Responsibility Of Public Authorities Research Articles

Development of Electromobility in Poland as a Way to Reduce the Negative Impact of Land Transport on the Climate

Abstract Public authorities should pursue a policy ensuring ecological security for present and future generations. Furthermore, the protection of the environment is the responsibility of public authorities. Environmental protection means all activities and instruments counteracting the deterioration of the environment; it is particularly important in this respect to counteract the negative effects of environmental degradation on health. Under Polish law, climate protection law is one of the most intensively developing areas of public law. This is because the responsibility for environmental protection should lie with the state, as it has all the tools to achieve this goal. In Poland, climate protection issues have found their rightful place in public discourse. Stopping climate change is now covered by a multi-level public policy, in which the leading role is assigned to administrative law regulations. The development of electric vehicles has a significant impact on the decarbonisation of transport, which mainly relies on diesel and petrol. The popularisation of green vehicles requires strategic management of demand for petroleum-based fuels, which is undoubtedly a public task.

Strategic priorities of Polish migration policy during the Russian-Ukrainian war

The Russian-Ukrainian war, along with security and defense issues, brought a change in priorities in the management of migration flows to the agenda. The purpose of the article is to clarify the strategic priorities of Polish migration policy, caused bythe mass migration of Ukrainians. The methodological basis of the research is:interdisciplinary approach, methods of logical analysis, synthesis, forecasting. The article analyzes international and national documents and legal acts that determine Polish migration policy. Special attention is focused on the extreme development of the legal framework of Polish migration policy in relation toUkrainians. On the basis of sociological surveys, the author singles out the two most common variants of the attitude of Poles towards Ukrainian migrants: 1) those who think that Poles should by all means support Ukrainians; 2) those who think that the Poles should help the Ukrainians, but in moderation, for example, to cover the primary needs duringa certain time period. It is natural that the views of ordinary Poles are determined by their own interests, so they believe that citizens of other countries should not enjoy all the benefits at the same level as Polish citizens. The development of standards, principles, rules of behavior of migrants and their integration into Polish society are primarily the directduties and responsibilities of public authorities. The strategic goals of Polish migration policy, formulated before the start of the Russian-Ukrainian war and recorded in documents, remain relevant, only their priority and methods of achievement change. The first positions are now occupied by the ollowing goals – ensuring safe conditions for Poles and persons currently living in Poland; soft integration of migrants into Polish society. Key words: strategy for responsible development, polish migration policy,migration of Ukrainians, perception of Ukrainians, integration of foreigners, strategic priorities.

PECULIARITIES OF CORRUPTION RISK MANAGEMENT IN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

The purpose of the article is to study the essence of corruption risks that may arise in the process of ensuring the economic security of the State; to consider the main ways of managing such risks as a method of improving the interaction between the economic and legal components of modern Ukrainian society. The scientific discussion on the problem of legal regulation of economic security in Ukraine is presented. The concept of legislative provision of economic security of the state is proposed. This concept is defined as a set of normative legal acts and documents that determine the priorities of the state, aimed at increasing the level of competence and responsibility of public authorities in ensuring safe conditions for the functioning of the national economy of the state (as a component of national security) by identifying the main risks and ways to eliminate them. The scientific approaches to the definition of economic security are characterized. The author's vision of the essence of economic security is presented. This essence is understood as the interaction of public authorities to ensure the conditions necessary to protect the national interests of the subjects of socio-economic relations at all levels in order to ensure stable growth of the economic indicator, meet the economic needs of society and simplify state control over the use of economic resources. The main corruption risks that may arise in the process of ensuring the economic security of the state and the peculiarities of their management are considered. Results. The main corruption risks that may arise in the process of ensuring the economic security of the state are highlighted: risks caused by the discretionary powers of the subjects of ensuring the national economic security of the state; risks caused by the conflict of interests of the subjects of ensuring the national economic security of the state; institutional risks caused by the presence of a number of determinants that contribute to the development of the criminal intent of an official to commit a corruption offense; system-wide risks caused by the general instability of functioning and other shortcomings of the economic sphere of the state. It is established that the main methods of managing corruption risks in economic activity are: elimination of formalism by expanding/improving the boundaries and ways of interaction of economic entities; preventing the existence of discretionary powers of economic entities; provision of individuals and legal entities with procedural guarantees of influence on the development of the state economy; prevention of conflicts of interest of economic entities; regular analysis of possible losses from risk; modeling of potentially corrupt situations in the economic sphere of the state; forecasting the growth of corruption and elimination of its determinants by means of criminal law and criminology.

