Resting Metabolic Rate In Women Research Articles

Circulating Levels of IL-8 and MCP-1 in Healthy Adults: Changes after an Acute Aerobic Exercise and Association with Body Composition and Energy Metabolism.

The most recent WHO recommendations about physical activity emphasise the importance of total exercise volume above the significance of the duration of each bout. This study examined whether acute aerobic exercise changes circulating levels of IL-8 and MCP-1 and if these changes are associated with body composition and energy metabolism. Healthy adult volunteers completed a 10 min walking-running exercise on a treadmill. Indirect calorimetry was used to determine their resting metabolic rate (RMR) and energy expenditure (EE) during the exercise. Pre-exercise levels of IL-8 and MCP-1 were similar in both sexes. There were positive correlations of pre-exercise IL-8 with body mass, waist circumference, and lean body mass in men and pre-exercise MCP-1 with RMR in women. The exercise led to an increase in IL-8 of 68% and a decrease in MCP-1 of 74% of participants. An increase in post-exercise IL-8 in men was associated with greater walking EE and a greater increase in walking EE. The increase in post-exercise MCP-1 was associated with a lower RMR and running EE in women. There are both sex and individual variations in changes in chemokine secretion in response to the same exercise situation and their associations with values of metabolic parameters.

Comparison of Actual and Predicted Resting Metabolic Rate in Women with Lipedema.

Background: An adequate dietary energy supply is particularly important in patients with lipedema as it promotes weight and fat loss. Accurate estimation of resting metabolic rate (RMR) allows implementing a proper calorie restriction diet in patients with lipedema. Our study aimed to compare actual resting metabolic rate (aRMR) with predicted resting metabolic rate (pRMR) in women with lipedema and to determine the association between individual body composition parameters, body mass index, and aRMR. Methods and Results: A total of 108 women diagnosed with lipedema were enrolled in the study. aRMR was obtained by indirect calorimetry (IC) using FitMate WM metabolic system (Cosmed, Rome, Italy). pRMR was estimated with predictive equations and bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA). All body composition parameters were based on BIA. The mean aRMR in the study group was 1705.2 ± 320.7 kcal/day. This study found the agreement of predictive equations compared to IC is low (<60%). Most methods of predicted RMR measurement used in our study significantly underpredicted aRMR in patients with lipedema. Therefore, the most applied equations remain useless in clinical practice in this specific population due to large individual differences among the studied women. Conclusions: IC is the best tool to evaluate RMR in evaluated patients with lipedema. It is necessary to propose a new equation to RMR determination in clinical practice.

Effect of Exercise on the Resting Metabolic Rate and Substrate Utilization in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Results of a Pilot Study.

Regular physical activity during pregnancy has a positive effect on the mother and fetus. However, there is scarce data regarding the effect of exercise in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The aim of the present parallel, non-randomized, open-label, pilot, clinical study was to examine the effect of two exercise programs on the resting metabolic rate (RMR) and substrate utilization in pregnancies complicated by GDM, compared with usual care (advice for the performance of exercise). Forty-three pregnant women diagnosed with GDM between the 24th and 28th gestational week, volunteered to participate. Three groups were formed: Usual care (n = 17), Walking (n = 14), and Mixed Exercise (n = 12). The Usual care group was given advice on maintaining habitual daily activities without any additional exercise. The Walking group exercised regularly by walking, in addition to the habitual daily activities. Finally, the Mixed Exercise group participated in a program combining aerobics and strength exercises. Training intensity was monitored continuously using lightweight, wearable monitoring devices. The Walking and Mixed Exercise groups participated in the training programs after being diagnosed with GDM and maintained them until the last week of gestation. RMR and substrate utilization were analyzed using indirect calorimetry for all participants twice: between 27th and 28th gestational week and as close as possible before delivery. No differences were observed between groups regarding body composition, age, and medical or obstetrical parameters before or after the exercise programs. RMR was increased after the completion of the exercise interventions in both the Walking (p = 0.001) and the Mixed Exercise arms (p = 0.002). In contrast, substrate utilization remained indifferent. In conclusion, regular exercise of moderate intensity (either walking, or a combination of aerobic and strength training) increases RMR in women with GDM compared to the lack of systematic exercise. However, based on the present, pilot data, these exercise regimes do not appear to alter resting substrate utilization.

