has become a core concept in community ecology, explaining how environmental fluctuations can promote coexistence and maintain biodiversity. However, limitations of existing theory have hindered empirical applications: the need for detailed mathematical analysis whenever the study system requires a new model, and restricted theory for structured populations. We present a new approach that overcomes both these limitations. We show how temporal storage effect can be quantified by Monte Carlo simulations in a wide range of models for competing species. We use the lottery model and a generic integral projection model (IPM) to introduce ideas, and present two empirical applications: (1) algal species in a chemostat with variable temperature, showing that the storage effect can operate without a long-lived life stage and (2) a sagebrush steppe community IPM. Our results highlight the need for careful modelling of nonlinearities so that conclusions are not driven by unrecognised model constraints.

Light-Front Quantization of the Restricted Gauge Theory of QCD 2

In this talk we study the light-front quantization of the restricted gauge theory of QCD2a la Cho et al.

Unrestricted Floating Orbitals for the Investigation of Open Shell Systems

<p>The floating orbital molecular dynamics approach treats the basis functions' centers in ab initio molecular dynamics simulations variationally optimized in space rather than keeping them strictly fixed on nuclear positions. An implementation of the restricted theory for closed shell systems is already available (Perlt et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2014, 16, 6997–7005). In this article, the extension of the methodology to the unrestricted theory in order to cover open shell systems is introduced. The methyl radical serves as a test system to prove the correctness of the implementation and to demonstrate the scope of this method. The available spin density plots and vibrational spectra are compared to those obtained from atom-centered bases. Finally, more complex systems as well as further properties to be studied in future investigations by floating orbitals are suggested.</p>

Quantization of the Restricted Gauge Theory of QCD 2

In this talk, we consider the restricted gauge theory of QCD2a la Cho et al. and study its quantization using Hamiltonian, path integral and BRST quantization procedures.