Restricted Territory Research Articles

Lake Baikal amphipods and their genomes, great and small.

Endemic amphipods (Crustacea: Amphipoda) of Lake Baikal represent an outstanding example of large species flocks occupying a wide range of ecological niches and originating from a handful of ancestor species. Their development took place at a restricted territory and is thus open for comprehensive research. Such examples provide unique opportunities for studying behavioral, anatomic, or physiological adaptations in multiple combinations of environmental conditions and thus attract considerable attention. The existing taxonomies of this group list over 350 species and subspecies, which, according to the molecular phylogenetic studies of marker genes, full transcriptomes and mitochondrial genomes, originated from at least two introductions into the lake. The studies of allozymes and marker genes have revealed a significant cryptic diversity in Baikal amphipods, as well as a large variance in genetic diversity within some morphological species. Crossing experiments conducted so far for two morphological species suggest that the differences in the mitochondrial marker (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene) can potentially be applied for making predictions about reproductive isolation. For about one-tenth of the Baikal amphipod species, nuclear genome sizes and chromosome numbers are known. While genome sizes vary within one order of magnitude, the karyotypes are relatively stable (2n = 52 for most species studied). Moreover, analysis of the diversity of repeated sequences in nuclear genomes showed significant between-species differences. Studies of mitochondrial genomes revealed some unusual features, such as variation in length and gene order, as well as duplications of tRNA genes, some of which also underwent remolding (change in anticodon specificity due to point mutations). The next important steps should be (i) the assembly of whole genomes for different species of Baikal amphipods, which is at the moment hampered by complicated genome structures with high repeat content, and (ii) updating species taxonomy taking into account all the data.

Perburuan Harimau di Bali pada Awal Abad XX Berdasarkan Sumber-Sumber Kolonial

Before falling into the hands of the Dutch colonial government in the early 20th century, Bali was quite a foreign and restricted territory for Europeans. This condition slowly changed when the colonial government conquered the local Balinese kingdoms. Tigers' existence in Bali was later known through the records created by Europeans who studied nature and the local community there. This study aims to show the link between the conquest of Bali by the colonial government and the extinction of the Bali tiger. Through historical research methods to examine the literature sources used, this study shows that the expansion of colonial government influence in Bali also played a role in the process of extinction of the Bali tiger. The growth of private plantations in areas home to tigers further increases the potential for conflict between tigers and humans. Similar to Javan and Sumatran tigers, Bali tigers are also often hunted because they disturb and threaten plantation activities, as well as because they are a prey object for sport-hunting enthusiasts. Extinction is inevitable as a consequence of continuous hunting activities for this species.

МОДЕЛИ ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ И ПЕШЕХОДНЫХ ПОТОКОВ ДЛЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОГО СВЕТОФОРНОГО ДВИЖЕНИЯ

The article defines the importance of traffic in conditions of average complexity. The objectives of the study and all its main elements and characteristics are defined. The object of the study is a section of the North-Western Expressway of Moscow, corresponding to Bolshaya Akademicheskaya Street in the Koptevo area and bounded by Mikhalkovskaya Street and the 3rd Nizhnelikhoborsky passage. As a result of the study, a transport system graph model was created that bounds the territory delimiting transport and pedestrian flows. The model takes into account points of view when flows intersect and merge. The results of the study formed the basis of a mathematical model of traffic in problem areas of restricted territory. Conclusions are drawn about the consequences of the results obtained and their use in the «smart city» system.

A Real-Time Framework for Human Face Detection and Recognition in CCTV Images

This paper aims to develop a machine learning and deep learning-based real-time framework for detecting and recognizing human faces in closed-circuit television (CCTV) images. The traditional CCTV system needs a human for 24/7 monitoring, which is costly and insufficient. The automatic recognition system of faces in CCTV images with minimum human intervention and reduced cost can help many organizations, such as law enforcement, identifying the suspects, missing people, and people entering a restricted territory. However, image-based recognition has many issues, such as scaling, rotation, cluttered backgrounds, and variation in light intensity. This paper aims to develop a CCTV image-based human face recognition system using different techniques for feature extraction and face recognition. The proposed system includes image acquisition from CCTV, image preprocessing, face detection, localization, extraction from the acquired images, and recognition. We use two feature extraction algorithms, principal component analysis (PCA) and convolutional neural network (CNN). We use and compare the performance of the algorithms K-nearest neighbor (KNN), decision tree, random forest, and CNN. The recognition is done by applying these techniques to the dataset with more than 40K acquired real-time images at different settings such as light level, rotation, and scaling for simulation and performance evaluation. Finally, we recognized faces with a minimum computing time and an accuracy of more than 90%.

