Rest Sites Research Articles

DINÁMICA Y VULNERABILIDAD ECOLÓGICA DE LA RESERVA ESTATAL SIERRA DEL TENTZO, MÉXICO

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Knowledge and evaluation of ecological changes in Protected Natural Areas is important for their planning and management. The use of tools such as land use change prediction models and satellite image analysis are low-cost and high-precision alternatives that can contribute to this purpose. <strong>Objective:</strong> Estimate the trend of land use change and vulnerability of the ecosystems of the Sierra del Tentzo State Reserve (REST), Mexico. <strong>Methodology:</strong> The REST sites with the highest probability of change in their ecosystems were identified according to phases of the adaptive cycles of the Panarchy theory; the use of Landsat images to classify land use and vegetation types, and the identification of areas of greatest vulnerability with a Markov chain model. <strong>Results:</strong> The trend of change from a state of conservation to a state of growth predominates in the reserve, which indicates a deterioration of the ecosystems with primary vegetation that are being transformed into grasslands and crop areas. While, in the future projection, the areas with greater ecological vulnerability are grouped in a pattern associated with human settlements in population centers. <strong>Implications:</strong> The study was on a regional scale, so changes and vulnerability at the local level were not explored. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> In the Sierra del Tentzo State Reserve there is a process of ecosystem degradation and some areas, particularly those most susceptible to human activities, are more vulnerable to this degradation. These areas should be considered in the reserve management program as priority attention.</p>

Human Impact on the Twenty-Four-Hour Patterns of Steller Sea Lions' Use of a Haulout in Hokkaido, Japan.

Steller sea lions (SSLs) migrate to the Hokkaido coast to spend the winter there, leading to conflicts arising with fishermen over herring. This study analyzed the trends in the SSLs' use of a haulout as a rest site under human pressure. From January to March in 2017, 2018, and 2019, we recorded the SSL behavior at the haulout site off Otaru City, Hokkaido, for 24 h a day using a fixed-point video recorder. We investigated three years of data to analyze the relationships between the SSL behaviors (attendance/landing-entry timings/remaining on land) and herring caught. We also monitored the SSL behaviors during changes in weather conditions and under human pressure. Throughout the three years, the SSLs used the haulout site during harsher weather or under human pressure. In 2017 and 2018, there was a correlation between the herring caught and the maximum number of SSLs on the haulout, but not in 2019. The number of SSLs on the haulout increased from evening to night; most individuals entered the water in the morning. The SSLs probably return to the water around sunrise not only for foraging but also to avoid anthropogenic pressure. The damage caused to the herring fishery by the SSLs was severe, but it is also clear that human pressure changed their behavior in response.

War Travels: The Logistics of Vietnam War Militourism

This article explores the everyday entanglements of militarism and tourism that helped sustain soldiering life during the Vietnam War. Free world soldiers in Vietnam were entitled to take between five and seven days of leave in rest and recuperation (R&R) sites located within the war zone and across the Pacific more generally. This article places the literature on militourism in conversation with close readings of archival sources to show how imperial soldier-tourists used trans-Pacific infrastructures of military R&R in a diversity of ways. Militourists in colonized cities such as Manila and Hong Kong often enacted heteronormative fantasies of leisure, seeking out intimate and predatory relationships with local women. The U.S. military also valued R&R as a mechanism for reuniting soldiers with their families, however, and transformed Honolulu into a site for hosting such forms of leave. When considered together, these different forms of militourism emphasize how trans-Pacific R&R infrastructures served simultaneously as conduits of gendered violence, terrains of racial management, and objects of political struggle. What this article offers, then, is a more complex understanding of militourism, one that reclaims vernacular cultures of travel from militaries, markets, and empires, and repurposes them to further the urgent work of abolition, decolonization, and demilitarization.

