Response Of Different Stages Research Articles

Rapid Autopsy to Define Dendritic Cell Spatial Distribution and T Cell Association in Lung Adenocarcinoma.

Immunotherapy response is associated with the presence of conventional dendritic cells (cDCs). cDC type 1 (cDC1) is critically important for CD8+ T cell activation, cDC type 2 (cDC2) regulates CD4+ T cell responses, and mature regulatory cDCs may dampen T cell responses in the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, we lack a clear understanding of cDC distribution in the human TME, cDC prevalence in metastatic sites, and cDC differences in early- versus late-stage disease. Rapid autopsy specimens of 10 patients with lung adenocarcinoma were evaluated to detect cDCs and immune cells via multiplex immunofluorescence using 18 markers and 42 tumors. First, we found that T cells, cDC1, and cDC2 were confined to stroma, whereas mature regulatory DCs were enriched in tumor, suggesting unique localization-specific functions. Second, lung and lymph node tumors were more enriched in T cells and cDCs than liver tumors, underscoring differences in the TME of metastatic sites. Third, although the proportion of T cells and cDC1 did not differ in different stages, an increase in the proportion of cDC2 and macrophages in late stage suggests potential differences in regulation of T cell responses in different stages. Collectively, these findings provide new, to our knowledge, insights into cDC biology in human cancer that may have important therapeutic implications.

Macroinvertebrate Response to Internal Nutrient Loading Increases in Shallow Eutrophic Lakes.

In eutrophic lakes, even if external loading is controlled, internal nutrient loading delays the recovery of lake eutrophication. When the input of external pollutants is reduced, the dissolved oxygen environment at the sediment interface improves in a season without algal blooms. As an important part of lake ecosystems, macroinvertebrates are sensitive to hypoxia caused by eutrophication; however, how this change affects macroinvertebrates is still unknown. In this study, we analysed the monitoring data of northern Lake Taihu from 2007 to 2019. After 2007, the external loading of Lake Taihu was relatively stable, but eutrophication began to intensify after 2013, and the nutrients in the sediments also began to decline, which was related to the efficient use of nutrients by algal blooms. The community structure and population density of macroinvertebrates showed different responses in different stages. In particular, the density of oligochaetes and the Shannon-Wiener index showed significant differences in their response to different stages, and their sensitivity to eutrophication was significantly reduced. Under eutrophication conditions dominated by internal loading, frequent hypoxia occurs at the sediment interface only when an algal bloom erupts. When there is no bloom, the probability of sediment hypoxia is significantly reduced under the disturbance of wind. Our results indicate that the current method for evaluating lake eutrophication based on oligochaetes and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index may lose its sensitivity.

An investigation of effects of a non-repetitive preferred music on physiological responses amongst a group of chronic tinnitus patients

A kind of specific music, which was non-repetitive and fulfilled the individualized preferences of tinnitus patients, has been shown to be effective in relieving tinnitus in short term. Currently, the effects of the specific music on physiological responses of tinnitus patients were unknown, which was the main objective of this study. Thirty patients suffering from chronic tinnitus were involved in this study for a three-week specific music intervention. During this period, tinnitus patients received four measurements, each of which simultaneously collected electrocardiogram (ECG), photoplethysmogram (PPG), respiration (RSP), and surface electromyogram (EMG) signals to measure physiological responses, such as activities of autonomic nervous system (ANS) and mental stress. The effects of the specific music were evaluated by differences of physiological responses in different stages (before, during, and after specific music intervention). Significant differences (p ≤ 0.001) of physiological parameters among the three stages were observed. Results indicated that the specific music might be helpful to increase HRV, enhance activities of parasympathetic nervous system, and mitigate the mental stress of tinnitus patients.

Humoral immune responses in different stages of wound healing in Black Bengal goats.

