Restaurant Wastewater Research Articles

Optimization, Purification and Characterization of Lipase from Streptomyces sp. A3301, with Application of Crude Lipase for Cooking Oily Wastewater Treatment

Streptomyces sp. A3301, which produces lipase isolated by Panyachanakul et al. [1]. This optimization was done for the subsequent purification and characterization of the biological lipase produced by the isolate. The results showed that the strain produced lipase with a maximum activity of 321 U/mL using the optimal medium and conditions (1.5 % (w/v) xylose and 2 % (w/v) yeast extract, pH 7.0 at 30 °C, 150 rpm for 3 days). The specific activity of the purified lipase was 27,000 U/mg, which was 544 times the pre-purification level, based on hydrophobic chromatography. After ion-exchange chromatography, the specific activity was 5,600 U/mg, which was 113 times the pre-purification level, with a single-peak purification profile. The purified lipase had a single band based on SDS-PAGE analysis and the molecular mass was 45 kDa. The optimum temperature and thermo-stability of A3301 lipase were 60 and 30 - 55 °C, respectively. The optimum pH of the purified enzyme was pH 9.0, and the enzyme was stable in the pH range of 8.0 - 9.0. The purified lipase was stable in acetone, chloroform and toluene, with a high relative activity of 63 - 76 %. The immobilized strain was then applied to oily-wastewater treatment. The strain can remove oil and grease in synthetic wastewater containing oil at 1 - 3 % (v/v), with removal rates of 100, 99.82 and 99.68 %, respectively, after incubation for 6 days. It was then applied to oily-wastewater treatment from a restaurant, achieving the highest degradation rates of 98.53 % after treatment for 6 days. In addition, it also affected the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) values decreasing. HIGHLIGHTS Optimization of lipase production by Streptomyces A3301. Purification and characterization of the lipase produced by the Streptomyces A3301. Application of the immobilized Streptomyces A3301 strain in the treatment of oily cooking wastewater. The immobilized Streptomyces A3301 strain has the capability to remove oil and grease in both synthetic mediums and restaurant wastewater. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Microbial Study with Mathematical and Statistical Modelling for Synchronous Biotreatment of Actual Restaurant Wastewater and Bioelectricity Recovery in Microbial Fuel Cell

Microbial Study with Mathematical and Statistical Modelling for Synchronous Biotreatment of Actual Restaurant Wastewater and Bioelectricity Recovery in Microbial Fuel Cell

Influence of Enriched Urease Producing Bacteria from Leachate and Restaurant Wastewater on Heavy Metal Removal

The escalation of heavy metal pollution in natural ecosystems due to industrialization presents a critical environmental concern, endangering the well-being of living organisms. Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) technology, an emerging innovation, has gained attention from the scientific community for its potential in biocementation and bioremediation applications. However, a substantial gap in understanding exists regarding the utilization of ureolytic microbial strains from waste sources capable of effectively immobilizing high concentrations of heavy metals. This study endeavors to explore the latent potential of indigenous ureolytic bacteria derived from leachate and restaurant wastewater, possessing bioremediation capabilities for heavy metal immobilization. The investigation includes microbial screening, physiological characterization of ureolytic bacteria, assessment of their tolerance levels, and evaluation of heavy metal removal efficacy through Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) analysis. Notably, the results reveal that ureolytic bacteria from restaurant wastewater are more tolerant to Cd2+ concentrations compared to their leachate counterparts, manifesting optimum conductivity, pH, and optical density (OD). More so, AAS analysis demonstrates the restaurant wastewater-derived sample's remarkable proficiency in Cd2+ removal, achieving a substantial 95% removal rate, significantly outperforming the leachate wastewater sample's removal rate of 53%.

