Response Of Soybean Cultivars Research Articles

Response of Soybean Cultivars to Foliar Fertilizers Using Iron and Boron in Gypsum Soil

To examine the response of soybean cultivars to foliar fertilizers using iron and boron, a field experiment was applied in the Agriculture College, Tikrit University, using Random Complete Block Design (RCBD) and three replications. Four soybean cultivars were used (Lee, Dee, Shaimaa and Laura) and four combinations of foliar fertilization (distilled water (comparison), iron (0.1 mg L-1), boron (0.3 mg L-1) and iron + boron (0.1). +0.3 mg L-1, respectively). Some growth traits and yield were measured to determine the effect of the factors used. The results indicated a significant increase in plant height (7%), 100 seeds weight (0.5%), and plant yield (3%) when plants fertilized with boron compared to spraying with distilled water. The number of pods per plant also increased significantly when adding boron (34%) and iron (37%) compared to distilled water. The cultivar Shaima was significantly higher in plant height (85.36 cm) and plant dry weight (328.43 gm plant-1), 100 seeds weight (11.67 g) and plant yield (48.44 gm plant-1), while the cultivar Lee took a shorter period to 50% flowering (70.25 days) and the number of pods per plant (125.58 pod plan-1). The results of this study will help increase the information in the growth of soybean cultivars in gypsum soils and help in the differentiation among cultivars and using fertilizer combinations of microelements.

Response of soybean cultivars with different maturation times to pre-emergence herbicides

Herbicide selectivity is the basis for chemical control of weeds; however, it depends on the interactions between herbicide, crop, and edaphoclimatic conditions. The objective of this work was to evaluate the selectivity of herbicides applied at the pre-emergence stage of soybean cultivars with different maturation times grown in different locations. The experiment was conducted under field conditions, in two crop seasons (2019/2020 and 2020/2021), in Lages and Curitibanos, state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. A randomized block experimental design was used, with treatments organized in 4×3 (2019/2020) and 4×4 (2020/2021) factorial arrangements, with four replications. The treatments consisted of interactions between four soybean cultivars: BMX Raio IPRO® (Raio), BMX Zeus IPRO® (Zeus), MONSOY 5947 IPRO® (Monsoy), and BMX Fibra IPRO® (Fibra) and three or four herbicide treatments: control with no herbicides, sulfentrazone + diuron, and diclosulam in 2019/2020; and control with no herbicide, sulfentrazone + diuron, diclosulam, and pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin in 2020/2021. The plots were evaluated for phytotoxicity of herbicides, canopy closure, plant height, stand of plants, number of pods per plant, one-thousand grain weight, and grain yield. The phytotoxicity of herbicides on the soybean plants was mild, under 11%, regardless of the cultivar and growth location. The soybean plants fully recovered from the injuries at 14 days after herbicide application. In Curitibanos, the cultivar Zeus presented higher grain yield in both crop seasons. The herbicide factor showed that sulfentrazone + diuron and diclosulam decreased the grain yield of the cultivars Raio and Zeus in 2019/2020. In the following crop season, only the cultivar Raio presented decreases in grain yield due to the application of diclosulam and pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin. In Lages, the soybean cultivar factor affected the grain yield; the cultivars Monsoy and Fibra were the most productive.

Physiological and agronomic response of soybean cultivars to soil compaction in the Brazilian Cerrado

Physiological and agronomic response of soybean cultivars to soil compaction in the Brazilian Cerrado

Response of Soybean Cultivars to Oxidative Stress caused by Meloidogyne javanica.

The present study aimed to investigate the response of soybean cultivars with different susceptibility levels to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica at varied time intervals by analyzing the initial plant-nematode interaction using antioxidant enzymes as oxidative stress markers. A 4 × 4 × 2 factorial method with 5 repetitions was used to analyze 4 soybean cultivars at 4 different collection times-6, 12, 24, and 48 h-with and without M. javanica inoculation. The parameters evaluated were the activities of antioxidant enzymes phenol peroxidase (POX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX); the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA); and the number of M. javanica juveniles penetrated into each plant. H2O2 concentration varied among the cultivars with and without inoculation and at different collection times as indicated by MDA concentration and POX and APX activities, demonstrating a rapid response of the host to an infection by M. javanica. Oxidative stress caused by M. javanica did not vary among the soybean cultivars regardless of their susceptibility level; however, the antioxidant enzymes POX and APX responded according to the susceptibility level of the cultivars.

