Modulation Of Response Research Articles

CF3-Functionalized Side Chains in Nonfullerene Acceptors Promote Electrostatic Interactions for Highly Efficient Organic Solar Cells.

The advent of next-generation nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) has propelled major advances in organic solar cells (OSCs). Here we report an NFA design incorporating CF3-terminated side chains having varying N-(CH2)n-CF3 linker lengths (n = 1, 2, and 3) which introduce new intermolecular interactions, hence strong modulation of the photovoltaic response. We report a systematic comparison and contrast characterization of this NFA series with a comprehensive set of chemical/physical techniques versus the heavily studied third-generation NFA, Y6, revealing distinctive and beneficial properties of this new NFA series. Single-crystal diffraction analyses reveal unusual two-dimensional mesh-like crystal structures, featuring strong interactions between the side chain CF3-terminal and NFA core F substituents. These atomistic and morphological features contribute to enhanced charge mobility and significantly enhanced photovoltaic performance. We show that varying the CF3-terminated side chain linker length strongly modulates light harvesting efficiency as well as charge recombination and the photovoltaic bandgap. The CF3-(CH2)2-based OSC demonstrates the most balanced performance metrics, achieving a remarkable 19.08% power conversion efficiency and an exceptional 80.09% fill-factor. These results imply that introducing CF3-terminated side chains into other OSC conjugated constituents may accelerate next-generation solar cell development.

Inhibition of fibulin-3 ameliorates periodontal inflammation through reducing M1 macrophage polarization via EGFR/PI3K/AKT pathway.

This study aimed to evaluate the role of fibulin-3 (FBLN3) in macrophage polarization, its mechanism, and its effect on periodontitis. We conducted studies on periodontitis using both clinical samples and ligature-induced mouse periodontitis model. The inflammatory state was assessed using microcomputed tomography, hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemical staining, and immunofluorescence staining. In vitro, bone marrow-derived macrophages, and RAW 264.7 macrophages were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interleukin (IL)-4 to induce polarization. The role of FBLN3 in macrophage polarization was investigated using overexpression plasmids or siRNAs. Furthermore, local injection of adeno-associated virus was employed to suppress FBLN3 expression in periodontal tissues. FBLN3 levels were greater in periodontitis tissues. FBLN3 promoted M1 polarization and suppressed M2 polarization in macrophages. The overexpression of FBLN3 promoted M1 polarization via the EGFR/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, an effect that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor PD153035 reversed. Suppressing FBLN3 expression improved periodontal inflammation and reduced alveolar bone loss in periodontitis. FBLN3 suppression can mitigate periodontitis by decreasing the M1 macrophage ratio. FBLN3 regulates M1 macrophage polarization through the EGFR/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Disruption in the collaboration between extracellular matrix (ECM) and immune system is a significant pathology in periodontitis. Macrophages are a crucial part of the immune system and have unique functions, such as polarization. Fibulin-3, an ECM protein, may play a vital role in this dynamic interplay. Fibulin-3 expression is elevated in periodontitis and is closely related to immune cell function. Inhibiting fibulin-3 can alleviate periodontitis by reducing infiltration of immune cells and M1 macrophage ratio. Furthermore, fibulin-3 promoted macrophage M1 polarization by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway through EGFR binding. Our findings offer a clinically relevant rationale for immune response modulation through fibulin-3.

WRKY1-Mediated Interconversion of MeSA and SA in Neighbouring Apple Plants Enhances Defence Against Powdery Mildew.

Powdery mildew (PM), caused by the biotrophic fungus Podospharea leucotricha, is a major threat to apple production. Plant-plant communication (PPC) is a crucial strategy for plant communities to enhance their defence against pathogens. The interconversion of methyl salicylate (MeSA) and salicylic acid (SA) is critical for PPC regulation, but the mechanism of MeSA-mediated PPC is not fully understood. This study reveals a significant increase in SA and MeSA levels in neighbouring plants (receivers) following PM attack on emitter plants, activating defence responses in receivers. Notably, the expression of WRKY1, a previously characterized transcription factor, was upregulated in receivers, implicating its role in defence response modulation. WRKY1 was found to promote SA accumulation and enhance PM resistance in receivers. Importantly, WRKY1 positively regulates the expression of SABP2a, which catalysers MeSA to SA conversion, and negatively regulates SAMT1a, which functions in the reverse reaction. Consequently, WRKY1 facilitates the conversion of MeSA to SA in receivers, preventing its reversion and sustaining elevated SA levels. Collectively, our findings clarify the role of WRKY1 in enhancing the defence response to PM in receivers.