The role of legal responsibility in the implementation of the principle of the unity of public authority in Russia

The subject. The article presents a comprehensive general theoretical analysis of the institution of legal responsibility and its role, taking into account the consolidation of the new constitutional and legal principle of the unity of the system of public power.The purpose of the research is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that it is necessary to legislate a full-fledged mechanism of legal responsibility of state bodies and local self-government bodies in order to implement the constitutional principle of the unity of public power.Methodology. The formal legal method, the method of comparative legal analysis, dialectical method and systemic approach were used.The main results, scope of application. The authors found the manifestation of dualism in the work of the institution of legal responsibility. It consists in the ability to bear responsibility both to the state, in connection with various offenses, and to the population itself. A brief description of the loss of trust as a basis for the responsibility of officials is given, taking into account contemporary legislation. Directions for the further development of this legal institution are highlighted. The article examines the opinion of the Russian Constitutional Court on the legitimacy of using the loss of trust as a basis for the responsibility of public authorities. The article examines the normative legal acts, which fix the mechanism for the implementation of the principle of maintaining trust in the activities of the authorities on the part of society. For example, in relation to state civil and municipal employees, a prohibition has been established on statements about the activities of authorities and their assessment, if such actions are not included in the list of their official duties. Such a mechanism for maintaining public confidence in the work of government bodies should contribute to strengthening the unity of the public power system. At the same time we can talk about the existing trend towards a decrease in the level of public confidence in the work of authorized bodies exercising public authority. The corruption and bureaucratization of the activities of officials, the expansion of the powers of law enforcement agencies, a decrease in the independence of the political opposition are pointed to among the possible reasons most often. In this regard, the paper proposes expanding the grounds for responsibility when implementing the procedure for recalling an official.Conclusions. It is necessary to consolidate a full-fledged legislative mechanism of legal responsibility of state bodies and local self-government bodies, which will contribute to the implementation and strengthening of the new principle of the unity of public authority.

The democratisation of European nature governance 1992\u20132015: introducing the comparative nature governance index

European environmental governance has radically transformed over the past two decades. While traditionally enforcement of environmental law has been the responsibility of public authorities (public authorities of the EU Member States, themselves policed by the European Commission), this paradigm has now taken a democratic turn. Led by changes in international environmental law and in particular the UNECE Aarhus Convention (UNECE, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Convention (1998). Convention on access to information, public participation in decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (the Aarhus Convention), signed on June 25, 1998.), EU law now gives important legal rights to members of the public and environmental non-governmental organisations (“ENGOs”) to become involved in environmental governance, by means of accessing environmental information, participating in environmental decision-making and bringing legal proceedings. While doctrinal legal and regulatory scholarship on this embrace of “bottom-up” private environmental governance is now substantial, there has been relatively little quantitative research in the field. This article represents a first step in mapping this evolution of environmental governance laws in the EU. We employ a leximetrics methodology, coding over 6000 environmental governance laws from three levels of legal sources (international, EU and national), to provide the first systematic data showing the transformation of European environmental governance regimes. We develop the Nature Governance Index (“NGI”) to measure how the enforcement tools deployed in international, EU and national law have changed over time, from the birth of the EU’s flagship nature conservation law, the 1992 Habitats Directive (Directive 92/43/EEC). At the national level, we focus on three EU Member States (France, Ireland and the Netherlands) to enable a fine-grained measurement of the changes in national nature governance laws over time. This article introduces our unique datasets and the NGI, describes the process used to collect the datasets and its limitations, and compares the evolution in laws at the international, EU and national levels over the 23-year period from 1992–2015. Our findings provide strong empirical confirmation of the democratic turn in European environmental governance, while revealing the significant divergences between legal systems that remain absent express harmonisation of the Aarhus Convention’s principles in EU law. Our data also set the foundations for future quantitative legal research, enabling deeper analysis of the relationships between the different levels of multilevel environmental governance.