Use of Lactobacillus Bacteria to Degrade Oil and Grease in Restaurant Wastewater

Restaurant wastewater poses a significant environmental challenge, especially concerning the removal of oil and grease, which is known to be highly persistent. To tackle this issue, the research utilized a Lactobacillus bacteria consortium to effectively degrade oil and grease present in the wastewater. The Lactobacillus bacteria consortium was applied in an aerobic environment within the Grease Trap, while various treatment conditions, such as hydraulic retention time (HRT) and aeration rate, were evaluated to determine the optimal settings for the SBR. By employing this combined pre-treatment and SBR approach, distinct aerobic and anaerobic conditions were created, leading to significant removal of pollutant parameters by microorganisms. Remarkably, the study's findings demonstrated that at a 24-hour retention time and a 14 L/minute aeration rate, the Lactobacillus bacteria consortium achieved an impressive 97.42% removal of oil and grease, compared to only 84.54% removal by the Grease Trap without bacteria. The pretreatment of the Lactobacillus bacteria consortium led to even higher reductions in other pollutant parameters. By harnessing the power of the Lactobacillus bacteria consortium and employing the SBR in combination with pre-treatment, this approach holds great potential for addressing the persistent challenge of oil and grease removal in restaurant wastewater and improving overall water quality.

Restaurant Liquid Waste Treatment into Clean Water Using Graded Filter-Ultrafiltration Membrane Polyethersulfone (PES) Method

Restaurant liquid waste contains elevated pollutant levels and is commonly discharged directly into the environment, leading to adverse impacts on ecosystems and aquatic life. The traditional methods for processing such wastewater often involve extensive land usage and complicated operations, posing challenges for effective treatment. Therefore, there is a need for a more practical technology to manage restaurant liquid waste, and one promising approach is the utilization of membrane technology for wastewater treatment. In this study, the researchers employed a combination process of multilevel filters with downflow flow and PES membrane ultrafiltration to treat the restaurant liquid waste. The multilevel filter comprised several layers of filter media, including silica sand, activated carbon, zeolite, and gravel, with specific thicknesses on a PVC pipe. For the PES membrane, two different concentrations were tested: 15% and 20% PES. To evaluate the efficiency of the treatment process, pollutant parameters such as pH, TSS (Total Suspended Solids), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), and turbidity were measured. The results indicated significant pollutant reduction: pH levels could reach 6.9, TSS degradation achieved up to 98.37%, COD degradation up to 88.14%, and turbidity degradation up to 97.03%. Based on the outcomes, the most effective treatment for converting restaurant wastewater into clean water involved the combined use of multilevel filters and a 20% PES membrane ultrafiltration system.

Enhanced Purification and Disinfection of Restaurant Wastewater by Electro-coagulation Coupled with an Electro-oxidation Process: From Lab Scale to Field Scale

Several Covid-19 infection events have been reported in restaurant and food-processing factory scenarios. To block the transmission of waterborne pathogens and protect human’s safety, it is urgent to take action for the purification and disinfection of restaurant wastewater. Considering the requirement of restaurant wastewater treatment technology, such as limited spaces, low capital cost, simple to operate, and high efficiency, an integrated electro-coagulation (EC) and electro-oxidation (EO) process was put forward. The lab-scale system treatment results illustrated that the composition of restaurant wastewater underwent significant changes. The chemical oxygen demand value decreased from 1680 to 344 mg/L. Total phosphate, total nitrogen, suspended solids, petroleum, animal fat and vegetable oils, and anionic surfactants achieved a distinct decrease. Moreover, the removal of Escherichia coli and Phi6 illustrated the satisfactory disinfection performance of the EC–EO system. The acute toxicity of the EC–EO effluent was reduced compared to that of raw wastewater. Comparing the results of EC treatment with EO treatment, the EC process provided more significant contributions to the purification and disinfection of wastewater than the EO process. The oxidants generated in the EO process would ensure the residual purification and disinfection performance through the long sewer pipe. The physical–chemical parameters and disinfection performances of the field-scale EC–EO system met the requirement of “Wastewater quality standards for discharge to municipal sewers-GB/T 31962-2015”. However, a certain amount of disinfectant byproducts were formed in the effluent. Moreover, the techno-economic analysis further illustrated the feasibility of the integrated EC–EO system for the purification and disinfection of restaurant wastewater.