Variants of the cry 1 gene may influence the effect of fat intake on resting metabolic rate in women with overweight of obesity: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundPrevious studies have shown that the minor allele (C allele) for Cry 1 rs2287161, may be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Low resting metabolic rate (RMR) caused by the diet has been shown to have, potentially, unfavorable effects on obesity. This study sought to investigate the interactions between the Cry 1 Gene and fat intake on RMR in women with overweight of obesity.MethodsThis comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 377 Iranian women with overweight of obesity. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), with 147 items, was used to assess dietary intake. Individuals were categorized into two groups based on the rs2287161 genotype. Body composition, dietary intake, and RMR were assessed for all participants.ResultsThere was a significant difference between genotypes for fasting blood sugar (FBS) (P = 0.04), fat free mass (FFM) (P = 0.0009), RMR per FFM (P = 0.05), RMR per body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.02), and RMR deviation (P = 0.01). Our findings also showed significant interactions between total fat and C allele carrier group on RMR per kg body weight, RMR per body surface area (BSA), RMR per FFM, and RMR deviation (P for interaction < 0.1), in addition to a significant interaction between CC + CG group genotype and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) intake on RMR per BMI (P for interaction =0.00) and RMR per kg (P for interaction = 0.02) and RMR per BSA (P = 0.07), compared to the GG group, after control for confounder factors.ConclusionThese results highlight that dietary compositions, gene variants, and their interaction, should be acutely considered in lower RMR.

A515 - Changes in gene expression modify the resting metabolic rate in women after bariatric surgery

Background: Analysis of gene expression related to energy metabolism and subsequent association with the resting metabolic rate (RMR) may elucidate the understanding of genetic factors that contribute to obesity. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of genes related to energy metabolism and associate it with the RMR in women with obesity before and after bariatric surgery. The sample consisted of 13 women before and after six months of bariatric surgery. The nutritional status was performed using Body Mass Index (BMI). The RMR was determined by the measurement of the oxygen consumed (O2) and carbon dioxide produced (CO2) using the QUARK-RMR equipment. The gene expression analysis was performed in peripheral blood by microarray methodology, BeadChip- Illumina™ and with subsequent validation by the quantitative Real Time PCR method. Data were analyzed by SPSS (p<0.05). Differences were observed in weight (115.3±19.4 vs 85.3±13.8kg, p<0.01), BMI (42.5±7.0 vs 31.8±5.4 kg/m2, p<0.01) and RMR (2.052±267 vs 1.743±154 kcal, p<0.01) after six months of bariatric surgery. There was an increasement in the gene expression of six targets related to energy metabolism after bariatric surgery, genes/fold change respectively, (CTNNB1/5.42, LEP/2.96, PPP2CB/3.35, RAP1B/5.51, GNB4/2.96, MLX/2.19).The association of genes with the RMR after bariatric surgery, was confirmed by multiple regression analysis (r2:0.971; p=0.02; CI:901;1655). There was significant weight loss, decreasement of BMI and increasement in the expression of genes related to energy metabolism after of surgical treatment. Understanding this pathway related to energy metabolism, can lead us to develop in the future new treatments for obesity.

Low Resting Metabolic Rate in Exercise-Associated Amenorrhea is not Due to a Reduced Proportion of Energetically Expensive Tissue Compartments