Monitoring and detection of new endemic foci of canine leishmaniosis in northern continental Italy: An update from a study involving five regions (2018-2019).

Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is an emerging zoonosis caused by Leishmania infantum and transmitted in southern Europe by phlebotomine sand flies of the subgenus Phlebotomus (Larroussius). Endemic foci of CanL have been recorded in northern continental Italy since early 1990s and attributed to the northward expansion of vector populations due to climatic changes in association with travelling/relocated infected dogs from the southern Mediterranean littoral. In this study, further spread of endemic Leishmania foci was monitored during 2018-2019 in five regions (Aosta Valley, Piedmont, Lombardy, Veneto and Friuli-Venezia Giulia), with focus to territories where investigations were not performed, or they have been inconclusive. Clinical cases of CanL identified by local veterinary practitioners and confirmed by reference diagnosis centers were regarded as autochthonous if their origin from, or travel to, areas endemic for CanL were excluded in the previous ≥2years. Around these index cases, i) serosurveys for L infantum were carried out where indicated, ii) sampling from potential autochthonous cases in healthy or clinically-suspected resident dogs was intensified by collaborating veterinary practitioners, and iii) suitable sites were investigated for the presence of competent phlebotomine vectors. Fifty-seven municipalities whose enzootic status of CanL was unreported before 2018, were identified as endemic. The stability of 27 foci recorded over the past decade, was also confirmed. Competent phlebotomine vectors, mainly Phlebotomus perniciosus, were collected for the first time in 23 municipalities. The newly recorded endemic municipalities appear to be distributed over a west-to-east decreasing gradient: 30 in Piedmont, 21 in Lombardy, 4 in Veneto and 2 in Friuli-Venezia Giulia. As regards Veneto, it should be noted that a relatively restricted territory was investigated as several municipalities of the region had already been surveyed and detected as endemic for CanL in the past. Cold climate conditions of the easternmost region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia bordering non-endemic territories of Slovenia, are probably less favorable to L infantum transmission.

Volcanogenic Deposits of Non-ferrous Metals in the Lesser Caucasus and Eastern Pontides

The paper presents brief characteristics of geological environments of ore deposit occurrences in Turkey, Georgia and Armenia. They can be attributed to Kuroko-type deposits, being distinguished by the character of ore accumulation. To the west, in Turkey, there are epigenetic and hydrothermal-sedimentary copper-zinc deposits that were formed in deep restricted basinal settings. An example of the latter is the Chayeli deposit.To the east, in the Caucasus, we have predominantly only epigenetic deposits. Besides, in the Bolnisi mining district (Georgia) there is the Madneuli deposit which represents an example of polyformational deposit. Here, within the restricted territory, have been concentrated:barite, barite-polymetallic, gold-bearing secondary quartzite, large-scale stockworks of copper ores. Judged by the 87Sr/86Sr ratios, some volcanites which are spatially associated with ores, might have been products of the “differentiation” of undepleted mantle, or other magmas that were generated in the lower part of the earth crust.In the Alaverdi ore district in Armenia, there are Jurassic volcanodepressions that host copper, copper-zinc and barite-sulfide ores. All the deposits of the Alaverdi district, porphyry copper including, contain economic reserves of ores.On the basis of available literature material and our own data, there has been created a mental-logical geological-genetic model of volcanogenic deposits.