The current study was carried out to assess the humoral immune responses according to age at different stages of wound healing in Black Bengal goats (BBG). Apparently, healthy BBGs (n = 20) were collected and divided into five groups based on their age: Group A (control, 3 years), Group B (3 to 5 years), Group C (2 to <3 years), Group D (1 to <2 years), and Group E (<1 year). Except for control, all BBGs were allowed to have artificial surgical wounds, and follow-up data were collected from day 0 to 21. The humoral immune responses [immunoglobulins (Igs) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)] were determined by ELISA using commercial goat ELISA kits. Statistical Product and Service Solutions (Version 20) was used to analyze the data. The normal range of immune cells in control BBGs was immunoglobulin G (IgG) (20.21 ± 0.13 mg/ml), immunoglobulin M (IgM) (2.87 ± 0.0.05 mg/ml), immunoglobulin A (IgA) (0.33 ± 0.01 mg/ml), and IL-6 (1.6 ± 0.05 pg/ml). In this experiment, higher concentrations of IgG (21.11 ± 0.20 mg/ml), IgM (2.92 ± 0.04 mg/ml), IgA (0.35 ± 0.02 mg/ml), and IL-6 (1.62 ± 0.05 pg/ml) were found in Group B BBGs, whereas the lower levels of IgG, IgM, IgA, and IL-6 were found at 17.16 ± 0.18 mg/ml, 2.12 ± 0.01 mg/ml, 0.29 ± 0.03 mg/ml, and 1.55 ± 0.05 pg/ml, respectively, in the Group E BBGs. Rapid wound healing was observed in the older groups compared to the younger groups of BBGs. The concentrations of Igs (IgG, IgM, and IgA) and IL-6 were gradually increased in all groups from day 3 (early inflammatory stage) and day 7 (late inflammatory stage), and then they decreased gradually from day 14 (proliferative stage) to reach the final stage of day 21 (remodeling stage), where the concentrations were found to be at a level comparable to their per-incisional period. No gender-related differences were detected. Adult BBGs (3 to 5 years old) showed faster wound repair and stronger immune responses. This finding may assist veterinarians and researchers in considering age-related immune responses for the recovery and rapid cure of surgical wounds.

Overcoming Obstacles in Liquid Biopsy Developments for Prostate Cancer.

Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies in men. Over time, it can metastasize and become lethal once it exhausts hormonal therapies and transitions into castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Several therapies have been recently approved for advanced prostate cancer, but identifying biomarkers for current treatments and searching for more effective treatments are urgently needed. Liquid biopsy is a powerful tool for isolating genetic material, proteins, and whole tumor cells from the blood. In recent decades, this technology has rapidly advanced, allowing for better insights into the pathogenesis and treatment response in different stages of prostate cancer. In this review, we summarize important clinical studies involving liquid biopsies in prostate cancer with a focus on advanced disease, notably regarding circulating tumor DNA, circulating tumor cells, and exosomes. We highlight the progress and the challenges that still exist for these technologies. Finally, we discuss promising avenues that will further expand the importance of liquid biopsy in the care for prostate cancer patients.

The Game Theory Modeling of the Conflict between the Jammer Set, and the ARM Missile with the Search Radar Set and the Missile Equipped with HOJ to Find the Best Response of the Parties

&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; One of the points that can be deduced from the study of common methods and techniques in electronic warfare is that none of these methods is considered absolute winners and the holder can’t consider himself the undisputed winner of this field because there is more or less the opposite of every technique. Using a method or tool in a situation can be very effective, but it becomes a weakness when a competitor changes the method or tool. Therefore, in this battle, the correct and timely use of any technique and with full knowledge of the opponent and in accordance with the actions performed by him can be considered a factor of success and use all useful tools in this field. One of the useful tools in the field of strategic decision analysis is the game theory. With the help of this mathematical tool, the decision-making process between two or more decision-makers can be examined and the results can be analyzed. It is also possible to observe the effect of various parameters involved in the result of the problem and plan the result in the desired direction. In this paper, the selection of the best response in different stages of the conflict to solve different problems has been achieved. The main purpose is to provide a new approach to adopt a strategy, select radar technique, destructive response in case of incomplete information from each. The second goal is to use mathematical and algorithmic methods for better performance in the functionality of the parties.

Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound for Monitoring Treatment Response in Different Stages of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Simple SummaryThe evaluation of tumor response to anti-cancer therapy is critical in oncology for the prompt determination of subsequent treatment and follow-up strategies. Historically, response criteria have been based on tumor size changes; however, since the development of locoregional and molecular-targeted therapies in HCC (which act by disrupting tumor vascularization rather than tumor cells), changes in tumor vascularity and enhancement patterns have been considered to be more reliable. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and dynamic CEUS, which allow microvessel perfusion studies, are emerging as promising tools for early tumor response evaluation. This article provides a general review of the current literature regarding the usefulness of CEUS in monitoring HCC response to therapy, highlighting the role of the procedure at different stages of the disease.The capacity of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) to detect microvessel perfusion has received much attention in cancer imaging since it can be used to evaluate the enhancement patterns of the lesions during all vascular phases in real time, with higher temporal resolution as compared other imaging modalities. A rich body of literature has demonstrated the potential usefulness of CEUS in the assessment of HCC in response to both locoregional and systemic therapies. It is useful to evaluate the efficacy of ablation immediately after treatment to provide guidance for the retreatment of residual unablated tumors. In patients treated with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), CEUS showed a high degree of concordance with computed tomography and magnetic resonance for the differentiation of responders from non-responders. Dynamic CEUS (D-CEUS) has emerged as a promising tool for the depicting changes in tumor perfusion during anti-angiogenetic treatment that can be associated with tumor response and clinical outcome. This article provides a general review of the current literature regarding the usefulness of CEUS in monitoring HCC response to therapy, highlighting the role of the procedure in different stages of the disease.

ILC2s induce adaptive Th2-type immunity in different stages of tuberculosis through the Notch-GATA3 pathway

The study is to investigate the roles of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in different courses of tuberculosis (TB). Serum and PBMCs were respectively isolated from the TST negative, LTBI (latent TB infection), ATB (active TB) and RTB (recurrent TB) patients. Flow cytometry was used to detect Th1, Th2 and ILC2s in the peripheral blood. The mRNA and protein levels of GATA3, RORα, CRTH2, Hes1, Notch1, NF-κB, and ID2 were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blotting. ILC2 cells from ATB and RTB patients were stimulated with rJagged2 or DAPT in vitro, and co-cultured with CD4+ T cells from TST negative group. ELISA was used to detect cytokine levels. The results showed that compared with the TST negative or LTBI group, Th2 cells and serum IL-4 in ATB group increased dramatically, accompanied by an increase of Th2/Th1 ratio in ATB patients, especially in RTB group. However, ILC2s in the ATB and RTB group increased significantly, along with increased GATA3, RORα, and CRTH2 levels. After rJagged2 stimulation in vitro, the levels of Hes1, Notch1, NF-κB, RORα, GATA3 and ID2 and those of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 were significantly increased. These effects were abrogated by DAPT treatment. Then, ILC2s, especially those from RTB patients, induced Th2-type immune response after co-culturing with CD4+ T cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that ILC2s may promote Th2-type immune response in different stages of TB via the Notch-GATA3 pathway.

Institutional complexity and family business development: a case study of the Charoen Pokphand group

PurposeWith features of both “family” and “business,” family businesses must seek a balance between the emotional aspect of “family” and the economic aspect of “business” in its organizational and decision-making processes to ensure the sustainability of the family’s entrepreneurship. This study aims to focus on how internal institutional complexity combined evolves alongside the growth of the family business.Design/methodology/approachThe research looks, from the perspective of institutional logic, into the Charoen Pokphand Group, which is an epitome of overseas Chinese family businesses and proceeds to build a model of family business growth in the context of institutional complexity.FindingsThe research finds that as a family business grows, institutional complexity inside the organization would change from aligned period to sustaining period and then to dominant period. Then further elucidates the process of proactive response in different stages of the development of a family business. Attaching equal importance to the cultivation of entrepreneurship and to the continuation of family values and culture is the crucial mechanism by which Chinese family businesses seek a balance between family logic and business logic.Originality/valueThis paper unveils the change of institutional complexity in the evolution of family businesses and the process of action of its agency as an organization, and simultaneously partly reveals the features of entrepreneurship that overseas Chinese family businesses have as they grew, which is of positive significance for exploring and building a path of growth unique to Chinese family businesses.