A Comparison of the Effect of Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) and Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) as Additives in Ultrafiltration Membranes (PES-UF): Characterization and Performance.

This work demonstrated the potential of CNC as a substitute for PEG as an additive in ultrafiltration membrane fabrication. Two sets of modified membranes were fabricated using the phase inversion technique, with polyethersulfone (PES) as the base polymer and 1-N-methyl-2 pyrrolidone (NMP) as the solvent. The first set was fabricated with 0.075 wt% CNC, while the second set was fabricated with 2 wt% PEG. All membranes were characterized using SEM, EDX, FTIR, and contact angle measurements. The SEM images were analyzed for surface characteristics using WSxM 5.0 Develop 9.1 software. The membranes were tested, characterized, and compared for their performance in treating both synthetic and real restaurant wastewater. Both membranes exhibited improved hydrophilicity, morphology, pore structure, and roughness. Both membranes also exhibited similar water flux for real and synthetic polluted water. However, the membrane prepared with CNC gave higher turbidity removal and COD removal when raw restaurant water was treated. The membrane compared well with the UF membrane containing 2 wt% PEG in terms of morphology and performance when synthetic turbid water and raw restaurant water were treated.

Seeding and Acclimatization for Aerobic Processing of Restaurant Wastewater with Sequencing Batch Reactor

Restaurant wastewater has a relatively high organic matter content, so it needs to be treated to meet the specified quality standard. One of the technologies that can be used in restaurant wastewater treatment is Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) technology. The purpose of this study is to set up an aerobic SBR system with seeding and acclimatization treatments to reduce the amount of organic matter in restaurant wastewater when a shock load occurs. The research was done using wastewater from a restaurant in Bandung and activated sludge from the food industry in Bogor as seeds for microorganisms. In this study, the seeding process was carried out by introducing 25% activated sludge and 75% nutrients into the reactor, and the acclimatization process was carried out by introducing a specific ratio of nutrients and wastewater into the reactor gradually until the waste concentration reached 100%. The parameters tested were COD, MLVSS, DO, pH, and temperature. During the seeding procedure, the initial COD value of 3,200 mg/L declined. It began to stabilize on the seventh day, with a COD value of 1,080 mg/L. The COD removal reached a relatively stable condition in the acclimatization process starting on day 2, where COD decreased from the original 1,280 mg/L to 480 mg/L.

Micro and macro analysis of restaurant wastewater containing fat, oil, grease (FOG): An approach based on prevention, control, and sustainable management

The number of restaurants is increasing day by day in almost all the developing countries, causing the increase in the generation of restaurant wastewater. Various activities (i.e., cleaning, washing, and cooking) going on in the restaurant kitchen lead to restaurant wastewater (RWW). RWW has high concentrations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nutrients such as potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen, and solids. RWW also contains fats, oil, and grease (FOG) in alarmingly high concentration, which after congealing can constrict the sewer lines, leading to blockages, backups, and sanitatry sewer overflows (SSOs). The paper provides an insight to the details of RWW containing FOG collected from a gravity grease interceptor at a specific site in Malaysia, and its expected consequences and the sustainable management plan as prevention, control, and mitigation (PCM) approach. The results showed that the concentrations of pollutants are very high as compared to the discharge standards given by Department of Environment, Malaysia. Maximum values for COD, BOD and FOG in the restaurant wastewater samples were found to be 9948, 3170, and 1640 mg/l, respectively. FAME and FESEM analysis are done on the RWW containing FOG. In the FOG, palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1n9c), linoleic acid (C18:2n6c) are the dominant lipid acids with a maximum of 41, 8.4, 43.2, and 11.5%, respectively. FESEM analysis showed formation of whitish layers fprmed due to the deposition of calcium salts. Furthermore, a novel design of indoor hydromechanical grease interceptor (HGI) was proposed in the study based on the Malaysian conditions of restaurant. The HGI was designed for a maximum flow rate of 132 L per minute and a maximum FOG capacity of 60 kg.