Physiological and biochemical responses of soybean to drought as represented by the fraction of transpirable soil water

The influence of water deficit on plant physiological and biochemical responses as measured by the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW) has not been investigated in cultivars developed by the world's largest soybean producer. This information can help obtain plants with improved tolerance to the abiotic stress that most affects soybean production in Brazil, enabling adaptation to edaphoclimatic conditions to enhance the crop's yield potential. We aim to determine the FTSW threshold for transpiration and evaluate changes in the growth, physiological activities, and biochemical and antioxidant responses of soybean cultivars. Three trials were sown on 11/19/2018 (T1), 12/28/2018 (T2), and 9/9/2019 (T3), representing almost the entire soybean sowing window in Brazil. The estimated FTSW threshold values were 0.33, 0.29, and 0.31 in T1; 0.35, 0.41, and 0.43 in T2; and 0.31, 0.49, and 0.45 in T3 for cultivars BMX GARRA IPRO, DM 66I68 RSF IPRO, and NA 5909 RG, respectively. In the three trials, NA 5909 RG showed the greatest height. The POD enzyme was activated in non-irrigated plants in T2 only in cvs. DM 66I68 RSF IPRO and NA 5909 RG. We conclude that cvs. DM 66I68 RSF IPRO and NA 5909 RG showed a more efficient stomatal control, conserving soil water for a longer time, which indicates greater tolerance to water deficit.

Evaluation of Morphophysiological Traits and Response of Soybean Cultivars to Foliar Treatment with Methyl Jasmonate and Salicylic Acid

Evaluation of Morphophysiological Traits and Response of Soybean Cultivars to Foliar Treatment with Methyl Jasmonate and Salicylic Acid

Brassinosteroid Supplementation Alleviates Chromium Toxicity in Soybean (Glycine max L.) via Reducing Its Translocation.

Chromium (Cr) phytotoxicity severely inhibits plant growth and development which makes it a prerequisite to developing techniques that prevent Cr accumulation in food chains. However, little is explored related to the protective role of brassinosteroids (BRs) against Cr-induced stress in soybean plants. Herein, the morpho-physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of soybean cultivars with/without foliar application of BRs under Cr toxicity were intensely investigated. Our outcomes deliberated that BRs application noticeably reduced Cr-induced phytotoxicity by lowering Cr uptake (37.7/43.63%), accumulation (63.92/81.73%), and translocation (26.23/38.14%) in XD-18/HD-19, plant tissues, respectively; besides, improved seed germination ratio, photosynthetic attributes, plant growth, and biomass, as well as prevented nutrient uptake inhibition under Cr stress, especially in HD-19 cultivar. Furthermore, BRs stimulated antioxidative defense systems, both enzymatic and non-enzymatic, the compartmentalization of ion chelation, diminished extra production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and electrolyte leakage in response to Cr-induced toxicity, specifically in HD-19. In addition, BRs improved Cr stress tolerance in soybean seedlings by regulating the expression of stress-related genes involved in Cr accumulation, and translocation. Inclusively, by considering the above-mentioned biomarkers, foliar spray of BRs might be considered an effective inhibitor of Cr-induced damages in soybean cultivars, even in Cr polluted soil.

Response of soybean cultivars against major insect pests and their natural enemies

Present investigation was conducted at Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidhyalaya-Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Morena (M.P.) to evaluate the ten cultivars of soybean against major insect pests and their natural enemies. The minimum incidence of majorinsect pest viz, whitefly (0.69/three leaves), stem fly (22.13 % stem tunneling), girdle beetle (24.97 %), green semilooper (1.10 larvae/mrl) and tobacco caterpillar (2.90 larvae/mrl) was observed in soybean cultivar JS-20-34.Cultivar JS-20-34 was found resistant to major insect pest of soybean. Cultivar MACSNRC-1575 was found susceptible against whitefly. Soybean cultivars NRC- 132 was observed susceptible to stem fly and girdle beetle. Cultivars AMS-100-39 and NRC-147 was found susceptible against semilooper and tobacco caterpillar.Maximum population of natural enemy(lady bird beetle) was recorded in cultivarsJS-335 followed by AMS-100-39, MACSNRC-1575 and NRC-130.In the present study cultivars JS-20-34 was found tolerant to major insect pest and suitable to cultivation the area.

Características agronômicas de cultivares de soja com aplicação tardia de nitrogênio em suplementação à inoculação de Bradyrhizobium spp.