Studying the Innate Immune Response to Myocardial Infarction in a Highly Efficient Experimental Animal Model

Abstract The reduction in mortality following acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is an important achievement of modern medicine. Despite this progress, AMI remains the most common cause of heart failure (HF) and HF-related morbidity and mortality. The involvement of the innate immune response in different stages after AMI has at tracted important attention in recent years. With the increasing range of potential therapeutic compounds and delivery vectors, the need of highly efficient experimental AMI models is increasing, to support further advancement in this field. Here, we present a high-throughput model for the assessment of the innate immune response to AMI. The model is based on permanent surgical ligation of the left descending coronary artery (LAD) in mice, followed by complex flow-cytometry and histological analyses of immune cellular populations in blood and myocardium. We are presenting time-dependent qualitative and quantitative analysis results, demonstrating intense accumulation of Ly6Ghi neutrophils and Ly6Chi monocytes in the infarcted myocardium on days 1 and 3 post-AMI, followed by successive accumulation of reparatory Ly6CloMerTKhi macrophages, neovascularization and fibrosis development by day 7.

Bayesian inversion for unified ductile phase-field fracture

The prediction of crack initiation and propagation in ductile failure processes are challenging tasks for the design and fabrication of metallic materials and structures on a large scale. Numerical aspects of ductile failure dictate a sub-optimal calibration of plasticity- and fracture-related parameters for a large number of material properties. These parameters enter the system of partial differential equations as a forward model. Thus, an accurate estimation of the material parameters enables the precise determination of the material response in different stages, particularly for the post-yielding regime, where crack initiation and propagation take place. In this work, we develop a Bayesian inversion framework for ductile fracture to provide accurate knowledge regarding the effective mechanical parameters. To this end, synthetic and experimental observations are used to estimate the posterior density of the unknowns. To model the ductile failure behavior of solid materials, we rely on the phase-field approach to fracture, for which we present a unified formulation that allows recovering different models on a variational basis. In the variational framework, incremental minimization principles for a class of gradient-type dissipative materials are used to derive the governing equations. The overall formulation is revisited and extended to the case of anisotropic ductile fracture. Three different models are subsequently recovered by certain choices of parameters and constitutive functions, which are later assessed through Bayesian inversion techniques. A step-wise Bayesian inversion method is proposed to determine the posterior density of the material unknowns for a ductile phase-field fracture process. To estimate the posterior density function of ductile material parameters, three common Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques are employed: (i) the Metropolis–Hastings algorithm, (ii) delayed-rejection adaptive Metropolis, and (iii) ensemble Kalman filter combined with MCMC. To examine the computational efficiency of the MCMC methods, we employ the hat{R}{-}convergence tool. The resulting framework is algorithmically described in detail and substantiated with numerical examples.

Find the Best Answer in the Conflict Scenario of Fighters with Electronic Warfare and a set of Defense Radars without Having Complete Information from Each other

Choosing a strategy for electronic conflicts in the field of action and situations similar to the problem scenario is a matter of experience and will not necessarily be the best possible choice. Therefore, the importance of providing a reasonable and measurable decision-making method in choosing a strategy in real conditions is quite clear. One of the points that can be deduced from the study of common methods and techniques in electronic warfare is that none of these methods are considered absolute winners and the holder can’t consider himself the undisputed winner of the field. Because there is more or less the opposite of any technique. Using a method or tool in a situation may be very effective, but with a change of method or change of tool by the competitor, it becomes a weakness. Therefore, in this battle, the correct and timely use of each technique, and with full knowledge of the opponent and in accordance with the actions performed by him can be considered a factor of success and all useful tools in this field can be used. One of the most useful tools in the field of strategic decision analysis is game theory. With the help of this mathematical tool, the decision-making process between two or more decision-makers can be examined and the results can be analyzed. It is also possible to observe the effect of various parameters involved in the result of the problem, and to plan the result in the desired direction. In this paper, selecting the best response in different stages of the conflict to solve various such problems is achieved and the main purpose is to present a new approach to adopt a strategy and select the radar and disruptive coping technique in case of incomplete information from each other, using a method It is mathematical and algorithmic, so that we have a better performance in the benefit function of the parties.

