Responsibility Of Journalists Research Articles

مسائل دعوية في ظاهرة سب الرب والدين في الدول العربية (دراسة وصفية تحليلية مقارنة)

Cursing God and religion is a phenomenon that continues to spread in twelve Arab countries and urged to be resolved. This research aims to strengthen and improve the way to combat this phenomenon from the side of da'wah by outlining several issues, such as; the widespread confusion that hampers efforts to resolve this phenomenon in terms of da'wah, sharia law related to vigilantism to perpetrators of blasphemy of God and religion acted upon unemphatically by positive law, the reasons that cause people to gradually insult God and religion, and a comparison of the efforts of the two most prominent media outlets in each Arab country to find out whether they are carrying out their journalistic responsibilities. Using descriptive, analytical, and inductive methods, this study concludes that vigilante actions against perpetrators of blasphemy of God are prohibited because this is part of the verse that prohibits blasphemy. In addition, most popular media channels have played a less important role in resolving this phenomenon.

Combatting Fake News in Nigeria: A Multifaceted Approach for Information Integrity and Societal Resilience

In the digital era, 'fake news' is no longer limited to local stories, but this has become a global threat, that is undermining the credibility of information and distorting societies worldwide. This article uncovers the convoluted terrain of fake news that draws on its different manifestations, classifications, and motivations that are socio-political, cultural, and socio-economic in nature. In this regard, focusing on Nigeria, a country with high prevalence of fake news, this identifies the main factors that trigger its spread, which are media relevance, government manipulation, profit motives, and internet regulation. Considering that the multidimensional approach is applied, the paper suggests measures for the management and mitigation of the fake news, embracing technological, regulatory, and educational steps. Highlighting the necessity of media literacy, interaction with international organizations, and backing for traditional media, the paper stands for a collaborative operation aimed at promoting resilience to the covert spread of the fake news and creating a system of information that puts truth, transparency, and journalistic responsibility above any other considerations. Keywords: Fake news, Information Disorder, Media Literacy, Technological Intervention, Regulatory Measures, Global Perspectives, and the Nigerian media space.

To the formation of ethnic image in the media: an attempt at periodization

The article studies the process of modeling of ethnic image in the Russian media space. The media texts of the "Argumenty i Fakty" portal were used as empirics. The aim is to create a periodization for studying the processes of media communication in the formation of national image. The article reveals linguistic and stylistic peculiarities of the content and specificity of emotional and evaluative elements of the format of AiF journalistic materials about representatives of Caucasian ethnic groups, and states the presence of destructive stereotypes in media texts. The relevance of the material is explained by the negative consequences of interethnic confrontations, including those caused by conflictogenic texts in the media of the late twentieth century. The methodology of historical-semantic and cognitive-metaphorical analysis was applied, which revealed the linguistic structures at the basis of the formation of the audience's attitude towards the Caucasian peoples. After the collapse of the USSR, journalists used the construction "us and them", indirectly formed a negative reputation of national minorities, created barriers to their integration into the Russian identity, thus increasing socio-psychological tension in society, increasing social distance, influencing the processes of discrimination and isolation of the peoples of the Caucasus. In the modern global practice of convergence, "subject-to-subject" processes of mass communications, the influential potential of broadcast content has increased manifold. State control over the editorial policy of mass media should be strengthened, and personal responsibility of professional journalists for their work should be actualized. It is also necessary to support media education initiatives to increase the media literacy of the media audience. The results of the study can be used to rethink strategies for creating and promoting ethnic content.

Perceptions of control over different causes of death and the accuracy of risk estimations

BackgroundA large number of deaths could be avoided by improving health behaviours. The degree to which people invest in their long-term health is influenced by how much they believe they can control their risk of death. Identifying causes of death believed to be uncontrollable, but likely to occur, may provide actionable targets for health interventions to increase control beliefs and encourage healthier behaviours.MethodWe recruited a nationally representative online sample of 1500 participants in the UK. We assessed perceived control, perceived personal likelihood of death, certainty of risk estimation, and perceived knowledge for 20 causes of death. We also measured overall perceived uncontrollable mortality risk (PUMR) and perceived prevalence for each of the Office for National Statistics’ categories of avoidable death.FindingsRisk of death due to cancer was considered highly likely to occur but largely beyond individual control. Cardiovascular disease was considered moderately controllable and a likely cause of death. Drugs and alcohol were perceived as risks both high in control and low in likelihood of death. However, perceptions of control over specific causes of death were found not to predict overall PUMR, with the exception of cardiovascular disease. Finally, our sample substantially overestimated the prevalence of drug and alcohol-related deaths in the UK.ConclusionsWe suggest that more can be done by public health communicators to emphasise the lifestyle and behavioural changes that individuals can make to reduce their general cancer risk. More work is needed to understand the barriers to engaging with preventative behaviours and maintaining a healthy heart. Finally, we call for greater journalistic responsibility when reporting health risks to the public.