ABSTRACT Late season nitrogen (N) applications may serve as cultural practices to increase soybean yield and grain protein concentration in modern high-yielding cultivars. A study to evaluate the response of soybean cultivars to late N application in supplementation to Bradyrhizobium spp. inoculation was conducted in two Brazilian Cerrado agricultural soils with medium and high fertility during the 2019/2020 growing season. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design in a 2×2×5 factorial scheme: two agricultural production environments [UFMS 1 (medium fertility) and UFMS 2 (high fertility)], two soybean cultivars (TMG 7067 IPRO and BMX Bônus IPRO), and five late N application rates (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg N ha-1), with four replicates. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was used to investigate the interrelationships between the groups of independent (agricultural production environments, soybean cultivars, and N application rates) and dependent (soybean agronomic traits) variables. Nitrogen rates were applied in topdressing at the R5.3 soybean growth stage. Late N applications did not affect soybean agronomic traits (plant height, first pod height, pod number per plant, grain number per pod, and 1,000-grain mass) and did not increase the grain protein concentration or yield of the soybean cultivars, regardless of the fertility level of the agricultural area. We conclude that when efficient strains of Bradyrhizobium spp. are used in soybean cropping in medium- and high-fertility Cerrado soils, there is no need to apply late rates of N fertilizer.

Agronomic responses of soybean cultivars to narrow intra-row spacing in a cool region of northern Japan

ABSTRACT Combinations of cultivar selection and management practices are used to maximize soybean yields in Japan. High plant density could increase the amount of solar radiation intercepted by the canopy and thereby increase growth and yield, but both cultivar and environment affect the response to plant density. The mechanisms underlying responses of soybean to high plant density are not fully understood. This study tested the effects of high plant density by narrow intra-row spacing on agronomic traits in 2 years using three cultivars (Ryuhou, Okushirome, and Fukuibuki) in Morioka, Iwate, in the Tohoku region of Japan. Averaged across years and cultivars, narrow intra-row spacing increased seed yield. Interestingly, there was a significant year × intra-row spacing × cultivar interaction: In the first year, narrow intra-row spacing increased yield of Ryuhou and Fukuibuki but not of Okushirome; in the second year, however, it increased yield of all cultivars similarly. The lack of yield response of Okushirome to narrow intra-row spacing in the first year presumably resulted from an excessive leaf area index (LAI) and a higher lodging score. The results suggest that high plant density by narrow intra-row spacing is an effective option for increasing soybean yields in the Tohoku region, although agronomic traits such as LAI and susceptibility to lodging should be considered.

Does mechanical damage on soybean induces the production of flavonoids?

The response of plants to grazing includes the production of chemical defense compounds such as proteases inhibitors and secondary metabolites as flavonoids, which makes them less palatable to feeding and negatively affecting the physiology of insects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical response of soybean cultivars (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) resistant (IAC-17, IAC-24) and susceptible (IAC-P1) to insects after mechanical damage. These cultivars were mechanically injured, and after 24 hours samples of these plants were analyzed by HPLC to identify and quantify flavonoids. The flavonoids daidzein, quercetin, and rutin were quantified, with the highest concentration of daidzin in soybean cultivars after mechanical damage. Rutin was biosynthesized by IAC-24. The cultivars IAC-PL1, IAC-17, and IAC-24 did not show a flavonoid response to mechanical damage. The soybean cultivars are not dependent on mechanical damage to produce flavonoids.

Response of Soybean Cultivars in Rotation with Irrigated Rice Crops Cultivated in Clearfield® System

ABSTRACT: Soybean crop rotation with irrigated rice is an alternative for the management of weedy rice (Oryza sativa) resistant to herbicides from the imidazolinone chemical group. This work had the purpose to evaluate the phytotoxicity of soybean crops containing the technologies Cultivance® (CV) and tolerance to sulphonylurea and Roundup Ready® (RR), deriving from increasing doses of the imazapyr and imazapic herbicide mixture, applied in the irrigated rice crop management. Thus, the experiment was performed on field, where treatments consisted in three soybean cultivars (BRS382CV, CD249STS and NA5909RR) and five doses of the imazapyr and imazapic herbicides mixture (0, 49, 98, 196 and 392 g a.i. ha-1). The evaluated variables were phytotoxicity, yield components and physiological quality of the seeds. Soybean cultivar BRS382CV is tolerant to herbicide carryover, applied in the management of weedy rice in irrigated rice crops, but the other cultivars are susceptible to it. Cultivar productivity, yield components and physiological quality of the seeds are affected by the carryover increase of the imazapyr and imazapic herbicide mixture.

Elevated CO2 Increases Nitrogen Fixation at the Reproductive Phase Contributing to Various Yield Responses of Soybean Cultivars.