Advanced Treatment of Digested Restaurant Wastewater Using a Combination of Anaerobic/OxicUnit, Fenton, and a Biological Aerated Filter in Pilot-Scale Treatment

Biological treatment is the most economical and practical wastewater treatment method; however, for highly concentrated organic wastewater, such as digested restaurant wastewater, a single biological treatment method does not meet the discharge requirements. Herein, an anaerobic/oxic-Fenton-biological aerated filter (A/O-Fenton-BAF) system was employed to treat digested restaurant wastewater with a high concentration of organic compounds in a pilot-scale experiment. The degradation process and mechanism of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), NH4+-N, NO3−-N, and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in each stage of the process were analyzed. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and fluorescence spectrum characteristics were also studied. The average removal rate of both COD and NH4+-N in the entire process was 98%. The removal rates of COD, TN, NH4+-N, and DON reached 78.5%, 66.0%, 95.3%, and 51%, respectively, using the A/O unit. Although Fenton was ineffective in the removal of nitrogenous organic and inorganic substances, the fluorescence spectra and GC–MS showed that the nitrogen-containing organic compounds of macromolecules were transformed into small molecules after the Fenton reaction and could be removed by the BAF unit. The removal rate of DON was up to 24.3% in the Fenton + BAF process, which reduced the TN concentration in the effluent. The dominant species in all biological processes were nitrifying and organic matter-decomposing bacteria. This study provides key data for the design of a full-scale system for treating digested restaurant wastewater.

Ultrasonic (US)-Assisted Electrocoagulation (EC) Process for Oil and Grease (O&G) Removal from Restaurant Wastewater

Restaurant wastewater contains a high concentration of O&G, up to 3434 mg/L. This study aims to (a) assess the efficiency of EC combined with US methods for O&G removal in restaurant wastewater, (b) identify the optimum condition for COD degradation using EC treatment via response surface methodology (RSM), and (c) determine the morphological surface of the aluminium (Al) electrode before and after EC treatment. The wastewater samples were collected from the Lembaran cafeteria at the Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). The efficiency of EC, US, and US-EC, combined methods for O&G removal, was investigated using a batch reactor (pH 7). The interelectrode distance (ID, 2–6 cm), electrolysis time (T, 15–35 min), and current density (CD, 40–80 A/m2) were analysed, followed by RSM. The response variables were O&G (1000 mg/L) and chemical oxygen demand (COD low range, 1000 mg/L). The central composite design (CCD) with a quadratic model was used to appraise the effects and interactions of these parameters. The morphological surface of the electrode used was observed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optimum removal efficiencies obtained were 95.4% (O&G) and 75.9% (COD) (ID: 2.4 cm, T: 30.5 min, and CD: 53.2 A/m2). The regression line fitted the data (R2 O&G: 0.9838, and R2 COD: 0.9558). The SEM images revealed that the use of US was useful in minimising cavitation on the electrode surface, which could lower the EC treatment efficacy. The US-EC combined technique is highly recommended for O&G removal from the food industry’s wastewater.

Purification of Lipase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa VSJK R-9 and Its Application in Combination with the Lipolytic Consortium for Bioremediation of Restaurant Wastewater.

Microorganisms are very important in biodegradation of edible oil contaminated effluents, and they find an excellent scope in restaurant wastewater bioremediation. The edible oil in such wastewater harms the environment in a number of ways. The native bacteria in the wastewater are less effective in degrading edible oil. It leads to the formation of blockage along the sewer line. This narrows the diameter of line and forms partial to complete blockage causing overflows of wastewater exposing humans and animals to diverse pathogens. A consortium of lipolytic bacteria and lipase enzyme gives a new approach for effective and environment friendly degradation of waste oil in restaurant wastewater. In the present study, the lipase produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa VSJK-R9 isolated from restaurant wastewater was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis and gel exclusion chromatography-Sephadex G-100, with 11.45-fold purification to obtain a yield of 35.08%. Its molecular mass was around 50kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE analysis. The bioremediation of restaurant wastewater supplemented with 0.5% NH4Cl and 0.8% K2HPO4 was studied with lipolytic consortium formed by the combination of lipolytic isolates Acinetobacterjunii VSJK-R6, Pseudomonas compostiVSJK-R8 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa VSJK-R9. Further, the impact of lipase supplementation was also evaluated, and it was found that the action of consortium was boosted by lipase. The oil and chemical oxygen demand value of the restaurant wastewater was considerably decreased. These findings have shown the application of lipase for bioremediation of restaurant wastewater and its positive impact on the performance of lipolytic consortium.