Radon levels and dose assessment at the basement workplaces of hospitals in different regions of Taiwan

The basements of large hospitals in Taiwan are usually working areas for image radiometry, radiation therapy, and nuclear medicine, where the radon concentration can be accumulated. This study investigated radon concentrations in the basement working environments of 30 hospitals in different regions with various geology of Taiwan, aiming to explore the relationship between geological conditions and radon concentrations and estimate the radiation dose received by the working staff. Portable MR107+ semiconductor radon detectors calibrated with a radon chamber were used for radon measurement at the hospital basement working areas according to the protocol of MAH-2019 instrument placement recommendations from the US EPA. The excess lung cancer risk (ELCR) as well as the lung cancer cases per million persons (LCC) were further derived from the radiation dose.The basement working areas investigated are located on the first to sixth underground floors of hospitals in Taiwan mainland and islands, Penghu and Kinmen. The 222Rn concentration higher than 100 Bq/m3 was observed at CH-1 (122.1 Bq/m3) in Changhua City and CY-1 (114.7 Bq/m3) in Chiayi City. This is attributed to that the central air conditioning systems of these hospitals were turned off during off-duty hours. The radon concentrations of all hospitals were lower than the action level, 150 Bq/m3, regulated by the US EPA. No significant relationship was found between radon concentration and the geological characteristics of the measured sites. That is, the ventilation of the basement working areas in hospitals is more important than local geological characteristics on indoor radon concentration, and therefore proper ventilation is crucial for reducing radon gas concentration in the hospital basements. Estimated annual effective dose from 222Rn for the hospital staff was higher than 1 mSv/y at YL (1.24 mSv/y), CH-1 (1.64 mSv/y), CY-1 (1.54 mSv/y), CY-2 (1.34 mSv/y), and PH-2 (1.14 mSv/y), and that for the rest sites was <1 mSv/y. The maximum mean ELCR was found to be 0.63% at CH-1, and the related LCC was estimated to be 29.5 per million persons.

Ecological Characteristics of Diurnal Rest Sites Used by Ringtails (Bassariscus astutus)

Ecological Characteristics of Diurnal Rest Sites Used by Ringtails (Bassariscus astutus)

Ecological Characteristics of Diurnal Rest Sites Used by Ringtails (Bassariscus astutus)

Ecological Characteristics of Diurnal Rest Sites Used by Ringtails (Bassariscus astutus)

Structural and compositional analysis of nickel phases at anode/ electrolyte interface using propane/air-oriented syngas

Syngas produced by catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) of propane contains hydrogen (21.68%) and carbon monoxide (18.27%). Microtubular solid fuel cells (μT-SOFCs) were fabricated and tested with syngas and pure hydrogen respectively. The open-circuit voltage (OCV) is 1.02 V, and the maximum power (MP) of microtubular solid fuel cell is 7.07 W at 700 °C with syngas/air. After operating in syngas/air for 100 h, the voltage declined 4.5%. A few sites of anode separate from electrolyte, particularly, some few nanometers nickel (Ni) particles have precipitated at the interface of electrolyte/anode. Comparing to Ni grain with 200 nm-1 μm diameter in rest sites of anode, it is easy to explain the loss of Ni and the separation of anode with electrolyte. Meantime obvious carbon deposition is found at the pores after 100 h working in syngas/air. There are other impurity phases discovered by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) at a triple phase boundary (TPB) of electrolyte and anode.

Visitor pressure in protected areas: Interactions between river tourists and freshwater pearl mussels in the Central European national park Šumava

The freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera (FPM) is an endangered bivalve species occurring in oligotrophic rivers. FPMs can be found in the Upper Vltava River in the Šumava National Park (Czech Republic, Central Europe), where suitable conditions exist for both adult and juvenile mussels. Non-consumptive human leisure activities are known to negatively affect wildlife in fragile aquatic ecosystems, and in the Vltava River boating tourism in particular may be a threat to local mussel populations. This study focused on an assessment of interactions between river tourists and the FPM, using “pseudo-mussels” in both field and lab experiments. In the field, fake concrete mussels were exposed at three rest sites for river tourists, and in the lab experiment glued shells were placed at the water-sediment interface in an aquarium tested for mechanical impacts of paddles (dislodgement and crushing). Interactions of river tourists with fake mussels were most frequent at low water levels (10–20 cm), and within 2 m from the nearest river bank. Mussel visibility and the presence/absence of a guide played an important role in people´s reactions, but site-specific effects were also found. Unintentional interactions (60–69%) were mostly observed at less-attractive sites (with a limited area of shallow water where people spent most time outside the river channel), whereas visual and manipulative interactions (76%) dominated at a more-attractive site (the confluence of two rivers where people move across and inspect the river channel). Crash tests revealed that 8.03 ± 1.37 (mean±SD) and 7.88 ± 1.13 (mean±SD) hits by paddles were needed for dislodgment and crushing, respectively. Those findings indicate that the direct effects of recreational boating might be less detrimental than those of accompanying activities (such as wading, bathing, and swimming). The role of trampling (and handling) disturbances should be investigated in more detail to help conserve FPM populations in protected areas.