Modeling the temperature‐dependent viscoelastic behavior of glass fabric with binder in the compaction process

AbstractThe strain response and influence of elevated temperature on the viscoelastic behavior of fabric in the compaction process cannot be described and predicted by current viscoelastic models. Here, a viscoelastic model, verified by compaction experiments, is originally proposed to depict the stress and strain responses in different stages of the compaction, especially considering the effects of added binder and elevated temperature. The model effectively captures that with the rising temperature, the interaction among fibers is enhanced due to the fiber volume expansion. Accordingly, the elastic modulus is enlarged in the compression stage. In the relaxation stage, the interaction suppresses the fiber realignment, leading to the reduction of stress relaxation. In the creep stage, the elevated temperature increases the deformation stiffness, indicating the strain is declined. In the relaxation stage, the adhesive effect of added binder facilitates the stress relaxation, and then the increasing stress relaxation promotes the increment of strain in the creep stage.

The Role Of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis .

This study aims at emphasizing the role of MRS in management of post therapeutic response of different stages of the disease of multiple sclerosisBackground : Multiple Sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory, and degenerative autoimmune disorder of the CNS that is characterized by unpredictable clinical relapses and remissions and by progression of disability over time. MRS has the ability to characterize the chemical pathology of brain, as well as regions of the brain that are not associated with structural abnormalities on conventional MRI. So it can help to define the natural history of the disease process and it can help in monitoring metabolic responses to therapy Patients and Methods : A study, included 40 patients who presented with clinically diagnosed multiple sclerosis followed by conventional MRI and referred for further assessment by MR spectroscopy study .Results : The age of included patients ranged from 18 to 45 years with a mean age of 34.67±8.23 years. 60% of the patients were females and 40% of them were males, the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of H-MRS in the diagnosis of MS were 94.4%, 76.2%, 71.5% respectively compared to 87.3%, 69.2%, and 65.8% in case of c-MRI.Conclusion Adding MR spectroscopy to conventional MRI increases the specificity and accuracy of MRI study in diagnosis and follow up of therapeutic response of Multiple sclerosis

Effect of biological and anthropogenic sound on the orientation behavior of four species of brachyuran crabs

The settlement phase of crustaceans is critical and can ultimately affect their population structure. Underwater sound has been proposed as one of the most important sensory cues used by these animals during this phase because it can provide direction and habitat quality information. Here, we evaluated the effect of different acoustic signals (biological and anthropogenic) on the orientation response of different stages (megalopae and juveniles) of 4 brachyuran crabs (Cyrtograpsus angulatus, C. altimanus, Neohelice granulata, Leptuca uruguayensis) from Mar Chiquita coastal lagoon in Argentina. A binary choice chamber system was used, and different sound sources (crustacean, fish and motorboat signals) selected from recordings of the lagoon soundscape were reproduced. C. angulatus megalopae and juveniles responded positively towards crustacean signals, while juveniles responded negatively towards fish sounds. N. granulata juveniles orientated negatively towards crustacean, motorboat and fish signals. C. altimanus and L. uruguayensis juveniles did not respond to fish signals. The results support the idea that invertebrates can discriminate among conspecific signals and highlight the role of sound on prey-predator relationships. The behavioral orientation response to the motorboat sound evidences a presumably negative effect of anthropogenic sound on the biological interactions of species. This information is important, given the urgent need to increase knowledge about coastal marine lagoons to enhance their protection, especially considering the role of the key species of crabs in this habitat.

The dynamic changes in cytokine responses in COVID-19: a snapshot of the current state of knowledge.

“The role of cytokines in COVID-19” online symposium was presented on 18 June 2020 by the NIH/FDA Immunology and Cytokine Interest Groups and was purposed to discuss our rapidly changing understanding of COVID-19-related cytokine responses in different stages of infection, including the etiologies, downstream consequences and possible mitigation strategies. The recording is available at https://nci.rev.vbrick.com/sharevideo/03106730-66cc-47ba-870b-f6e6274a998a .