BACKGROUND: Energy deficiency in exercising women is associated with menstrual disturbances and a concomitant reduction in resting metabolic rate (RMR) when expressed relative to body size or lean mass. It remains unknown whether this apparent RMR suppression is a consequence of a reduction in metabolically active tissue compartments during energy deficiency or due to metabolic adaptations at the tissue level. PURPOSE: To explore whether the reduced RMR in women with exercise-associated amenorrhea is explained by a lower proportion of energetically expensive tissue compartments or the result of metabolic adaptations. METHODS: RMR and metabolic tissue compartments were compared among exercising women with amenorrhea (AMEN, n=42) and eumenorrheic, ovulatory menstrual cycles (OV, n=37). RMR was measured using indirect calorimetry and predicted from metabolic tissue compartments as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). RESULTS: Measured RMR was lower than DXA-predicted RMR in AMEN (1215±31 vs. 1327±18 kcal/d, p<0.001) but not in OV (1284±24 vs. 1252±17, p=0.16), resulting in a lower ratio of measured to DXA-predicted RMR in AMEN vs. OV (91±2% vs. 103±2%, p<0.001). Total triiodothyronine was also reduced in AMEN when compared with OV (80.1±3.4 vs. 92.4±2.1 ng/dL, p=0.003). Residual mass was greater (p<0.001) and adipose tissue was reduced (p=0.003) in AMEN when compared to OV. Brain, skeletal muscle, and bone mass were not different among groups. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that RMR suppression in exercise-associated amenorrhea is not the result of a reduced size of energetically expensive tissue compartments but due to metabolic adaptations at the tissue level that are indicative of energy conservation.

Effect of Iodine Supplementation on Iodine Status, Thyroid Function, Body Composition, and Resting Metabolic Rate in Women

Decreased dietary iodine intake may predispose women to increased body weight and thyroid dysfunction. Purpose: to investigate efficacy of iodine supplementation in 18-45 year old women diagnosed with iodine deficiency in improving thyroid function, body composition and increasing resting metabolic rate (RMR) during a 6-month randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Study: non-pregnant women without a history of thyroid disease were randomized into two groups: iodine (IG, n=65, Iodoral® 12.5 mg iodine) or placebo (PG, n=38, glucose). Assessments included body mass index (BMI), RMR, body composition analysis (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry-DXA), 24-hour urinary iodine (UI), % iodine saturation (IS), sodium iodide symporter (NIS) ratio, and concentrations of free thyroxine (T4), free triiodithyronine (T3), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid-peroxidase antibody (TPOab). Baseline data (N=108) showed mean UI of 35.52mg/24hr vs >44 mg/24hr mean % IS 70.93% vs >90% and mean NIS ratio 27.86 vs 28-74, between study population and expected mean, respectively, indicating iodine deficiency. Of those completing study (n=35), UI increased from 34.1 to 37.7 mg/24hr (p=0.29) in IG (n=10) vs 32.0 to 34.8 mg/24hr (p=0.21) in PG (n=19), % IS increased from 67 to 75% (p=0.28) in IG (n=10) vs 63 to 70 (p=0.17) in PG (n=19), NIS ratio increased from 26.7 to 37.1 (p=0.16) in IG (n=10) vs 30.2 to 34.8 (p=0.34) in PG (n=18), and RMR increased from 1541 to 1595.5 Kcals (p=0.04) in IG (n=14) vs 1594-1643 Kcals (p=0.62) in PG (n=21). Iodine supplementation may improve iodine status, thyroid function and RMR in young women.

Intra-individual variation in resting metabolic rate during the menstrual cycle.

Little information exists on the extent of day-to-day intra-individual variation in resting metabolic rate (RMR) in women. The present study has investigated the intra-individual variation in RMR of women during the menstrual cycle. Nineteen women (naturally cycling non-pill users) were recruited to the study. Anthropometric and RMR measurements were taken at least three times per week for the duration of one complete menstrual cycle; measurements were taken for a second, consecutive cycle in eight of the nineteen subjects. RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry using a ventilated hood system under standardized conditions. The measurements made throughout each complete menstrual cycle were averaged and the levels of inter- and intra-individual variation in RMR were assessed by determining the CV (%). Mean RMR of the group was 5686 (sd 674) kJ/d; inter-individual variation in RMR was 11.8 %. There were wide differences in the intra-individual variation in RMR of women (CV range 1.7-10.4 %). The CV in ten subjects was small (2-4 %), while the CV in nine women was high (5-10 %), indicating a significant variation in RMR during the menstrual cycle in certain subjects. Using statistical models, it has been shown that there was a significant effect on RMR due to a subject-specific level of variability; this was the case even when accounting for a possible training effect. In conclusion, the findings from our present study show that RMR cannot be assumed to be 'stable' in all women. The implications of intra-individual variation in RMR and its impact on energy balance needs further research.