Sexual and addictive risk behaviors and sexually transmitted infections in illegal gold miners in French Guiana: A multicenter observational study.

ObjectivesCommon representations of the world of gold mining–especially illegal–are usually negative: the activity conjures up images of drug trafficking, human exploitation, the sex trade, environmental destruction, and infectious diseases, in particular sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The aim of the present article is to describe the levels of risk behaviors such as transactional sex, multiple sexual partners, and the frequency of condom use, addictive substance consumption, and the prevalence of STIs among the population of illegal gold miners in French Guiana (FG), a French overseas entity in Amazonia, in order to guide potential interventions.MethodsAn observational multicenter cross-sectional study was carried out from October to December 2019 along the two borders of FG with Suriname and Brazil at rest sites used by the miners.ResultsAmong the 499 participants, transactional sex was very prevalent, declared by 33.5% of men and 8.4% of women. Condoms were more frequently used for transactional sex than with a non-commercial partner (93.4% versus 42.1%). More women were tested for HIV than men (91.1% versus 55.2%). Excessive alcohol consumption (57.3%%) and tobacco use (41.2%) were very frequent, but cocaine or crack consumption was low (1.2%), which refuted our initial assumption. Consumers of alcohol had more sexual partners and reported condom use more frequently. Prevalence of HIV, HCV, HBV, and syphilis was respectively 0.5% (95% CI: 0.1–2.1), 2.1% (95% CI: 0.7–3.6), 1.6% (95% CI: 0.3–2.8), and 12.4% (95% CI: 9.0–15.7), which was higher than in the local population, especially for syphilis.ConclusionThis study documents for the first time the risk behaviors of gold miners in FG. Although the level of condom use was high, the prevalence of STIs combined with the high rate of transactional sex should encourage an increase in prevention and screening, in particular through rapid tests, given the mobility of the population concerned.

Application of GIS technique in the studies on fish assemblages in Shatt Al-Arab River, Basrah, Iraq

The present study has examined the spatiotemporal varieties of the demographics of the Shatt Al-Arab River fishes and their relation to some ecological components. The aim is to forecast these groups in the unexplored parts of the waterway with an emphasis on environmental indices of diversity. Three sites in the river were selected as an observation and study of these species, which lasted from March 2019 to February 2020, the study dealt with factors affecting fishes, as Water Temperature (WT), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Potential Hydrogen Ion (pH), Salinity (Sal), and Transparency (Tra). Gill nets, cast nets, hooks, and hand nets were adopted to collecting fish. The results indicated that the fish population comprises 60 species representing 13 orders, 28 families, all species belonged to Osteichthyes except for one (Carcharhinus leucas) which belonged to Chondrichthyes. Cyprinidae is the prevalent family embraced by nine species. WT (12.1- 33.4°C) has a considerable influence on the total number of species and individuals to the north of the watercourse. However, salinity (0.9- 8.7 mg/L) was regarded as the essential impact on the composition, distribution, and abundance of species in the rest sites. Planiliza abu was the most abundant species attaining 20.21%, followed by Oreochromis aureus (16.41%), and Carassius auratus ranked (15.92%), the dominance (D3) value was 52.54%. The results of the current study showed that most of the diversity index values are considered a moderate status. On the other hand, the majority of the richness index values are viewed as semi disturbed status in all stations, while most of the values recorded of the evenness index are deemed as semi-balanced status. The application of GIS technique by using the ordinary kriging method showed high efficiency in the Shatt Al-Arab River. Therefore, this technique can be employed in environmental studies of fishes.