Penerapan Waktu Siklus Singkat pada Granular Activated Carbon Sequencing Batch Reactor (GAC-SBR) untuk Pengolahan Limbah Cair Rumah Makan

Has resulted in the generation of restaurant wastewater also increasing. Restaurant wastewater contains pollutants BOD, COD, TSS, Total-N, PO4, oil and grease with high enough levels so that it might pollute the environment if discharged into river bodies without going through a processing process. In this study, an experiment was conducted by applying granular activated carbon - sequencing batch reactor to treat restaurant wastewater. In this study was operated the reactor with short HRT of 6, 9, and 12 hours and compared with a comparison HRT of 36 hours. In the reaction phase, a GAC mass of 0.4 and 2.5 grams was added. The highest allowance for BOD is 91.23%, COD is 93.35%, TSS is 98.94%, PO4 is76.60 %, Total-N is 89.78%, and oils and grease are 99,99%. GAC was affixed during the reaction phase with a mass variation of 0.4 grams and 2.5 grams, the optimal GAC mass was obtained at a GAC mass of 0.4 grams. The aeration rate was operated at a rate of 20 and 40 L/min, the optimal aeration rate was obtained at a rate of 20 L/min.

Adsorption of Oil and Grease in Wastewater using Activated Carbon Derived from Sewage Sludge

Oil and grease are organic contaminants that are detrimental to the environment. The high concentration of oil and grease can cause clogging in the sewer. Clogged sewers can deteriorate sanitary conditions. Adsorption is one technique to reduce oil and grease concentration in wastewater. Adsorption using natural resources can overcome the high cost of commercial activated carbon. Sewage sludge has potential as raw material for activated carbon because of the high carbon content. The studies aim to investigate the capability of activated carbon derived from sewage sludge to remove oil and grease from restaurant wastewater. The studies were carried out in the batch experiment. Adsorbent dosage ranged from 2-6 g/L, and a contact time range of 5-45 minutes was performed in the experiment. Sewage sludge was chemically activated using KOH 4M and physically activated at a temperature of 700°C for 60 minutes. The result shows that the optimum adsorbent dosage and contact time are 4 g/L and 25 minutes, respectively. The highest adsorption capacity of sewage sludge to remove oil and grease was 63.75 mg/g. Under observed data, the adsorption fit the second-pseudo-order, and Langmuir isotherm indicated that the adsorption process was chemisorption.

PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH CAIR RUMAH MAKAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE MULTI SOIL LAYERING (MSL)

Waste is waste that comes from the process of making or using an industrial or domestic product. The waste generated is in the form of liquid and solid. Waste is also an unused waste material that has a negative impact on society if it is not managed properly. Liquid waste or waste is water that cannot be used anymore and can have a negative impact on humans and the environment. Multi Soil Layering (MSL) system is a liquid waste treatment method that utilizes the ability of the soil as the main medium in removing pollutants in liquid waste. The purpose of this study was to determine how to treat restaurant liquid waste using the Multi Soil Layering (MSL) method for the parameters of pH, BOD, COD, and TSS. Based on research, the Multi Soil Layering (MSL) reactor is effective in improving pH values ​​and reducing COD and TSS so that restaurant wastewater does not pollute the environment and can prevent negative impacts caused by restaurant liquid waste.