Nitrogen deficiency limits crop performance under elevated CO2 (eCO2), depending on the ability of plant N uptake. However, the dynamics and redistribution of N2 fixation, and fertilizer and soil N use in legumes under eCO2 have been little studied. Such an investigation is essential to improve the adaptability of legumes to climate change. We took advantage of genotype-specific responses of soybean to increased CO2 to test which N-uptake phenotypes are most strongly related to enhanced yield. Eight soybean cultivars were grown in open-top chambers with either 390 ppm (aCO2) or 550 ppm CO2 (eCO2). The plants were supplied with 100 mg N kg−1 soil as 15N-labeled calcium nitrate, and harvested at the initial seed-filling (R5) and full-mature (R8) stages. Increased yield in response to eCO2 correlated highly (r = 0.95) with an increase in symbiotically fixed N during the R5 to R8 stage. In contrast, eCO2 only led to small increases in the uptake of fertilizer-derived and soil-derived N during R5 to R8, and these increases did not correlate with enhanced yield. Elevated CO2 also decreased the proportion of seed N redistributed from shoot to seeds, and this decrease strongly correlated with increased yield. Moreover, the total N uptake was associated with increases in fixed-N per nodule in response to eCO2, but not with changes in nodule biomass, nodule density, or root length.

Association of the Production of Phenylpropanoid Compounds at the Infection Sites of Corynespora cassiicola with Soybean Resistance against Target Spot

AbstractThis study investigated, at the microscopic level, whether the differential defence responses of soybean cultivars that are resistant (Fundacep 59) and susceptible (TMG 132) to target spot, caused by Corynespora cassiicola, could be associated with an increase in the production of phenolics, flavonoids and lignin at the infection sites. Many larger necrotic lesions with yellow halos were noticed on the leaves of plants from cultivar TMG 132, in contrast to the leaves of plants from cultivar Fundacep 59. Necrotic lesions also developed on the petioles of leaves of plants from cultivar TMG 132, while on the petioles and veins of leaves of plants from cultivar Fundacep 59, the lesions were of purple colour. The growth of fungal hyphae was reduced on the leaves of plants from cultivar Fundacep 59, and an apparently high density of trichomes was found in comparison with the leaves of plants from cultivar TMG 132. An appressorium‐like structure was produced at one or both extremities of the conidium of C. cassiicola, preferentially at the major and minor veins on the adaxial leaf surface of plants from both cultivars. Most cells on the leaves of plants from cultivar Fundacep 59 reacted against C. cassiicola infection by accumulating phenolic‐like compounds, which contributed to the death of many fungal hyphae and a greater maintenance of cell integrity. In contrast, fungal hyphae grew without any impedance in the leaf cells of plants from cultivar TMG 132, which was associated with signs of intense leaf tissue disorganization. Stronger autofluorescence and deposition of lignin and flavonoids were found in the cells of leaves of plants from cultivar Fundacep 59, in contrast to cultivar TMG 132. It can be concluded that soybean resistance to target spot is probably dependent on the activation of the phenylpropanoid pathway.

Distribution of Hoplolaimus Species in Soybean Fields in South Carolina and North Carolina.

Hoplolaimus columbus is an important nematode pest of soybean in South Carolina and North Carolina. Tolerant cultivars are available for the management of this plant-parasitic nematode; however, variation in the response of soybean cultivars to H. columbus populations has been observed. This variation may be due to the presence of different species or high genetic diversity of H. columbus populations. The objective of this study was to identify the Hoplolaimus spp. present in fields representing the main soybean-growing regions in South Carolina and North Carolina and to examine the genetic variability of these populations. In South Carolina, the only species found associated with soybean was H. columbus but, in North Carolina, H. stephanus was the dominant species. The two species were never found together. Genetic variability analyses of a mitochondrial and a nuclear marker showed that only one haplotype was shared by the H. columbus populations. H. stephanus showed higher genetic variability, with private haplotypes per sampling location. Knowledge of the distribution and genetic variability of these two Hoplolaimus spp. is valuable to growers to determine potentially damaging infestations of these plant-parasitic nematodes in soybean fields.

Root morphological responses of five soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] cultivars to cadmium stress at young seedlings.