Clinical features and differential diagnosis of orofacial pain

According to the literature, the most common orofacial pains whose origin are not in the structures of the stomatognathic system, but which are encountered in the offices of dentists are tension pain, trigeminal neuralgia and migraine. Therefore, our main task is to differentiate between facial pain of dental origin, which are in our competence to manage them and other painful orofacial pathologies, which require the cooperation of several specialists. Facial pain, whether muscular or joint origin, has the qualities of a deep somatic pain, always occurs after a recent event (trauma, dental fracture, dental treatment, occlusal changes), is accompanied by disruption of functions (mastication, phonation) and it often causes limited mandibular movements. The presence of muscular, articular, vascular and neurological structures in a restricted anatomical territory often makes difficult to establish the correct diagnosis, that’s why the interdisciplinary approach is inevitable and recommended.

Features of designing and arrangement of facades in the conditions of dense historical building and tightness

The article deals with the problems and requirements that arise when performing facade works during reconstruction in conditions of dense historical development. The necessary methods and approaches to the reconstruction of the old fund buildings and in particular to the facade arrangement have been determined. The real example of reconstruction of a non-residential building under a medical center is considered, the conditions that complicate the work are determined, the main ones are the constrained conditions, the restricted territory for the deployment of works fronts and the location around residential buildings. The authors identify the aspects that influence the decision making for the facade system. The architectural aspect and its influence on the choice of the facade system are considered. The construction aspect, which is directly related to the use of certain facade systems and the requirements for the assembly of the system of structures with facade thermal insulation, is defined. The technological aspect related to the characteristics of materials that were to be used (including effective thermal insulation materials) by equipment and organization of work execution is considered. In accordance with the previously defined aspects, the authors substantiate the choice of a wet-type Tex-Color external thermal insulation system with mineral wool insulation. The main features and difficulties that arose during the design and execution of works, namely the presence of different wall thickness; enlargement of window and door openings; heterogeneity of materials of load-bearing walls: concrete, brick, foam concrete, metal; arrangement of modern ventilation and air-conditioning system; replacement of existing engineering networks; arrangement of fire-alarm and fire-extinguishing systems; arrangement of decorative facade elements; arrangement of guardrails of balconies, railings and stairs. To summarize, the authors pay particular attention to the need to take into account such factors as the relatively short repair life, low maintenance, differences in the life of plaster and paint in the execution and choice of plastering facade insulation systems

Relationship between the geology, soil assessment, and terroir of Gewürtztraminer vineyards: A case study in the Dolomites of northern Italy

The study of the geological identity of rare vineyards introduces new classification approaches for the geological natural environment, which is sometimes underestimated in agriculture. This research examines the geological features related to quaternary soil sediments in the Italian Alps, near the village of Tramin. The local winemakers have constantly encountered differences between vineyards over the decades, such as growth of vines and quality of the grapes and wine, even in Gewürtztraminer vineyards close to each other. A detailed geological territorial study with more precise classification at the vineyard scale would therefore be significant, because it could explain the source of these differences. A new term for this approach, Vineyard Geological Identity (VGI), has been coined. The purpose is to standardize the geological information and enhance scientific comparisons between vineyards, but it is also useful for vintners as they attempt to obtain scientific confirmation for their personal observations or for supporting the territorial subdivision provided by the wine's product quality specification. Our findings show a very marked variability of sediments in the study area and how the more recent geological processes are directly related to their varied chemical and mineralogical distributions. Many dolomitic or silicate soil sediments marked by different history, and therefore with different chemical and physical properties, lie adjacent in a very restricted territory. Some of the analysed vineyards are evidently siliciclastic, whereas others are mostly carbonate. In adjacent vineyards, the content of carbonate mineral can range from 36.3% to 0.6%. A marked alternation of layers with different mineralogy can typify the sediment layers where the grapevine root systems grow. The Mn and dolomitic Mg mean concentration were 1.1 mg/kg and 343 mg/kg, respectively, in strictly siliciclastic layers compared with 6.9 mg/kg and 1081 mg/kg in the more carbonate layers. Several minerals characterize the different sediments, and relations between some of them and the fruit orchard soil reaction classes were found. Further studies should verify direct links with the biochemical processes related to the variable mineral macronutrients observed. A correct geopedological classification and mapping of both the sediments and related soils are essential to eliminate incongruities in the interdisciplinary data.