Ligand Modified and Light Switched On/Off Single-Chain Magnets of {Fe 2 Co} Coordination Polymers via Metal-to-Metal Charge Transfer

Ligand Modified and Light Switched On/Off Single-Chain Magnets of {Fe ₂ Co} Coordination Polymers via Metal-to-Metal Charge Transfer

Spatial Patterns, Utility, and Limitations of Volunteered Reports of Urban Homeless Campsites in Portland, Oregon

Homelessness is a complex and diverse social issue that affects many urban areas in the United States. Robust knowledge of how and where homeless individuals subsist is essential for an assessment of the granular spatiotemporal context of homelessness in a given locale. Common means for surveying homeless rest sites are resource intensive and conducted infrequently, which warrants investigations into complementary approaches. In this article, we examine the spatial patterns of homeless campsites in Portland, Oregon, and their relationship to urban features based on a three-year data set of reports volunteered by members of the public. Our quantitative analysis employs a combination of spatial analysis, statistical methods, and cartographic mapping to determine prevailing spatial patterns and proximity relationships. In that context, we assess the characteristics of the volunteered data in terms of their suitability for capturing expected local patterns of homeless campsites. The data indicate concentrations of reported campsites and significant spatial proximity relationships between campsite locations, zoning, transit stops, and homelessness support services. Our findings evidence the utility of the volunteered data for the analysis of urban homeless campsite locations on an annual basis. We further discuss the limitations of the data and provide suggestions for improvements and future research.

Demonstration of Improved Elephant/Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) Technologies for Animal Feed Resources in Dire Dawa and Harari Region rural areas

Two Elephant grass IRLI14983 and local check varieties were demonstrated and evaluated for their biomass traits under diverse environmental conditions of Harari and Dire Dawa. The study was conducted in four kebeles Dodota and Kile from Harari and Wahil and Bishan Bahe from Dire Dawa. From each kebeles ten (10) farmers in total of forty (40) farmers participated in this research activity. This research found that there was biomass yield statistically significance difference at (P<0.01) among the demonstrated varieties. And the yield of IRLI14983 ranged from 6.7 to 12.9 t/ha with a mean of 9.8 t/ha whereas local variety gave the 4.3ton/ha and 9.1 ton/ha biomass yield across the sites as comparison. In addition, Elephant/Napier grass varieties responded differently across the demonstrated environments due to differential responses of the climatic and biotic factors. The highest record was at Dodota (10.62 t/ha) followed by Wahil (9.61 t/ha) in comparison with the rest sites Kile and Bishan Bahe because of field management and other climate conditions. Therefore, it is better to promote to other similar agro-ecology with these sites by Government, Non-government and other stakeholders through their programs.

An integrated GIS approach to analyze the impact of land use change and land cover alteration on ground water potential level: A study in Kangsabati Basin, India

Land use/land cover change continuously occurs at locally, regionally and globally over the last few decades for excessive demand of mankind. This change creates adverse effects on groundwater potential level (GWPL) due to interruption of recharge process; hence, this study has attempt to assess the impact of land use change and land cover alteration (LUCLCA) on GWPL, furthermore to find out such effective land alteration processes in Kangsabati basin, India. Hydrological parameters were taken for delineation of groundwater potential zones (GWPZs) using Saaty's Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) whereas Pearson correlation matrix (PCM) was used to determine the effective LUCLCA processes on GWPL change. Results revealed that high GWPZ decreases from 1828 km2 to 1333 km2, but low GWPZ increases from 117 km2 to 622 km2 during 2002 and 2016. In order of GWPL change, PCM demonstrated that negative land alteration processes (NLAP) are present in laterite outcrop, fallow land, settlement, and cropland, whereas positive alteration processes (PLAP) are present in dense forest, degraded forest, and wetland. With this validation, twenty-five sites were selected, nine sites have negative GWPL change for NLAP; four sites have positive GWPL change for PLAP, but GWPL change does not found in five sites for the same and low land alteration. In rest sites, model validation does not agree with GWPL change, however, other hydrological parameters are more dominated in this change. Therefore, LUCLCA does not only control the GWPL, but other thematic parameters are signified the potential level. Moreover, this study also helps the planner to predict sustainable land use management for groundwater conservation.