The role of restaurant wastewater for producing bioenergy towards a circular bioeconomy: A review on composition, environmental impacts, and sustainable integrated management

Population inflation has led to the unprecedented increase in urbanization, thus causing negative impacts on environmental sustainability. Recently, there is an upsurge in the number of restaurants due to the changing lifestyles of the people round the globe. For instance, there were 167,490 food and beverage establishments in 2015, representing an annual growth rate of 5.1% since 2010 in Malaysia. The rapid growth of restaurants has implicated a negative impact due to the generation of highly polluted restaurant wastewater (RWW). RWW is mainly generated during the cooking, washing, and cleaning operations. RWW typically contain fat, oil, and grease (FOG) resulting from residues of meat, deep-fried food, baked items and butter, and has caused serious blockages of sewer due to clogging and eventually sewage backup. This has increased the required frequency of cleaning and sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs). Results from the previous studies have shown that FOG can be treated using physical, chemical, and biological processes. Different technologies have been applied for the treatment of FOG and other pollutants (COD, BOD, SS and NH4–N) present in RWW. Therefore, this review aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the characteristics of RWW, chemical and physical characteristics of FOG with the mechanism of its formation and utilization for biocomposites, biogas and biodiesel productions for circular bioeconomy. Besides, this review has discussed the potential treatment technologies comprehensively for RWW which is currently remain understudied. Integrated sustainable management of FOG with technoeconomic analysis of bioproducts, sustainable management with international initiatives and previous studies are also summarized. Hence, this review aims towards providing better alternatives in managing RWW at sources, including its treatment and potential of its biorefinery, therefore eventually contributing towards environmental sustainability.

Potensial Fatty Oil Pollution from Restaurant Wastewater

Wastewater from community activities such as restaurants, with the characteristic number of parameters exceeding the quality standard of wastewater, which is not treated but is directly discharged into the receiving water body, will have the potential to cause environmental pollution. The source of waste generation comes from the use of soap in washing cutlery which will result in an increase in the pH of the wastewater, and the cooking process causes the presence of fatty oil waste. This study aims to determine the potential for water pollution from pH and fatty oil parameters in restaurant wastewater from three different categories in Karanganyar Regency. Laboratory descriptive research method. The test samples were taken in a time-composite manner at the outlets of fast food restaurants, traditional and coffee shops which were selected with the best-selling criteria. Determination of the potential for causing pollution is seen from the number of parameters compared to the quality standard of domestic wastewater according to Central Java Regional Regulation number 5 of 2012. The pH value is determined based on SNI 6989.11:2019, while the fat oil number is determined by the gravimetric method according to SNI 6989.10:2011. The results of the study showed that the pH value of the wastewater test samples from fast food restaurants was 7.5 – 7.82, traditional restaurants were 8.11 – 8.44, and coffee shops were 7.97-8.16. Fat oil figures show differences in the three test samples, fast food restaurant wastewater 92.67 mg/l, traditional restaurant 1,143 mg/l, and coffee 54.33 mg/l. Restaurant wastewater has a great potential to pollute the water environment on the fat oil parameters. Abstrak Air limbah dari kegiatan masyarakat seperti rumah makan, dengan karakteristik angka parameter melebihi baku mutu air limbah, yang tidak dilakukan proses pengolahan namun langsung dibuang ke badan air penerima, akan memiliki potensi menimbulkan pencemaran lingkungan. Sumber timbulan limbah berasal dari penggunaan sabun dalam pencucian alat makan akan mengakibatkan naiknya pH pada air limbah, dan proses memasak menyebabkan adanya limbah minyak lemak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan potensi pencemaran air dari parameter pH dan minyak lemak pada air limbah rumah makan dari tiga kategori yang berbeda di Kabupaten Karanganyar. Metode penelitian diskriptif laboratoris. Contoh uji diambil secara komposit waktu pada outlet rumah makan cepat saji, tradisional dan coffee shop yang dipilih dengan kriteria terlaris. Penentuan potensi menimbulkan pencemaran dilihat dari angka parameter yang dibandingkan dengan baku mutu air limbah domestik sesuai Perda Jateng nomor 5 tahun 2012. Angka pH ditentukan berdasarkan SNI 6989.11:2019, sedangkan angka minyak lemak ditentukan dengan metode gravimetri sesuai SNI 6989.10:2011. Hasil penelitian nilai pH contoh uji air limbah rumah makan cepat saji sebesar 7,5 – 7,82, rumah makan tradisional 8,11 – 8,44 sebesar, dan coffee shop sebesar 7,97- 8,16. Angka minyak lemak menunjukkan perbedaan pada tiga contoh uji, air limbah rumah makan cepat saji sebesar 92,67 mg/, rumah makan tradisional l,143 mg/l, dan coffee shop 54,33 mg/l. Air limbah rumah makan memiliki potensi besar menimbulkan pencemaran lingkungan air pada parameter minyak lemak.