Resting metabolic rate, plasma leptin concentrations, leptin receptor expression, and adipose tissue measured by whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in women with Prader-Willi syndrome

Obesity in Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) may be related to abnormalities in the adipocyte-leptin-hypothalamic pathway and may be exacerbated by reductions in the resting metabolic rate (RMR). We compared body composition, body-composition- adjusted RMR, and adiposity-adjusted plasma leptin between women with PWS and control women. We also examined leptin receptor expression in the PWS group. We studied body composition using whole-body magnetic resonance imaging and measured plasma leptin by radioimmunoassay in 45 control women aged 18-56 y and in 13 women with PWS aged 20-38 y. RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry in 41 control women and in 8 women with PWS. Age, body composition, and regional adipose tissue (AT) depots were corrected for by multiple regression analysis. Messenger RNA expression of the leptin receptor was examined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in lymphocytes. In the PWS group, fat mass was greater after correction for fat-free mass, and RMR was normal after correction for both fat-free mass and fat mass. Leptin was influenced primarily by subcutaneous AT volume in both subject groups. Leptin concentrations were not significantly different between the 2 groups after adjustment for age and AT content or distribution. Full-length leptin receptor messenger RNA was expressed in the lymphocytes of the PWS group. Differences in RMR in women with PWS are explained by abnormal body composition, suggesting that energy expenditure is normal at the tissue level in PWS. There is no evidence that defective leptin production causes obesity in PWS, and leptin receptor deficiency is not a primary consequence of the gene defects leading to leptin resistance.

Is resting metabolic rate different between men and women?

A low resting metabolic rate (RMR) has been proposed as a possible cause for the increased body fat commonly seen in women compared with men. Absolute RMR is higher in men, but whether RMR adjusted for lean body mass (LBM) remains higher is unresolved. The objective of the present study was to determine whether RMR adjusted for various body composition factors differed between healthy adult men and women. Thirty men years, BMI and twenty-eight women years, BMI were included in the analyses. RMR was measured by open-circuit indirect calorimetry for 60 min. Extracellular water (ECW) was measured by corrected Br(-) space and total body water (TBW) by 2H dilution. LBM was estimated as TBW/0.732. Intracellular water (ICW) was calculated as TBW-ECW, and body cell mass (BCM) as ICW/0.732. Men were heavier and had higher BMI, LBM, BCM and ECW, but less fat mass. Absolute RMR was higher in men than women v. P<0.0001). This difference became non-significant when RMR was adjusted for LBM by ANCOVA v. P=0.2191), but remained significant when adjusted for BCM v. P=0.0249). Fat mass explained a significant amount of variation in RMR in women (r(2) 0.28, P=0.0038), but not in men (r(2) 0.03, P=0.3301). The relationships between body fat and the various subcompartments of BCM and RMR require further elucidation.

The Relationship of Mode and Intensity of Training on Resting Metabolic Rate in Women

The present cross-sectional study was designed to investigate the relationship between exercise training and resting metabolic rate (RMR). The focus of this investigation was to compare RMR in aerobically trained (AT), resistance trained (RT), and untrained (UNT) women. Subjects were also classified as highly trained (HT), moderately trained (MT), or untrained (UNT) in order to examine the relationship between RMR and level of training. Sixty-one women between the ages of 18 and 46 years volunteered to serve as subjects in this study. Each subject completed measurements of body composition, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and two consecutive measurements of RMR. The data presented show that there was no significant difference in resting metabolic rate between resistance-trained, aerobically trained, and control subjects. However, when grouped by intensity of training, there was a trend for an increased resting metabolic rate (kcal/day) in the highly trained subjects, regardless of mode of training.

Resting metabolic rate, body composition, and serum leptin concentrations in a free-living elderly population.