Stages of safety risk assessment of civil servants

Purpose. The article explores the topical topic of assessing the security risk of public servants. One of the main responsibilities of public authorities is to protect national security, that is, to protect the country and the community from threats related to disorderly conduct and welfare. Relevance. The urgency of the problem of assessing the risk of public servants is to research and substantiate the appropriate methodology for the effectiveness of the assessment. The recommended methodology for risk assessment is unique in that the main focus is on the risks posed by persons having legitimate access to the assets of public authorities. It is simple, reliable, flexible and transparent. It can be used on its own or as a supplement to an existing risk assessment program. Although the guidance explains how to check the risks posed by a person to a valuable asset, it does not attempt to indicate which of these assets is the most important or which employee group may be the most threatening. Results. The recommended risk assessment methodology provides the basis for the work, but in order for this work to be successful in accordance with the methodology, it is necessary to identify appropriate positions in the public authority for professionals with their further access to the necessary information. The stages of the risk assessment process highlight the threat identification and vulnerability assessment. It has been established that the risk assessment process consists in the importance of following the risk assessment process step by step and the lack of assumptions about the final results. Therefore, the article examines the risk assessment process carried out at the appropriate levels. Conclusions. It turns out that risk assessments are most effective when they are an integral part of the risk management process. This helps to transform risk assessment into action. The best results are achieved when the risk assessment team is composed of: employees and security teams responsible for risk management, persons with deep knowledge of specific areas of activity of employees, external specialists in the field of risk assessment. To maximize the benefits of employee safety risk assessment: Risk assessment requires discussion and benefits from the exchange of views from various areas of government.

Strategic planning for socio-economic development of communities as a tool of regional policy implementation

At present, considerable attention is being paid to substantiating and deepening the conceptual framework for the implementation of public regional development policy. The modernization of the public administration system entails redistribution of tasks, powers and resources at the central, regional and local levels, which will promote efficient cooperation between regions and communities, increase initiative and responsibility of public authorities in the region. 
 In this context, the necessity and importance of strategic planning becomes of high priority, which is stipulated by the possibility of using it as an efficient tool for coordination and cooperation of governmental institutions, business structures and civic organizations, optimal use of available territorial resources. 
 Strategic planning is an integrating force that organizes and directs the process of developing strategic goals and creates the basis for the distribution of resources at the level of regional authorities [1, с.221].
 At the regional level, public policy is implemented by selecting priorities and substantiating the strategy for the development of long-term and current forecasts of the socio-economic development of the region; forming a regional budget; coordinating the work of local authorities in resolving interregional issues; ensuring environmental protection and rational nature use; equalizing the living standards of the population of administrative territorial units of the region; creating highly developed social infrastructure; developing and managing recreational economy; regulating the energy consumption in the territory; encouraging foreign investment and etc. 
 The formation and implementation of public regional policy is based on an integral approach, which involves a combination of the following components: sectoral – increasing the level of competitiveness of regions by optimizing and diversifying the structure of the economy, ensuring effective specialization of regions with the prioritized use of the own resource potential; territorial (spatial) – achieving even and balanced development of territories, developing interregional cooperation, preventing intensification of socio-economic disproportions by forming “growth poles”, activating local economic initiatives and strengthening rural potential, ensuring the socio-economic unity and evenness of regional development in order to create equal conditions for human development; managerial – applying single approaches to forming and implementing regional development policy, creating a single system of strategic planning and forecasting of the development of the State and regions, optimizing the system of territorial organization of power [2, с.11].

LEADING PRACTICES OF INTRODUCTION OF MECHANISMS OF ECOLOGICAL PROGRESS OF NATIONAL ECONOMY

The article is devoted to the analysis of leading practices of introduction of mechanisms of ecological progress of national economy. It is established that ecological progress is carried out by reducing the level of greenhouse gas emissions, the introduction of programs to preserve the environment and the viability of ecosystems, increase the consumption of renewable energy. As the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions in Ukraine are industry, energy and transport, it is important to implement mechanisms for ecological progress of the national economy, taking into account the successful world experience, which will allow to adapt effective mechanisms in Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to determine the effective mechanisms of ecological progress of the national economy and the formation of recommendations for its provision, taking into account the experience of leading countries. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: to identify indicators of environmental progress, to analyze indicators of indicators of environmental progress in Ukraine and leading countries, to explore effective measures to ensure environmental progress of leading national economies. The main methods used in the study - systematization, comparison, analysis, synthesis, generalization. To compare the ecological progress of national economies around the world, we chose the main indicators that provide an opportunity to assess the ecological progress of the national economy, namely: the index of environmental efficiency, total greenhouse gas emissions per $ 1,000. GDP, Environmental Index, Ecosystem Viability Index, Share of Renewable Energy Consumption, Existing Environmental Agreements. According to the results of the study of state policy of the leading countries of the world, the main measures of the state authorities of Ukraine and the leading countries of the world in the direction of ecological progress have been determined. According to the results of the study of measures on ecological breakthrough in the leading countries, a number of recommendations have been formed for Ukraine on the formation (formation) of components of ecological progress in the economy, taking into account the functions and responsibilities of public authorities. These recommendations should be used in the process of forming state policy to ensure sustainable development, stimulate and support the introduction of innovative environmental technologies in the economy.