Teoria Arquivística: muito barulho por nada

O campo da teoria arquivística não é tão fértil quanto Frank Burke, Gregg Kimball e outros autores sugerem. A teoria arquivística se divide em duas vertentes; uma vertente arquivística, que não é teórica, que lida com a prática, o "como fazer”, representando o básico do trabalho de arquivo; essa é a responsabilidade dos arquivistas "clínicos". A outra é teórica, embora não arquivística, e se relaciona à historiografia; representa um esforço para os arquivistas, não em seu papel de arquivistas, mas como historiadores. Este fato restringe o território para os arquivistas teóricos na sua capacidade de arquivistas teóricos. Além disso, os convites para o desenvolvimento de um corpo teórico da área derivam muito mais de uma necessidade emocional por parte de uma comunidade arquivística buscando maior aceitação profissional do que de uma necessidade objetiva por mais teoria arquivística.

基于国际经验的我国国家公园遴选探讨

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于国际经验的我国国家公园遴选探讨 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201810012147 作者: 作者单位: 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家重点研发计划课题（2017YFC0506401）；中科院战略性先导科技专项（A类）子课题（XDA20020302） Discussion on the selection criteria of national parks in China based on international experience Author: Affiliation: Institute of Geographic Science and Resource Research, CAS, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:建立科学的遴选方法可以为我国国家公园体系建设提供决策依据。本文通过系统梳理典型国家的国家公园遴选方法，总结国际普遍采用的技术程序和手段，针对我国国情提出了渐进式评价法，采用"全局评价、类型比较"的研究思路开展国家公园建设潜在区域的选择。研究认为，国家公园是我国自然保护地管理体制改革、自然文化资源利用方式转型和优化国土空间利用保护的重要措施，肩负着自然生态保护、资源利用和区域发展的重要作用。国际上国家公园可以划分为地域广阔型、地域限制型和本土特征保护型，3种类型的区别在于分层划分、同级比较和程序复杂性。我国可参考地域广阔型国家的遴选方法，从自然生态系统类型（代表性和重要性）、原真性、生物多样性、自然景观、文化遗产等六大方面进行评价，区分国家公园建设的潜在区域和可建设区域。研究能够为国家公园的科学优选提供理论参考。 Abstract:It is of great necessary to establish a scientific selection criteria for constructing Chinese national park system. On a basic of a systematic summary of selection criteria of international national park, this paper firstly concluded general technical procedures and methods that were widely used worldwide. Then, a method named as "progressive evaluation" which was appropriate for Chinese conditions was proposed. Essentially, progressive evaluation that is carrying out "evaluation for all and comparison between types" could be great helpful for identifying potential and possible region to be national park candidate. the results of this paper were as follows:firstly, national park in China played important roles in promoting the reform of management systems of natural protected areas, the transformation of the utilization modes of natural cultural resources, and also, it played in balancing relationship among natural ecological protection, resource utilization, and regional development. Secondly, since international national parks could be divided into geographical vast territory type, restricted territory type, and local feature protection type according to their differences in stratification, peer comparison, and program complexity. Therefore, it is strongly recommended that national park in china should be similar to vast territory type from international cases, and the selection criteria of this type of national park in China could include six aspects of natural ecosystem types (representativeness and importance), ecosystem authenticity, biodiversity, natural landscape, and cultural heritage. By doing so, the potential and possible national park candidate in China could be scientifically identified, which would be references for future relevant study and scientific management practice. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

A frequent roundworm Baylisascaris transfuga in overpopulated brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Slovakia: a problem worthy of attention.