Primera aproximación a la fauna flebotomínea (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) del departamento de Atlántico

Dentro del género Lutzomyiaalgunas especies son vectores de la enfermedad llamada leishmaniasis, la cual tiene implicaciones en la salud pública, desarrollando diferentes manifestaciones clínicas como leishmaniasis cutánea, visceral y mucocutánea que afectan altamente al ser humano. El objetivo de este estudio fuerealizar un inventario de las especies del género Lutzomyia presentes en seis zonas del departamento del Atlántico. Se implementaron 3 técnicas de capturas tradicionales: trampas CDC entre 18:00-06:00, trampa Shannon entre 19:00-22:00 y búsqueda activa de flebotomíneos con aspiradores bucales en troncos, bases de árboles y otros sitios entre 09:00-11:00 y 16:00-17:30, en seis municipios del departamento del Atlántico, Colombia. Se capturaron diez especies flebotomíneas y se reporta por vez primera para el departamento del Atlántico el hallazgo de Lutzomyia longipalpis y Lutzomyia atroclavata. De las diez especies capturadas, Lutzomyia longipalpistiene antecedentes como vector de Leishmania infantumen Colombia y en otras regiones de Latinoamérica, además es considerada el principal vector de leishmaniasis visceral en las Américas. La especie más abundante y con mayor distribución espacial fue Lu. evansi, principal vector de leishmaniasis visceral en la región Caribe. En conclusión,la riqueza de la fauna flebotomínea del departamento de Atlántico se actualiza a doce especies, con el primer registro de Lu. longipalpisy Lu. atroclavata. También se reporta la fauna flebotomínea por primera vez en localidades del departamento de Atlántico como Campeche, Puerto Colombia, Luruaco, Ponedera y Campo de la Cruz.

Rest-Site Use and the Apparent Rarity of an Ozark Population of Plains Spotted Skunk (Spilogale putorius interrupta)

Spilogale putorius interrupta (Plains Spotted Skunk) experienced range-wide declines beginning in the 1940s, and knowledge of population persistence and basic habitat requirements of the taxon remains limited. We surveyed for a population of the subspecies in the forested Ozark region of Arkansas. We deployed a dense camera-trap grid (>8000 trap-nights across a 24,611-ha study area) and recorded individuals on 6 occasions at 4 sites; their detection rate was amongst the lowest of all detected species. There were no observed differences between occupied and unoccupied sites. We captured and deployed radio-collars on 2 individuals that were tracked to 12 rest sites. Groundcover was sparse at rest sites, perhaps due to use of rocky outcrops by both individuals.

Evidence of niche differentiation for two sympatric vulture species in the Southeastern United States

BackgroundAs obligate scavengers utilizing similar habitats, interspecific competition undoubtedly occurs between resident black (Coragyps atratus) and turkey (Cathartes aura) vultures. In the interest of exploring how sympatric species coexist through habitat segregation, we examined resource selection of resident black and turkey vultures in the southeastern United States (US) for evidence of niche differentiation.MethodsUsing fine-scale movement data, we assessed interspecific seasonal differences in monthly roost reuse frequency and roost site fidelity, as well as monthly flight, roost, and diurnal rest site resource selection based on > 2.8 million locations of 9 black vultures and 9 turkey vultures tracked from September 2013 to August 2015 using Groupe Spécial Mobile/Global Positioning System (GSM/GPS) transmitters.ResultsBlack vultures generally exhibited greater roost fidelity as well as a greater maximum number of nights spent at a single roost than turkey vultures. Patterns of flight, roost, and resting habitat selection within the home range varied monthly as well as between species, providing evidence for habitat segregation and niche differentiation by sympatric vultures. In particular, our results indicate the importance of wooded wetlands for resting and roosting locations for both species, and revealed clear differences in the use of forested habitats between species during flight, resting, and roosting behavioral states.ConclusionsBy examining differences in resource selection and spatial ecology of black and turkey vultures across a range of behaviors, this study demonstrates mechanisms of niche differentiation in these ecologically similar species, and enhances potential for conservation and informed management of this important group of birds.