To examine the differences in root morphological responses of soybean cultivars with different cadmium (Cd) tolerance and accumulation to Cd stress, the biomass, Cd concentration, and root morphological features of five soybean cultivars were determined under 0, 9, 23, 45, and 90 μM Cd stress via hydroponic experiments. Significantly genotypic differences in Cd tolerance and Cd concentration were observed between five soybean cultivars at four Cd levels. For Cd tolerance, HX3 showed a strong Cd tolerance with tolerance indexes of shoot biomass at 92.49, 76.44, 60.21, and 46.45% after 18 days at four Cd levels, and others had similar weak tolerance at young seedling. For Cd accumulation, Cd concentration in roots showed far higher than that in shoots. The different accumulation features in roots and shoots among five cultivars were found at four Cd levels. Comparing with the control, the total root length (RL), root surface area (SA), and root volume (RV) of all cultivars were decreased significantly at four Cd levels. Tolerant cultivar HX3 had the largest root system and sensitive cultivar BX10 had the smallest root system at young seedling stage. Correlation analysis indicated that RL, SA, and RV were positively correlated with root biomass and shoot biomass under 9 and 23 μM Cd treatments, but root average diameter (RD) was negatively correlated with shoot biomass and root biomass only under 9 μM Cd treatments, while RL and SA were negatively correlated with root Cd concentration under 23 and 45 μM Cd treatments. The results suggested that root morphological traits were closely related to Cd tolerance at young seedlings under Cd treatments.

Response of Soybean to Early-Season Planting Dates along the Upper Texas Gulf Coast

Soybeans (Glycine maxL.) can be planted along the upper Texas Gulf Coast from mid-March through May to take advantage of early season rains and to complete harvest before hurricane season and fall rains become a problem. However, in the Calhoun County area (28.5° north latitude), these planting dates have resulted in below average yields and reasons for these yield reductions are not clear. To determine if earlier planting dates could be an option to eliminate the low yields, field studies were conducted from 2005 through 2010 in Calhoun County, Texas, to determine soybean cultivar response to planting dates which ranged from mid-February through the last of April. Typically, soil temperatures in this area are above 18°C in mid-February and depending on weather patterns may not fall much lower during any time in the early portion of the growing season. The greatest yield was obtained with the mid-February and mid-March planting dates compared with early- or late-April planting dates. Typically, as planting date was delayed, the interval between planting and harvest decreased.

Soybean Cultivar Response to Subsurface Drainage and Subirrigation in Northeast Missouri

Soybean Cultivar Response to Subsurface Drainage and Subirrigation in Northeast Missouri

Soybean Cultivar Response to Planting Date and Seeding Rate under Organic Management

Delayed planting is a common strategy for enhancing weed control in organic soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production, but it has the potential to reduce yield. Increasing soybean seeding rate may be a way to enhance weed control with early planting, and to mitigate potential yield losses due to delayed planting. From 2006 to 2008, experiments were conducted in southern and central Minnesota in organically managed systems with tillage for weed control to determine agronomic responses of soybean and weed density to planting date and seeding rate for feed‐ and food‐grade soybean cultivars. Increasing seeding rate from 395,400 to 543,600 seeds ha−1 did not enhance weed control or soybean yield, and this was consistent across planting dates and cultivars. Total weed density at harvest and soybean yield were greatest when planting occurred in mid‐ or late May, and were reduced by 51 and 21% when planting was delayed until mid‐June, respectively. Yield of feed‐grade cultivars was 21% higher than food‐grade cultivars, which was consistent across planting dates. Total weed density at harvest differed among cultivars, and was lowest with two of the three highest‐yielding cultivars. These results demonstrate that in organic cropping systems with tillage for weed control in the Upper Midwest, planting in mid‐ to late May rather than mid‐June is critical for maximizing yield, while high seeding rates are not likely to improve yield or weed control.

Differential Responses of Soybean Cultivars to Cercospora sojina Isolates, the Causal Agent of Frogeye Leaf Spot in Korea

During the summer of 2005, specimens of soybean cultivars (Daepung, Daewon, Hwanggeum and Taegwang) showing frogeye leaf spot (FLS) were obtained from various areas in Korea. Eight isolates identified as Cercospora sojina were inoculated on the adaxial leaf surfaces of 63 Korean soybean cultivars; the disease responses to each isolate were evaluated 14 days and 21 days after inoculation. Based on the disease responses (resistant or susceptible) of the cultivars by the isolates, a set of cultivars (Anpeong, Bogwang, Cheongdu No. 1, Cheongja No. 3, Dachae, Daemang, Jangwon, Namhae, Sowon, Taegwang) were selected and inoculated with seven isolates for further testing pathogenic variance. Interestingly, 6 out of 7 tested C. sojina isolates revealed differential ability in infecting different soybean cultivars. This result may indicate the possibility of new race occurrence or pathogenic variation; this also presents evidence for prevalent FLS occurrence during humid and hot weather in Korea.