The genus Baylisascaris (order Ascaridida) includes numerous relatively host-specific nematodes, which are common in intestines of wild mammals. Some of them may have impact on veterinary and public health, as their larvae have the potential to cause visceral, ocular, and/or neural larva migrans in a wide range of mammals, birds, and humans. Baylisascaris transfuga is a parasite occurring in a range of bear species throughout the world. We present the current data on B. transfuga occurrence in brown bears from a relatively restricted territory of the Poľana Protected Landscape Area in Central Slovakia, obtained by traditional methods (faecal examination, morphology). Species affiliation was confirmed by employing molecular markers generating nuclear 28S and mitochondrial cox1 sequences in adult worms. Based on 17 examined samples (15 excrements and two intestines of young bear females), the occurrence of B. transfuga in the surveyed area was assessed as 52.9%. Both bear females were infected with adult and juvenile worms. Due to the high density of bears in the locality, the high infection rate with ascarids, and the huge number of eggs produced by the parasites, it is apparent that the respective environment, including the inhabited areas, might be markedly contaminated by Baylisascaris eggs. The ability of B. transfuga to serve as a zoonotic agent has not been unambiguously proved; however, this attribute should be considered and subjected to further research.

Hybridization between different lineages of pidschian-like whitefishes (Coregonus lavaretus pidschian, coregonidae) in water bodies of Southern Siberia

Summary: Background. The purpose of this work was studying of interaction between morphologically similar forms of the pidcshian-like whitefishes inhabiting restricted territory of riverine-lacustrine system situated in the Bolshoi Abakan Rriver basin.
 Material and methods. In the morphological analysis were used 141 whitefish individuals from Lake Karakul and 26 from the Bolshoi Abakan River. In the genetic analysis 11 and 26 whitefish individuals were used respectively. For them the sequences of a gene 16S-ND1 of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and ITS1 of nuclear DNA (nDNA) were defined.
 Results. The whitefish populations clear differ on the gill raker numbers on the first branchial arch, growth. The analysis of the 16S-ND1 mtDNA genes variability revealed among them several divergent lineages and two lineages were revealed on the structure of ITS1 fragment of the nDNA.
 Conclusions. Based on the obtained data it is proved that two genetically divergent populations of the morphologically same forms of pidcshian-like whitefishes inhabiting the riverine-lacustrine system (the Bolshoi Abakan River Lake Karakul). Our results are supported a hypothesis of multiple hybridization between week differentiated populations/form of pidcshian-like whitefishes in habiting region during the postglacial period.

Une série lithique à composante Laminaire dans le Paléolithique moyen du Sud-Ouest de la France : le site de Cantalouette 4 (Creysse, Dordogne, France)

Cantalouette 4 (Creysse, Dordogne, France) is situated within a karstic environment (in particular, a sink-hole) on the Pécharmant plateau along the right bank of the Dordogne River. Numerous Pleistocene occupations were excavated in 2004 by INRAP (Blaser et al., 2006) as part of a preventive archaeological project in preparation for the construction of a road bypass around Bergerac (Bourguignon et al., 2004). The occupation of Cantalouette 4 contained three stratified Middle Palaeolithic layers inside the sink-hole, covering an area of 1 032 m2. This paper will discuss the most recent of these layers which contains a “ volumetric” blade industry. Though this type of industry is well known in the north of France (Révillion & Tuffreau, 1994), it has only been found sporadically (one core or a few blades at a time) in this region. For example, some items were found in layers 6 and 7 at Pech de l’Azé I (Bordes, 1961 ; Soressi, 2002), layer R at Combe Grenal (Bordes, 1961 ; Faivre, 2008), La Mouline (Folgado, 2004), and Abri du Musée (Bourguignon, 1994). Stratigraphic and radiometric (thermoluminescence) dating suggests a Weichselian age, between 90 and 60 000 BP, similar to northern France where the industry disappeared during OIS 4, around 60 000. The “ chaîne opératoire” of this laminar industry matches the one found in the north. The core is prepared in such a way as to permit the recurring removal of blades (with an anto-lateral crest) with a bipolar exploitation in order to maintain adequate core morphology (transversal and longitudinal convexities – “ cintrage” and “ carénage”) and relatively parallel ridges. The striking platform is prepared and maintained by core tablets and specific removals using direct percussion with a soft hammer. The morphology of the blades is, in consequence, rather massive (relatively thick and large) with sub-parallel edges. Like the blade assemblages from northern France, these blades are lightly retouched or used with their original edges. This assemblage at Cantalouette 4 also demonstrates an association between the blade core reduction and other systems such as Levallois and bifacial reduction. In particular, the Levallois industry is associated with the blade production at one spatial cluster (“ amas de débitage”) and the connection has also been demonstrated by the refitting of lithics from the two production systems. The last type of reduction is not well represented here and is generally very rare in Western Europe (it is characteristic of Middle Eastern transitional industries). The presence of bifaces (with a plano-convex or bi-convex section) attributes this assemblage to the Mousterian of Acheulean Tradition within the regional context. The “ chaîne opératoire” is presented here together with its economic characteristics, such as the mode of introduction/ exportation and the attribution of the blanks and tools to different types of production (Levallois, laminar, or bifacial). The economic characteristics show a complex system of territorial exploitation, divided into a “ restricted territory” (< 15 km) and a “ large territory” (> 15 km), with various artefacts and production systems displaying their own patterns of dispersion. Finally, we will discuss the under-representation of these blade industries in the South-West, a region otherwise rich in Palaeolithic finds, and how it might be explained by chronology, taphonomy, or economic factors. A renewed study of old collections might be in order : we present some recurring technological characteristics that could be identified.