DESIGN AND EXPERIMENT OF A HIGH PAYLOAD FIXED WING VTOL UAV SYSTEM FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE

Abstract. With the development of UAV technologies, the advantages of hybrid VTOL UAV have been realized and taken in emergency response. But, former hybrid VTOL UAV is lack of capacities on payload and endurance, which restrict the integration of multiple sensors. In this paper, a high payload fixed wing VTOL UAV, which has 20 kg payload and more than 3 hours endurance, is used to design a UAV system for emergency response. Multiple sensors including an optronics pod, PhaseOne IXM-100 camera, high accuracy inertial navigation system and three-axis stable head are integrated with it. Based on this, specific processing software is developed to process the video data and image which could meet the requirements of emergency response in different stages. Experiment results shown that the precision of mosaic image is about 10m and the precision of orthoimage is about 1m. This work could be reference for the design and practice of UAV system with multiple sensors.

High extracellular lactate causes reductive carboxylation in breast tissue cell lines grown under normoxic conditions.

In cancer tumors, lactate accumulation was initially attributed to high glucose consumption associated with the Warburg Effect. Now it is evident that lactate can also serve as an energy source in cancer cell metabolism. Additionally, lactate has been shown to promote metastasis, generate gene expression patterns in cancer cells consistent with “cancer stem cell” phenotypes, and result in treatment resistant tumors. Therefore, the goal of this work was to quantify the impact of lactate on metabolism in three breast cell lines (one normal and two breast cancer cell lines—MCF 10A, MCF7, and MDA-MB-231), in order to better understand the role lactate may have in different disease cell types. Parallel labeling metabolic flux analysis (13C-MFA) was used to quantify the intracellular fluxes under normal and high extracellular lactate culture conditions. Additionally, high extracellular lactate cultures were labelled in parallel with [U-13C] lactate, which provided qualitative information regarding the lactate uptake and metabolism. The 13C-MFA model, which incorporated the measured extracellular fluxes and the parallel labeling mass isotopomer distributions (MIDs) for five glycolysis, four tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), and three intracellular amino acid metabolites, predicted lower glycolysis fluxes in the high lactate cultures. All three cell lines experienced reductive carboxylation of glutamine to citrate in the TCA cycle as a result of high extracellular lactate. Reductive carboxylation previously has been observed under hypoxia and other mitochondrial stresses, whereas these cultures were grown aerobically. In addition, this is the first study to investigate the intracellular metabolic responses of different stages of breast cancer progression to high lactate exposure. These results provide insight into the role lactate accumulation has on metabolic reaction distributions in the different disease cell types while the cells are still proliferating in lactate concentrations that do not significantly decrease exponential growth rates.

Microstructure and ablation properties of SiC/ZrB2–SiC/ZrB2/SiC multilayer coating on graphite

To improve ablation resistance of graphite, SiC/ZrB2-SiC/ZrB2/SiC coating was prepared by pack cementation and CVD. SiC/ZrB2–SiC/ZrB2/SiC coating showed excellent ablation resistance, its mass and linear ablation rate were only 0.27 mg/s and 0.57 μm/s after ablation under oxyacetylene flame for 298 s. CVD ZrB2/SiC layer significantly improved the ablation resistance of SiC/ZrB2–SiC/ZrB2/SiC coating. During ablation, the surface temperature gradually increased until it stabilized around 2220 °C. The surface temperature response in different stages was affected by layered microstructure evolution and emissivity of different layers.

Functional response of Geocoris ochropterus Fieber (Hemiptera: Geocoridae) to different egg densities of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The biology and predatory efficiency of Geocoris ochropterus Fieber (Hemiptera: Geocoridae) has been studied extensively against many insect pests, but information on functional response of different stages of G. ochropterus to Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is lacking so far. The functional response of different stages of G. ochropterus to varying densities of eggs of H. armigera was investigated in the laboratory at 26 ± 2°C, 65 ± 2% RH and 12 L: 12D. Immature stages i.e. 3rd, 4th, 5th instar and adult predator exhibited type II functional response. Handling time decreased with increasing predator’s developmental stage. Adult G. ochropterus followed by fifth instar exhibited highest egg consumption and attack rate compared to other stages. Functional response parameters indicate that the adult and fifth instar of G. ochropterus were more voracious and efficient than other juveniles and might be useful as promising biocontrol agent against H. armigera.