The present study investigated the relationship between serum leptin concentrations and resting metabolic rate (RMR) in a large study group of elderly individuals with special consideration of body composition and body fat distribution as possible confounders. The subjects were 122 women (age: 69+/-6 years, body mass index (BMI): 26.3+/-3.6 kg/m(2)) and 82 men (age: 69+/-5 years, BMI: 26.0+/-2.6 kg/m(2)). RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry and body composition by the bioelectrical impedance method. Serum leptin levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. There was a strong correlation between fat mass (FM) and serum leptin levels in both sexes. An age-related decline in leptin levels adjusted for FM was observed only in the women. After adjustment of RMR for both fat-free mass (FFM) and FM, leptin levels were not associated with RMR. In stepwise multiple regression analysis, FFM was the main predictor of RMR, explaining 35.8% and 47.6% of the variance of RMR in men and women respectively. FM did not explain variance in RMR in men, but accounted for 2.6% of the variance in RMR in women. Waist-hip-ratio and age influenced RMR only in males, explaining 5.7% and 4.0% of the variance in RMR respectively. Leptin is not a significant predictor of RMR in the elderly, but body composition and distribution of body fat are significantly associated with RMR.

Mathematical ratios lead to spurious conclusions regarding age- and sex-related differences in resting metabolic rate

Resting metabolic rate (RMR) data have been normalized by dividing RMR by fat-free mass (FFM) (ie, ratio method), or by using a regression-based approach. We compared both data-normalization procedures on age- and sex-related differences in RMR. The ratio method showed no differences in adjusted RMR between older men (0.084 +/- 0.004 kJ.FFM-1.min-1) and younger men (0.082 +/- 0.003 kJ.FFM-1.min-1), whereas analysis of covariance showed a lower (P < 0.01) adjusted RMR in older men (4.81 +/- 0.04 kJ/min) than in younger men (5.14 +/- 0.04 kJ/min). In another example, the ratio method showed that women had a higher (P < 0.05) adjusted RMR (0.10 +/- 0.004 kJ/min) than did men (0.08 +/- 0.003 kJ/min), whereas analysis of covariance showed a lower (P < 0.01) adjusted RMR in women (4.45 +/- 0.03 kJ/min) than in men (4.62 +/- 0.03 kJ/min). The ratio method provides misleading conclusions regarding sex- and age-related differences in RMR when compared with a regression-based approach.

Resting metabolic rate in women with bulimia nervosa: a cross-sectional and treatment study

Two studies on resting metabolic rate (RMR) in bulimia nervosa were conducted. The first study compared RMR before treatment in 25 normal-weight women with bulimia nervosa and 20 control subjects of similar height, weight, body composition, age, and activity level. No significant difference in RMR adjusted for fat-free weight was observed. The second study sought to determine whether RMR in women with bulimia nervosa changed if they ceased vomiting and resumed eating in a more normal fashion after cognitive-behavioral treatment. There was no differential change in RMR from pre- to posttreatment for the "improved" bulimics (9 of 12 subjects who received treatment) relative to 13 control subjects who were also tested twice at the same time intervals as the treated bulimia nervosa subjects. These findings do not support the hypothesis that normal-weight women with bulimia nervosa have a suppressed RMR, nor is it altered with treatment compared with matched control subjects.

Resting metabolic rate is lower in women than in men.

This study examined gender differences in resting metabolic rate (RMR) across a broad age spectrum after controlling for differences in body composition and aerobic fitness. Three hundred twenty-eight healthy men (17-80 yr) and 194 women (18-81 yr) volunteers were characterized for RMR, body composition, physical activity, peak oxygen consumption (peak VO2), anthropometrics, and energy intake. Measured RMR was 23% higher (P < 0.01) in men (1,740 +/- 194 kcal/day) than in women (1,348 +/- 125 kcal/day). Multiple regression analysis showed that 84% of individual variation in RMR was explained by fat-free mass, fat mass, peak VO2, and gender. After controlling for differences in fat-free mass, fat mass, and peak VO2, a lower RMR (3%; P < 0.01) persisted in women (1,563 +/- 153 kcal/day) compared with men (1,613 +/- 127 kcal/day). Adjusted RMR in premenopausal (P < 0.01) and postmenopausal (P < 0.05) women was lower than in men of a similar age. Our results support a lower RMR in women than in men that is independent of differences in body composition and aerobic fitness.

Lipedema of the legs; a syndrome characterized by fat legs and edema.

Excerpt There is little in the literature on abnormal localized depositions of body fat to clarify the syndrome of lipedema of the legs which two of us (E. V. A. and E. A. H.) described in 1940.1Co...