THE ROLE OF INTERNAL AUDIT IN THE EVALUATION OF URBAN LOCAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES

The article presents the role and tasks of internal audit in the assessment of public expenditures in a selected area for municipal governments in Łódź, Piotrków Trybunalski and Skierniewice in Poland. The research found, among other things, that internal audits contribute to a more rational spending of funds from the city budget on public administration activities. In addition, it has also been shown that internal audit is a helpful tool in ensuring reasonable expenses for public finance sector entities. The assessment and monitoring of expenses is the responsibility of public authorities, to ensure rational financial management of a given local government unit. The aim of the article is to present internal audit as an important tool to support city authorities in assessing the expenditure of municipalities in a selected area. For the purposes of this publication, local government units from the Łódź Voivodeship, i.e. a city with district status, were selected as an example for analysis. In this article, case study, analytical method, inference method and document examination method were used as research methods. To make the necessary analyses, materials made available by the surveyed entities and data available in public registers collected by authorized institutions were used.

Kilka uwag o odpowiedzialności władzy publicznej w Polsce

Responsibility of public authorities is a special guarantee of the legality of a democratic state. The right to compensation is provided not only for the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, but also other legal acts of a statutory rank. Every year courts in Poland adjudicate on compensation cases, awarding them in many cases. The costs of errors of public authority are borne by the State Treasury, and they are not small.

Mandatory judicial constitutional review in Russia: problems of the theory and practice

The paper shows the specificity of compulsory judicial constitutional review, reveals its role in the mechanism of legal protection of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. This institution is intended to guarantee constitutionality in the exercise of certain powers of the supreme state authorities, being an integral part of the legal composition of a decision made by public authorities that has constitutional significance (the application of measures of responsibility of public authorities, acceptance of a new constituent entity of the Russian Federation, convening of a referendum of the Russian Federation). In some cases, mandatory constitutional review is used as a means of ensuring constitutional legality of judicial law enforcement. The paper analyzes the features of compulsory judicial constitutional review: the emergence of a constitutional law dispute in this case is not always a prerequisite for appeal to the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation; the need for such appeal is provided for by mandatory legislation or follows from the legal stance of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation; some principles of constitutional proceedings in relation to the order of consideration of such cases demonstarte their regulatory impact in a special way.

Konstytucyjny obowiązek zapewnienia szczególnej opieki zdrowotnej dzieciom, kobietom ciężarnym, osobom niepełnosprawnym i osobom w podeszłym wieku przez władze publiczne

Responsibilities in the field of health care have been imposed on public authorities in the Polish Constitution. The most important of these is the need to ensure citizens, regardless of their financial situation, equal access to healthcare services financed from public funds. Other responsibilities of public authorities is to provide special healthcare to children, pregnant women, disabled people and elderly people, as well as to combat epidemic illnesses and prevent the negative health effects of environmental degradation. In addition, the State should promote the development of physical culture, particularly among children and young people. The considerations undertaken in the article apply primarily to implementing of the above-mentioned liability of providing high-quality health care for children, pregnant women, disabled people and elderly people. Regrettably, the analysis of binding legal acts, current health care programs and the Commissioner of Patients’ Rights reports leads to the conclusion that the State does not fulfil the obligation in a satisfactory manner.

Pedagogy and education

Pedagogy is the discipline that deals with the theory and practice of education; it thus concerns the study of how efficiently teaching can be done. Spanning a broad range of practice, its aims range from furthering liberal education (the general development of human potential) to the narrowing specifics of vocational education (the imparting and acquisition of specific skills). Teacher education should provide space for engagement with issues and concerns of India’s pluralistic nature; issues of identity, gender, equity, poverty and diversity. This would enable teachers to contextualize education and evolve a deeper understanding of its purpose and its relationship with society and humanity. It is also important to understand the classroom as a social context, as it provides a setting for interaction, generation of dialogue and the opportunity to appreciate diverse perspectives on a given issue. Instructive strategies are governed by the pupil's background knowledge and experience, situation, and environment, as well as learning goals set by the student and teacher. One example would be the Socratic schools of thought.Roles and responsibilities of public authorities, schools, higher education institutions and other agencies are shifting and new demands are being placed on education systems to adapt to the changing needs of society and the nation.Herbartianism refers to the movement underpinned by Herbart's theoretical perspectives. This paper deals with specific aspects of pedagogical components. Some definitions of pedagogy are given and learning outcome areas that characterize the teaching qualifications are also considered in this paper.Education reformers see the teacher's role as changing from disseminator of information to facilitator of learning. Education reformers see teachers as professionals who need the feedback and support of fellow professionals.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE MECHANISMS OF COORDINATION OF THE MONETARY AND BUDGET POLICY IN THE CONTEXT OF OVERCOMING THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE BANKING CRISIS