A dinâmica territorial brasileira e a inversão da "tese da fronteira" na porção sul do novo mundo

It is a generally acknowledged fact that the dynamics of frontier advance deeply influenced the broad experience of American post colonial societies. The colonization, which started most from the east boundaries of the continent, appropriated and gradually transformed the American territories from east to west. The advance, initially represented by the arrival of the European settlers, went on to become an important trace of that society which did not come to know any physical limits of a restricted territory. However, despite the common identity granted by these territorial dynamics, the later developments and consequences seem to have shaped differently the Northern representatives from their Southern counterparts. In addition, the interpretation of these facts bore in each of these regions different meanings and traits.

Lefty acts as an essential modulator of Nodal activity during sea urchin oral–aboral axis formation

Nodal is a key player in the process regulating oral–aboral axis formation in the sea urchin embryo. Expressed early within an oral organizing centre, it is required to specify both the oral and aboral ectoderm territories by driving an oral–aboral gene regulatory network. A model for oral–aboral axis specification has been proposed relying on the self activation of Nodal and the diffusion of the long-range antagonist Lefty resulting in a sharp restriction of Nodal activity within the oral field. Here, we describe the expression pattern of lefty and analyse its function in the process of secondary axis formation. lefty expression starts at the 128-cell stage immediately after that of nodal, is rapidly restricted to the presumptive oral ectoderm then shifted toward the right side after gastrulation. Consistently with previous work, neither the oral nor the aboral ectoderm are specified in embryos in which Lefty is overexpressed. Conversely, when Lefty's function is blocked, most of the ectoderm is converted into oral ectoderm through ectopic expression of nodal. Reintroducing lefty mRNA in a restricted territory of Lefty depleted embryos caused a dose-dependent effect on nodal expression. Remarkably, injection of lefty mRNA into one blastomere at the 8-cell stage in Lefty depleted embryos blocked nodal expression in the whole ectoderm consistent with the highly diffusible character of Lefty in other models. Taken together, these results demonstrate that Lefty is essential for oral–aboral axis formation and suggest that Lefty acts as a long-range inhibitor of Nodal signalling in the sea urchin embryo.

Imaging of a synchronous neuronal assembly in the human visual brain

Perception, motion, and cognition involve the formation of cooperative neuronal assemblies distributed over the cerebral cortex. It remains to explore what characterizes the assemblies, their location, and the structural substrate of assembly formation. In this EEG/fMRI study, we describe the response of the visual areas of the two hemispheres in subjects who viewed bilateral iso-oriented (IG) or orthogonally-oriented (OG) moving gratings projected in the two hemifields. The IG stimulus synchronized activity across the hemispheres, as shown by an increased EEG coherence. The increase was restricted to the occipital electrodes and to the beta band. Compared with OG, IG increased the BOLD signal in a restricted territory corresponding to area VP/V4. Within this territory, a linear relation was found between the increased interhemispheric EEG coherence and BOLD. Thus, the increased BOLD localized a trans-hemispheric, synchronous neuronal assembly probably achieved by a callosal cortico-cortical connection. This assembly might reflect an early stage of perceptual grouping since the IG stimulus conforms to Gestalt psychology principles of collinearity and common fate.