Comparative analysis of the information security environment in Ukraine and Poland (survey of journalists and editors)

Information security of Ukraine and Poland with the beginning of the Russian Federation’s armed aggression against Ukraine is sensitive to various forms of information threats. Information attacks by the aggressor country accompany the challenges of the full-scale war that exploded within Eastern Europe. Active military actions on the territory of Ukraine, the migrant crisis on the border with Poland –all this tests both countries’ information environment for resilience. Journalists play an essential role in the process of information defense. In the study, we compare legal acts and governmental regulations of Ukraine and Poland in the field of information security in order to identify the current state of information security environment in both countries. In our work, we analyze the concept of “information security” in scientific studies of Ukrainian and Polish researchers, as well as in normative legal acts. Journalists and editors of leading Ukrainian and Polish media outlets were questioned about their attitudes toward existing information security doctrines and strategies. It was found that journalists of both countries (n = 46, α(ua)=0.75; α(pl)=0.78) find the tools of protection against information threats insufficient, consider the participation of journalists in the formation of information policy significant, and also consider as risky the possibility to adopt documents that would describe the social responsibility of journalists in conditions of information aggression.

FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN PAKISTAN: TV NEWS JOURNALISTS’ PERSPECTIVE ON SOCIO-POLITICAL ISSUES

The study aimed to explore TV News Journalists’ perspectives regarding freedom of expression and social responsibility in Pakistan and how these journalists practice it in their profession. Moreover, factors influencing these practices were also inquired. Employing an exploratory research design, 10 semi-structured interviews with TV News Journalists were conducted. Thematic analysis of interviews revealed that TV News Journalists are well aware of the role of freedom of expression and social responsibility in coverage of socio-political issues. In the present situation, they are unable to practice journalism with responsibility as News Channels compete with TRP and Breaking News. Authentication of news suffers in this context. Journalists are unable to practice their freedom of expression and social responsibility as they cannot go against organizational policies. It seems as if they are doing jobs only without fulfilling their journalistic responsibilities in true spirit. They face certain pressures while covering socio-political issues. These pressures are organizational policies, political parties, religious groups, personal political and religious affiliations and the financial status of Journalists. Government and state institutions also try to influence the freedom of expression and social responsibility of media. Resultantly the objectivity of News content gets compromised. PEMRA established to regulate the electronic media, appeared to be failed in doing so. Compromised freedom of expression and social responsibility is becoming a source of political polarization in society. Keywords: Freedom of Expression, Social Responsibility, Pakistani Media, PEMRA, Journalistic Perspectives and Practices

A threat to journalism? How journalists and advertising sales managers in news organizations perceive and cope with native advertising

In the course of digitization, the traditional business model of news organizations has been substantially challenged, making innovative formats necessary to master the business of online news. Native advertising (i.e., sponsored articles) is considered an escape from this dilemma. In adapting to journalistic content, this advertising format is distinct from conventional online advertising and allows advertisers to convey persuasive messages in an unobtrusive manner. However, despite its financial benefits, there are ethical concerns about native advertising, which is inherently and intentionally deceptive to its audience. Moreover, native advertising perforates the normative wall separating journalistic responsibilities from advertisers’ interests. In news organizations, this is reflected in the relationship between journalists and advertising sales managers. The present study therefore explored how individuals in these two roles differ in their perceptions of risks and opportunities related to native advertising and in how they cope with ethical concerns. Exploring the power relations between journalists and sales managers in collaborations on native advertising, this study also sheds light on potential restrictions of journalistic autonomy caused by native advertising.