У статті проведено систематизацію основних напрямів розвитку механізмів координації монетарної і бюджетної політики в Україні та визначено, що в сучасних умовах відбувається домінування бюджетної політики уряду над монетарною політикою центрального банку. Обґрунтовано переваги та недоліки використання дискреційної та недискреційної політики, запропоновано систему заходів щодо поєднання правил і процедур розроблення та реалізації монетарної і бюджетної політики, визначено основні напрями вдосконалення боргової та антиінфляційної політики з метою збалансованого розвитку фінансової та грошової систем країни, подолання наслідків банківської кризи, забезпечення загальної макрофінансової стабільності та сталого економічного розвитку.

Relevance to define responsibility for decision-making in the documents of strategic development of the Russian Federation’s subjects

The article analyzes the theoretical foundations and problems of the formation of the corpus of strategic planning documents in terms of identifying eligible entities as carriers of responsibility for their preparation and execution. Using the example of the Strategy for Economic and Social Development of St Petersburg for the period up to 2035, an attempt is made to determine the scope and subjects of responsibility for making state-type management decisions suitable for implementation at the level of a specific subject within Russia. The authors propose approaches to solving the problems of correctly identifying the subjects of responsibility according to the goals of the strategy for further monitoring and identifying legal violations in the activities of authorities while discussing important political and legal issues of responsibility of public authorities to citizens and the business community. Keywords: responsibility, state and municipal structures, decision-making, development strategy, city.

Moral economy in a global era: the politics of provisions during contemporary food price spikes

The wave of food riots since 2007 revived interest in why people protest in periods of dearth, yet research has to date failed to make sense of the political cultures of food protests. The concept of the moral economy in European history is explored here to make sense of contemporary political perspectives on how food markets should work in Bangladesh, Indonesia, Kenya and Zambia. The concrete expressions of these moral economies are localized and politically contingent, yet there are broad areas of common ground across settings. As with the moral economies of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe, there is strong popular feeling against speculation and collusion in food markets in times of dearth, and an emphasis on the responsibilities of public authorities to act. But whereas the moral economy in European histories focused on customary paternalistic obligations, the contemporary emphasis is on formal and electoral accountabilities as a means of triggering public action. The paper concludes with a discussion of a research agenda on the moral economy and the politics of provisions in globalised present-day food markets.

Public authority liability in negligence: the continued search for coherence

The liability of public authorities in negligence continues to be a problematic area of the law. Some of the difficulties have been caused by the adoption by the courts of unnecessary and unworkable tests, in addition to the ordinary principles of the law of negligence. This is normally done to restrict liability, as with the policy–operational dichotomy, and the propositions that no liability can arise in respect of an act that ‘falls within the ambit of a statutory discretion’ or where the matter is non-justiciable. Sometimes the intention seems to be to extend liability, as with the suggestion that, generally, a duty of care may arise where there is an irrational failure to exercise a statutory power. Recent cases have helpfully continued the process of removing these special rules, leaving matters to be dealt with by the ordinary principles of negligence. Those principles enable proper account to be taken of the particular functions and responsibilities of public authorities. However, the cases remain difficult and the outcomes can still give rise to debate and disagreement. Insofar as there is a good case for extending the range of situations in which compensation is available in respect of the careless or unlawful acts of public authorities, it would be better to develop ex gratia schemes and the provision of remedies through ombudsmen than to extend the law of tort.

Edwin Chadwick and the genesis of the English welfare state

The early to middle nineteenth century saw a radical change in the nature of the British state, with many activities becoming the responsibility of public authorities. A key figure in this process was the journalist Edwin Chadwick. Anthony Brundage's new biography, England's Prussian Minister, gives a clear and arresting picture of the political processes which led to this growth and of Chadwick's role. However, his account is limited because of his acceptance of the necessity for government growth, which recent research shows to be problematic.

STRESS AND STRAIN IN MODERN LIVING : SPECIAL OPPORTUNITIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF PUBLIC AUTHORITIES. (Proceedings of a Conference held by the National Association for Mental Health, March, 1954. Pp. I12. Price 7s. 6d.)

STRESS AND STRAIN IN MODERN LIVING : SPECIAL OPPORTUNITIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF PUBLIC AUTHORITIES. (Proceedings of a Conference held by the National Association for Mental Health, March, 1954. Pp. I12. Price 7s. 6d.)