Öffentlichkeit und Privatheit in der überwachten Stadt

Surveillance of cities is a major topic in contemporary urban sociology and criminology. Both threats to personal safety and new forms of social control such as video surveillance or the deployment of private security are seen as a menace for the traditional public character of the European city. On the one hand, surveillance can endanger anonymity in public places and access to public places as the two main characteristics of public space. On the other hand, personal fear of street crime also inhibits free access to public spaces. Otherwise the public discourse of a general decay of public space seems to be curtate. The dialectic between public and private sphere is a complex constitutional factor of European cities, and privatisation of public spaces, for example, implies more than just a legal transformation of a geographically restricted territory.

Organization of Corticostriatal and Corticoamygdalar Projections Arising from the Anterior Inferotemporal Area TE of the Macaque Monkey: APhaseolus vulgarisLeucoagglutinin Study

Corticostriatal and corticoamygdalar projections arising from area TE of the macaque monkey were studied by focal injections of the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into the dorsolateral and ventromedial subdivisions of the anterior TE (TEad and TEav, respectively). This approach yielded several new results. First, the global distributions of labeled terminals revealed that both TEad and TEav projected to the ventrocaudal striatum, including the tail of the caudate nucleus and the adjacent ventral putamen, and the dorsolateral aspect of the deep amygdaloid nuclei. TEav also projected to the medial basal nucleus of the amygdala and the ventral striatum. Second, the reconstructed single axons (n = 18) demonstrated that some axons originating from TEav or TEad projected simultaneously to the ventrocaudal striatum and the dorsolateral aspect of the deep amygdaloid nuclei by giving off collaterals. TEav axons projected to the medial basal nucleus of the amygdala also had collaterals projecting to the perirhinal cortex or area TG. And third, it was revealed that the axons originating from a focal TEav or TEad projected to a restricted territory (3.4-3.6 mm rostrocaudally) in the ventrocaudal striatum with four to six dispersed, rostrocaudally elongated, rod-like modules. Individual axons with multiple arbors innervated many of these modules. These findings add the evidence that the anterior part of TE is anatomically heterogeneous and suggest that the deep amygdaloid nuclei may be functionally dissociated, with the dorsolateral aspect more closely related to the ventrocaudal striatum and the medial basal nucleus more closely related to the perirhinal cortex.

Morphogenesis and territorial coverage by isolated mammalian retinal ganglion cells

Identified retinal ganglion cells were isolated from postnatal cat retinas and their dendrites were removed by trituration and centrifugation. The denuded cells were placed in a cell culture system and allowed to reexpress dendritic arbors in the absence of afferent input, target tissue, and interactions with neighboring ganglion cells. The retinal ganglion cells were grown above a feeder layer of astrocytes on glass coverslips equipped with paraffin pedestals. The spatial patterns of the reexpressed neurites were quantitatively analyzed using a number of measures, including an estimate of the Hausdorff dimension, H, which was used as a scale-independent metric for how well the neurite patterns filled in a restricted spatial domain. As assessed by the estimation of the Hausdorff dimensions, the neurites from a single cell achieve uniform coverage of a restricted territory independent of the total neurite length or the total number of inter-branch-point segments. A comparison with H values of ganglion cells from the intact retina revealed a similar trend. These results suggest that these cultured ganglion cells can express an intrinsic growth strategy for the uniform coverage of a restricted territory. The arbors expressed in the culture system displayed a limited range of diameters and exhibited morphology similar to the alpha-, beta-, and gamma-ganglion cells of the intact retina in the absence of afferent input or the influences of neighboring cells and target tissue. Time-lapse video data revealed that individual cultured cells showed extensive dendritic remodeling during their growth; however, after about 3 d in culture, this remodeling did not appreciably affect the territorial coverage of a cell. In the intact retina, the existence of dendritic sheets that independently and uniformly sample visual space may result from this intrinsic ability to elaborate dendrites that uniformly cover or fill in a restricted territory.