Telling the Truth: Social Responsibility and Professional Qualities of Journalists

全过程民主；新闻人的社会责任和职业素养；讲好真话

Crna hronika kao segment medijske agende u dnevnim novinama u Srbiji

The paper problematizes substantial presence of black chronicle in print media reporting. Through a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the content of ten daily newspapers in Serbia, we researched genre characteristics and editorial policies used in presenting the content from the black chronicle segment. It can be seen that daily newspapers on a large-scale deal with the topic of violence and death, but also that the reporting quality does not correspond to the quantity of the published texts. Looking at the content, it can be concluded that serious daily press invests certain efforts in the maintenance of professional standards of the journalist profession, unlike tabloids that dominate the media space. During the analyzed time interval, there was almost not a single day when tabloids, on the pages reserved for the content from the black chronicle segment, did not reveal some details related to the lives of victims, possible perpetrators of criminal acts, as well as other actors, along with the observed violations of the rules of journalist ethics. Therefore, it is necessary to work on emancipation in two directions, towards greater responsibility of editorial staff, editors and journalists, and towards stronger media literacy of the public itself.

Informing the Public about the Dangers of a Pandemic. Early COVID-19 Coverage by News Organizations in Kazakhstan

The global pandemic of the coronavirus COVID-19 has hampered the work of Kazakhstani media. A significant part of news organizations were forced to change priorities in their usual activities, while journalists themselves felt the negative consequences of the pandemic. The purpose of the study is to study the work of news organizations to inform the public about the dangers of a new type of coronavirus. The main idea of the scientific article is to present the results of a study of the impact of the pandemic on the activities of Kazakhstani media from March to August 2020. The work used quantitative and qualitative research methods: the survey method of editors of television, radio, print and online publications and the method of in-depth interviews with chief editors. The main results showed that in the first six months of the pandemic and the restrictive measures introduced in this regard, media employees and managers faced obstacles in obtaining reliable information about the coronavirus from government sources, had problems accessing the necessary information, felt pressure from the authorities and fought against fakes in social networks. Despite this, the domestic media tried to cover the problem from all sides. At the same time, full-fledged coverage with a qualitative analysis based on verified information and the opinion of compe tent experts has acquired particular importance against the backdrop of various rumors and fakes about the coronavirus. The findings of the study indicate that journalists independently chose sources and tone, but were subject to self-censorship in their coverage of the pandemic. The value of this scientific work lies in the fact that it can help increase the professionalism and responsibility of journalists in covering both global and local crises, as well as move the government towards greater transparency and more complete disclosure of information to the press and citizens during crises. The practical significance of the study lies in the analysis of the activities of news organizations in the pandemic. The results of scientific work can be used in the research and practice of journalists and media leaders. Key words: News organizations, priorities, COVID-19 pandemic, self-censorship.

Sensational media reporting is common when describing COVID-19 therapies, detection methods, and vaccines

Word choice is important when describing medical therapies, especially during COVID-19 outbreaks. The public relies on news media for health information and medical misinformation is often spread through news stories.1...

Journalism in conflictogenic environment: general principles and prospects

Recently, the world faced with a fragileness of social balance and destructive functions of the media while the escalation of the conflicts. The information boom and hegemony of social networks have demonstrated the risks of hybrid wars, the power of "flexible power" of images and active communities. Journalism acts as an information catalyst for conflicts, exposing existing social contradictions at the micro, meso and macro levels of the social structure. That is why the responsibility of the media extends far beyond the objective coverage of information and contains a certain choice, which has also an ethical dimension. The article focuses on the ethical issues of the role of journalism in conflict, the ability of journalists to reduce the risk of violence in a conflict-ridden environment, and to increase efficiency in finding alternative solutions to conflict resolution. It raises the question of the constructive and destructive consequences of the conflict, as well as discusses the issues of the stage of the conflict, at which journalistic interventions are possible. The main thesis of the article relates to the principles of conflict-sensitive journalism, how idealistic they are and what organizations are interested in developing and promotion of the peace-building journalism.The analysis of various sources raises the question of the responsibility of journalists for choosing a particular model of journalistic practice during a conflict: from the objective and neutral position of the observer to active intervention as advocacy for peace and peace-building. The final conclusion is whichever path is chosen, finally we are facing the consequences of journalistic activity, the questions of moral choice and responsibility for a certain worldview. Ultimately, we need to disclose the category "truth" and find out its meaning in the epoch of metamodernism and post-truth.