Reproductive den selection and its consequences for fisher neonates, a cavity-obligate mustelid

AbstractSelection of habitat characteristics by reproductive females during neonate development can mediate the influence of adverse environmental conditions on the fitness of offspring. Previous research has suggested that cavities and burrows used for reproduction by cavity-obligate species offer thermoregulatory benefits, access to prey, and can limit predation pressure. As fishers (Pekania pennanti) are secondary cavity-obligate breeders, we hypothesized that they select particular characteristics of reproductive den cavities at discrete stages of offspring development to mediate adverse biotic and environmental effects on their neonates. To test our hypothesis, we located 406 reproductive dens and 154 cavity rest sites used by 65 individual adult female fishers during 11 reproductive seasons (2005–2016) in northwestern California. We counted 53 (27 F, 26 M) kits in 31 litters born to 19 females during six of these reproductive seasons. The weight of kits varied significantly by sex and by age, whereas the length of kits varied only by age, suggesting that adult females in this population might be preferentially investing in male kits. We found that natal and early-maternal dens buffered minimum temperatures significantly more than late-maternal dens and cavities used during the nonreproductive season. A male fisher skull was also less likely to fit through the cavity openings of natal dens than through the openings of cavities used by adult females during the nonreproductive season. Litter survival was significantly lower at natal dens than at late-maternal dens. The age of adult female fishers did not affect the probability of litter survival. Our results emphasize the vulnerability of vertebrate offspring during early developmental periods and how cavity-obligate species select cavities to mediate environmental conditions during reproduction.

Summer rest site selection by Appalachian eastern spotted skunks

AbstractEastern spotted skunks (Spilogale putorius) have suffered a dramatic range-wide decline leading to concern that the species is likely vulnerable to extinction, but were recently discovered to persist in a portion of the southern Appalachian Mountains (United States). For 2 years we investigated habitat selection by eastern spotted skunks to develop an understanding of their habitat and conservation needs in northwestern South Carolina. We used a discrete choice modeling framework to evaluate vegetative and topographic features that we predicted would influence rest site selection by male and female spotted skunks. Using VHF telemetry, we tracked 15 spotted skunks (10 males and 5 females) to 215 day-time rest sites between the months of April and August. Spotted skunks selected rest sites in close proximity to drainage channels, where the relative probability of selection decreased 18% and 50% with every 20-m increase in distance to a drainage channel for males and females, respectively. Relative probability of selection by female spotted skunks increased 30% for every one-unit increase in coarse woody debris (CWD), and relative probability of selection by male spotted skunks increased 25% for every 10% increase in understory cover. These results are consistent with previous studies that have identified cover as important for protection from predators; however, we additionally identified CWD and drainage channels as important to habitat selection by spotted skunks. These latter attributes are likely selected based on prey availability, but alternate ecological functions of these features warrant further investigation. Preservation of understory vegetation and CWD within drainage networks might benefit conservation of eastern spotted skunks in the southern Appalachians.

Efficacy of novel indoor residual spraying methods targeting pyrethroid-resistant Aedes aegypti within experimental houses.

Challenges in maintaining high effectiveness of classic vector control in urban areas has renewed the interest in indoor residual spraying (IRS) as a promising approach for Aedes-borne disease prevention. While IRS has many benefits, application time and intrusive indoor applications make its scalability in urban areas difficult. Modifying IRS to account for Ae. aegypti resting behavior, named targeted IRS (TIRS, spraying walls below 1.5 m and under furniture) can reduce application time; however, an untested assumption is that modifications to IRS will not negatively impact entomological efficacy. We conducted a comparative experimental study evaluating the residual efficacy of classically-applied IRS (as developed for malaria control) compared to two TIRS application methods using a carbamate insecticide against a pyrethroid-resistant, field-derived Ae. aegypti strain. We performed our study within a novel experimental house setting (n = 9 houses) located in Merida (Mexico), with similar layouts and standardized contents. Classic IRS application (insecticide applied to full walls and under furniture) was compared to: a) TIRS: insecticide applied to walls below 1.5 m and under furniture, and b) Resting Site TIRS (RS-TIRS): insecticide applied only under furniture. Mosquito mortality was measured eight times post-application (out to six months post-application) by releasing 100 Ae. aegypti females /house and collecting live and dead individuals after 24 hrs exposure. Compared to Classic IRS, TIRS and RS-TIRS took less time to apply (31% and 82% reduction, respectively) and used less insecticide (38% and 85% reduction, respectively). Mortality of pyrethroid-resistant Ae. aegypti did not significantly differ among the three IRS application methods up to two months post application, and did not significantly differ between Classic IRS and TIRS up to four months post application. These data illustrate that optimizing IRS to more efficiently target Ae. aegypti can both reduce application time and insecticide volume with no apparent reduction in entomological efficacy.