Comparison of Power Generation from Restaurant Wastewater Treatment Using Microbial Fuel Cell Under Mesophilic Conditions with Thermophilic Conditions

The major aim of this study is to compare the power generation of dual microbial fuel cells (MFC) operated with mesophilic conditions and thermophilic conditions using restaurant wastewater. Materials and methods: Restaurant wastewater samples were collected from MFC with thermophilic conditions (N=14) and mesophilic conditions (N=14) operated for 10 days (G Power 80%). Voltage was measured using a multimeter and current, power, and power density was calculated from it for both groups. Results: The power generation was found to be high in MFC operated with thermophilic conditions (642 mW/m2) compared to mesophilic conditions (192 mW/m2). The independent sample T-test was done which showed that the power generation of MFC operated with thermophilic conditions (p < 0.001) found to be significantly higher compared with MFC operated with mesophilic conditions. Conclusion: The study shows that MFC operated with thermophilic conditions are able to achieve higher power generation compared to mesophilic conditions.

The Effect of Adding Activated Sludge and Types of Series Circuit Systems Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Using Chinese Food Restaurant Wastewater

Electricity consumption expands every year. However, in Indonesia, electricity is still highly dependent on conventional energy sources such as coal. A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is one of the alternative inventions that consists of a series of tools which converts chemical energy into electrical energy in the presence of microbial metabolism. In addition to produce electrical energy, it may also help to solve environmental issues by dealing with waste. This research was purposed to investigate the potency of Chinese food restaurant waste as substrate to generate electricity in microbial fuel cell. The research was done in three stages: wastewater preparation, assembly of MFC tools in various circuits, and running MFC processes. Results showed that the best electrical average (1.02 V) was found in the treatment system without active sludge. The best circuit was in the system in 4 series, which obtained a maximum voltage of 3.76 V and the largest power density of 62.66 mW/m2. In addition, with the addition of active sludge, biological oxygen demand (BOD) of the wastewater could be lowered up to 29.27%, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) up to 51.58%. Total suspended solid (TSS) could be decreased up to 49% on the sample withoud sludge addition.

Degradation of organic pollutant in restaurant wastewater using the homogenous catalysis with Mn(II) and EDTA

It can be seen that the objects of wastewater that need to be treated are quite diverse in types and complex in terms of reaction mechanisms. The methods mainly focus on the treatment of toxic organic compounds, especially phenols or plant protection agents in industrial wastewater, paper industry, food production, textile industry, printing industry... The activation of H2O2 and O2 by complexes of transitional metal ions and suitable ligands creates oxidizing agents and ecologically healthy products. The intermediate substances arising in the activation process such as free radicals OH., O2., HO2., ... can oxidize many compounds, especially the ability to attack the aroma of organic pollutants. In this paper, the results of research on treating organic pollution in restaurant wastewater with H2O2 are presented as a catalyst of complexes between Mn2+ ions and EDTA. The conditions including pH, EDTA/Mn2+, the concentration of H2O2, Mn2+ were investigated to obtain the optimum conditions for improving COD treatment efficiency. This work proposes a method based on formation of the Mn(II)-EDTA complex, b=1; with the optimal conditions of other factors as following [H2O2]0 = 0,75.10-3 mol/L; [Mn(EDTA)]2- = 33,33 mol/L, pH=10.5; t = 15 minutes. The initial COD of 1025 mg/L decreased to 135 mg/L after the proposed procedure. The results provide solutions of homogeneous complex catalysts for domestic/restaurant and industrial wastewater treatment at room temperature and atmosphere.