Infodemia y dependencia informativa: la función ética de la televisión pública andaluza durante la crisis del Covid-19

El objetivo de esta investigación persigue analizar el papel ético y pedagógico de la televisión pública andaluza durante la pandemia, atendiendo al tratamiento de las fake news desde la teoría de la agenda setting y el framing. Para esclarecer el grado de importancia en el tratamiento informativo aplicaremos el análisis de contenido desde una perspectiva estructural compleja, ciñéndonos a una muestra de 24 noticias aparecidas en Canal Sur TV durante el estado de alarma. El estudio se enmarca en la incertidumbre y dependencia informativa como causas directas de la infodemia (Ghebreyesus, 2020; Zarocostas, 2020), así como de la desestabilidad informativa y emocional en las que emergen las noticias falsas. La originalidad del trabajo radica en la relación transdisciplinar entre infoxicación, redes sociales y responsabilidad periodística en un contexto de vulnerabilidad social a consecuencia del Covid-19. Los resultados que se desprenden del análisis sobre los indicadores variables que condicionan la producción audiovisual y las variables referidas al contenido de la noticia diagnostican una falta de concordancia entre el problema de los desórdenes informativos y el tratamiento en la televisión. Esto nos hace suponer una falta de responsabilidad desde los medios de titularidad pública, que en momentos de inestabilidad, necesitan alfabetizar mediáticamente al ciudadano.

Media ethics within the fake news challenges during the Covid-19 pandemic

Every profession needs professional ethics, but some occupations, such as jour­nalism, have special importance and a wide relationship with many people in society, so professional ethics is essential in this case. When the journalists income is at stake, what will their professional ethics be like? The Covid-19 pandemic 2020 is threatening the existence of journalism and the news. Journalists are having a hard time reporting on the pandemic. Between the issue of safety of the journalists, and the implementation of responsibility for reporting, journalists must put ethical issues at the top. 
 This article analyzes the impact of fake news on the press and the ethical responsibili­ty of journalists when reporting on the Covid-19 epidemic. Ethical behavior and social responsibility of journalists arise in professional journalism. A conflict may occur be­tween professional obligations and basic human impulses of a journalist. They can fight to maintain their sense of fairness, balance, and objectivity. At the same time, they may be asked to lie. Their actions can cause real harm to the public, which in turn causes ethical dilemmas. 

The media presentation of political leaders: research approaches

The media representation of the activities of political leaders in the media is not well studied in science currently. The article fills this theoretical gap by examining existing scientific research and the approaches to the representation of politicians reflected in various sources. The purpose of the paper is to show what approaches to the representation of the activities of political leaders exist in the modern theory of media representation. The article examines the main research approaches to the media representation of political leaders. Since journalism creates political discourse, partly spontaneously and partly deliberately, there are many approaches to representing the activities of political leaders in the media. Given that some of the content about political leaders is created spontaneously, research approaches that describe a more thoughtful approach to generating political content in the media are especially interesting in this study. In Russian scientific research, there are no classifications of research approaches to the representation of the activities of political leaders; accordingly, this research has a novelty. Moreover, the study is one of the first on the topic of media presentation of the activities of political leaders. This process and its results are poorly covered in Russian science. The paper uses methods of classification and comparative analysis. A classification of approaches used in various sciences and describes the specifics of media presentation is proposed. The classification is based on the idea that media representation is an important social process that is comprehended not only in the theory of journalism. The comparative analysis is carried out when comparing theories of media representation. The conclusion is made that such an approach as modeling is the most interesting from a practical point of view; modeling helps to increase the responsibility of journalists and a more conscious approach to representing the political life of society. Modeling the representation of the activities of political leaders suggests that the creation of content about political leaders will become less spontaneous, more orderly. Modeling can help create a benchmark for a more adequate representation of the activities of political leaders.

WATCHING THE WATCHDOG: ONLINE DISCOURSES ABOUT MEDIA FRAUDS

Media frauds often lead to lively public discussions about journalism’s professional identity and its social mandate. The paper uses the so-called Relotius case as a starting point for a systematic analysis of the responsibility of narrative journalists in an age of “fake news” and post-truth politics – and the question of how they can be held to account in the online realm. Claas Relotius counted as one of the most talented journalistic storytellers in the German-speaking world. In December 2018, however, the news magazine Der Spiegel revealed that he had fabricated many of his texts, either completely or partly. This revelation developed into one of the biggest German media scandals of the recent years and triggered a massive outcry, also in international media. A multi-method research design allows for a differentiated assessment of the Relotius case in particular and web-based media accountability processes in general: A literature review and problem-centered interviews with senior reporters demonstrate that stylistic devices of fiction have a long history in German narrative journalism – also in Spiegel magazine. A discourse analysis focusing on the public debate following the revelation of the scandal points out that many journalistic commenters, including Spiegel’s editorial board, displayed a clear lack of self-criticism in their discussion of the case, while non-professional watchbloggers broadened the scope of the analysis. The paper reflects the empirical results from a normative perspective, in order to illustrate the potentials and shortcomings of professional journalistic self-observation as opposed to external public control in online discourses.

A Study to Explore the Safety and Professional Challenges Faced by the Field Journalists in Pakistan

Field journalists in Pakistan who have covered violent conflicts especially in the wake of Karachi, Baluchistan, and former FATA conflicts have repeatedly staked their physical, emotional, and financial security while fulfilling their journalistic responsibilities. The study at hand is majorly aimed at exploring the reactions of the field journalists in Pakistan concerning the professional and safety challenges faced by them. A purposive sample of 15 field journalists from mainstream newspapers and television channels of Pakistan was selected for conducting the qualitative in-depth interviews. The study concluded that the most frequently faced challenges by the field journalists in Pakistan included the tendency to self-censor one’s content and editorial judgment; working under loosely defined safety protocols; and absence of seeking psychological help in terms of handling Post Trauma Stress Disorder (PTSD).

Deliberative Theory and African Philosophy: The Future of Deliberation in Transitional Societies

This article invites a conversation about the role of the media and the responsibility of journalists in post-colonial societies in transition to becoming stable democracies. It outlines some of the specific challenges such societies face in cultivating a discursive environment underpinned by complementarity and mutuality. The article introduces the African philosophy of Ubuntu, a normative basis for journalism and deliberative democracy, which exhibits a distinctly non-partisan approach and resolves some of the exigencies of diversely constituted democracies. It argues that, through the lens of Ubuntu, the media can be seen to act both in the public and the national interest. Overall, this article seeks to redefine the role of media from that of gatekeepers and watchdogs of power to that of mediators for the purpose of seeking consensus among members of society as well as between people and government.

Reflections upon the Privacy in the Converged Commercial Radio: A Case Study of Royal Prank

This article focuses on the problematic consequences of shifting boundaries of converged radio practices for individual privacies. Holding that privacy is constructed through the interrelated information practices of both individuals and their mediated surroundings, it addresses radio as a previously intimate and privacy friendly medium. The case of the <em>Royal Prank </em>call by the Australian 2DayFM radio station demonstrates how contemporary converged radio practices affect the privacies of unintended participants in their shows. In December 2012, Jacintha Saldanha, nurse of London’s Royal King Edward VII Hospital committed suicide after two Australian radio presenters had made a prank phone call pretending to be Queen Elizabeth and Prince Charles concerned about the state of Duchess Kate’s health, who was expecting her first child. The case identifies three conditions, each with implications on privacy. First, digitization renders radio content archivable and repeatable. There is a second life of radio programs keeping available information about any people involved. Secondly, the division of radio related labour leads to a lack of journalistic responsibility for respecting privacy standards. Broadcasters feel no need to be sensitive regarding the consequences of disseminated material, as commercial and legal staff decide on that. Finally, legal frameworks continue to apply legacy radio privacy measures and do not correspond to these new working conditions, as the reactions of the Australian supervisory authority show. In consequence, the case of the <em>Royal Prank </em>call demonstrates the impossibility to fight individual privacy when one is unintentionally involved in radio shows.

The holographic dynamics of linguistic ecology as a scientific paradigm

The place and significance of the works of Prof. A.P. Skovorodnikov in the dynamic formation of linguoecology is considered. The place of emotive linguoecology in it is shown. The responsibility of journalists for the formation of ecological psychological environment of society is emphasized. Allocated is the role of unecological createms in the information space. Formulated is the importance of a large number of problems highlighted by this science as the subject of its research. Named are the leading linguoecological schools and publications (printed and online). Indicated is the semiotic nature of many linguoecological situations and facts. Raised is the question of the importance of increasingly emerging linguoecological dictionaries. recorded are the results of new knowledge achieved by this science on the relationship of language, communicative practice and their ecology. Mentioned is the place of informational wars, as a result of which a negative ecological syndrome of modern both intra-and intercultural relations is formed. Particularly concerned in this work are the increasingly mentioned facts of the influence of media ecology on language consciousness and communicative personality transformation, from homo sapiens through the stage of homo sentiens into homo confusus. The natural conclusion of the whole article is the thesis that the foundation of many provisions of linguoecology, developed by different scientists within this interparadigmal area, founded by Prof. A.P. Skovorodnikov.