Effects of Wildfire Exposure on the Human Immune System

Wildfires have become a significant environmental and public health concern worldwide, particularly due to their increased frequency and intensity driven by climate change. Wildfire smoke, composed of a complex mixture of particulate matter, gases and chemicals, has been linked to numerous health issues, primarily affecting the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. However, emerging evidence suggests that wildfire smoke exposure also has profound effects on the immune system. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on how wildfire smoke exposure affects the human immune system, including acute and chronic impacts, underlying mechanisms and potential long-term consequences. The review discusses the role of inflammation, oxidative stress and immune cell modulation in response to wildfire smoke, highlighting the need for further research to fully understand these effects.

Integrated analysis of proteome and transcriptome revealed changes in multiple signaling pathways involved in immunity in the northern snakehead (Channa argus) during Nocardia seriolae infection

The northern snakehead (Channa argus) is a valuable aquaculture species across certain Asian countries, contributing significantly to economic prosperity and dietary needs. However, its productivity faces significant challenges, particularly from diseases such as nocardiosis, caused by Nocardia seriolae. To date, the majority of research efforts have focused on describing the observed phenomena related to N. seriolae infection. However, there remains a notable gap in knowledge concerning the infectivity of N. seriolae and the immune response it elicits. To better understand the modulation of the immune responses to N. seriolae infection in snakeheads, we investigated the splenic proteome profiles. Specifically, we compared the profiles between uninfected northern snakehead specimens and those infected with N. seriolae at 96 h using the label-free data-independent acquisition methodology. A total of 700 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were obtained. Of these, 353 proteins exhibited upregulation, whereas 347 proteins displayed downregulation after the infection. The DEPs were mapped to the reference canonical pathways in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database, revealing several crucial pathways that were activated following N. seriolae infection. Noteworthy, among these were pathways such as ferroptosis, complement and coagulation cascades, chemokine signaling, tuberculosis, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and Th17 cell differentiation. Furthermore, protein–protein interaction networks were constructed to elucidate the interplay between immune-related DEPs. These results revealed expression changes in multiple signaling pathways during the initial colonization phase of N. seriolae. This discovery offers novel insights into the infection mechanisms and host interaction dynamics associated with N. seriolae.

Packaged release and targeted delivery of cytokines by migrasomes in circulation

In dynamic systems like the circulatory system, establishing localized cytokine gradients is challenging. Upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, we observed that monocytes release numerous migrasomes enriched with inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6. These cytokines are transported into migrasomes via secretory carriers, leading to their immediate exocytosis or eventual release from detached migrasomes. We successfully isolated TNF-α and IL-6-enriched, monocyte-derived migrasomes from the blood of LPS-treated mice. Total secretion analysis revealed a substantial amount of TNF-α and IL-6 released in a migrasome-packaged form. Thus, detached, monocyte-derived migrasomes represent a type of extracellular vesicle highly enriched with cytokines. Physiologically, these cytokine-laden migrasomes rapidly accumulate at local sites of inflammation, effectively creating a concentrated source of cytokines. Our research uncovers novel mechanisms for cytokine release and delivery, providing new insights into immune response modulation.

The Role of Dopamine in Gastric Cancer—A Systematic Review of the Pathogenesis Phenomena Developments

Background: In the last few decades, it has been emphasized that dopamine, a well-known neurotransmitter with multiple roles in central nervous system, is also implicated in the activity of peripheral tissues and organs, more specifically influencing the gastrointestinal system (GI). Methods: We registered a protocol under the CRD42024547935 identifier in the Prospero register of systematic reviews. Furthermore, using the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Study Design strategy to guide our study rationale, and under the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses recommendations, we conducted a qualitative systematic literature search based on the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases using the “gastric cancers AND dopamine” search criteria. We obtained 68 articles from PubMed, 142 articles from Scopus, and 99 articles from the Web of Science database. Results: Within gastric cancer biology, dopamine has notable effects on STAT-3 and DARPP-32. STAT-3, a transcription factor involved in cellular proliferation and invasion, plays a significant role in cancer progression. Conclusions: Understanding the roles of dopamine in cancer, beyond aspects such as cancer cell invasion, immune response modulation, or tumor growth, could guide the development of new cancer therapies by modulating its pathways, especially the DARPP-32/CXCR4/CXCL-12 complex axis, in order to improve the morbidity and mortality caused by this type of cancer.

Probiotics in the Prophylaxis of Premature Rupture of Membranes and Cervical Incompetence

Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) and cervical incompetence (CI) are major contributors to preterm birth, a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Background/Objectives: Disorders of the vaginal microbiota, such as bacterial vaginosis, have been associated with an increased risk of PROM, CI, and subsequent preterm birth. Probiotics, particularly Lactobacillus strains, have been proposed as a preventive strategy to restore and maintain a healthy vaginal microbiome. This review aims to summarize the latest evidence on the role of probiotics in the prevention of PROM and CI. Methods: A comprehensive review was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of probiotic interventions in the prevention of PROM and CI, yielding 1809 records from 2005 to 2024. Seven relevant studies were selected by searching medical databases and focusing on studies that investigated the restoration of healthy vaginal flora, the reduction of pathogenic bacteria colonization, and the modulation of immune responses by probiotics. Results: The studies analyzed suggest that probiotics may help restore healthy vaginal flora, reduce pathogenic bacterial colonization, and modulate immune responses, thereby reducing the risk of membrane rupture and cervical insufficiency. Evidence from randomized controlled trials and observational studies shows that the use of probiotics is associated with a lower incidence of PROM and preterm birth, especially in high-risk groups. Conclusions: Probiotics emerge as a potential non-invasive and cost-effective strategy to improve pregnancy outcomes in women at risk of preterm birth due to PROM. According to our research, probiotic prophylaxis of cervical insufficiency has not yet been sufficiently investigated. Despite the promising findings, further research is needed to determine standardized probiotic formulations, optimal timing, and routes of administration. Personalized probiotic therapies may represent the future of preterm birth prevention as they offer targeted interventions based on individual microbiome composition.

Interferon response and epigenetic modulation by SMARCA4 mutations drive ovarian tumor immunogenicity.

Cell-intrinsic mechanisms of immunogenicity in ovarian cancer (OC) are not well understood. Damaging mutations in the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, such as SMARCA4 (BRG1), are associated with improved response to immune checkpoint blockade; however, the mechanism by which this occurs is unclear. We found that SMARCA4 loss in OC models resulted in increased cancer cell-intrinsic immunogenicity, characterized by up-regulation of long-terminal RNA repeats, increased expression of interferon-stimulated genes, and up-regulation of antigen presentation machinery. Notably, this response was dependent on STING, MAVS, and IRF3 signaling but was independent of the type I interferon receptor. Mouse ovarian and melanoma tumors with SMARCA4 loss demonstrated increased infiltration and activation of cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, and myeloid cells in the tumor microenvironment. These results were recapitulated in BRG1 inhibitor-treated SMARCA4-proficient tumor models, suggesting that modulation of chromatin remodeling through targeting SMARCA4 may serve as a strategy to overcome cancer immune evasion.

Integrated roles of nitric oxide and melatonin in enhancing chromium resilience in cotton plants: modulation of thiol metabolism and antioxidant responses.

Chromium (Cr) is a hazardous metal found in various oxidation states, posing significant environmental and health risks. The study focuses on understanding how melatonin (MT), known for its diverse functions, including stress alleviation and antioxidant properties, interacts with nitric oxide (NO) to regulate sulfur metabolism and enhance cotton resilience under Cr toxicity. Cr toxicity negatively affected plant growth and photosynthesis and induced oxidative stress. MT treatment ameliorated these effects by enhancing photosynthetic pigments and gas exchange traits and upregulating the activities of antioxidant enzymes and the expression of FeSOD, CuZnSOD, and APX1. Moreover, MT reduced Cr accumulation in leaves, protecting photosynthetic organs from direct toxicity. Additionally, MT promotes the level of sulfur-based defense substances like glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins (PC), which arecrucial for detoxifying heavy metals. This is achieved by upregulating genes involved in cysteine metabolism (CYC1, CYC2, CAS1, CAS2, DES1, DES2, and SSCS), increasing cysteine availability for GSH and PC synthesis, and enhancing Cr sequestration in vacuoles. However, when the inhibitor of MT biosynthesis (p-CPA) and NO scavenger (cPTIO) were used along with MT in Cr-stressed plants, they hindered the stimulatory effects of MT. The study highlights the importance of the NO-MT interaction in mediating these protective effects, indicating a potential signaling role for NO in plant defense mechanisms against Cr toxicity. Overall, the findings reveal that MT fertilizing may serve as an effective strategy to enhance Cr resistance in cotton plants, with NO potentially playing a signaling role in this response pathway.

The list-wide proportion congruency effect is larger when the distractor precedes the target: Evidence for conflict-independent control in the prime-probe task.

Stroop-like interference effects are smaller in blocks of mostly incongruent (MI) trials than in blocks of mostly congruent (MC) trials. It is unclear, though, how control processes trigger this list-wide proportion congruency effect (LWPCE). The attentional shift account posits that a memory of experiencing conflict more frequently in MI blocks than in MC blocks leads control processes to shift attention toward the target in MI blocks. The response modulation account posits that a memory of block-wide congruency statistics (e.g., mostly incongruent) leads control processes to form expectations about upcoming trial congruency independent of conflict and modulate distractor-related response activation to prepare an expected congruent response (in MC blocks) or incongruent response (in MI blocks) to the target. This modulation occurs, however, only if the system translates the distractor into a response before the target. We conducted two experiments with the prime-probe task (N = 120) to investigate the response modulation account's prediction that giving the distractor a "head start" in stimulus-response translation increases the LWPCE independent of conflict. Confirming this prediction, the LWPCE was larger when the distractor appeared before - versus simultaneously with - the target, even though the overall congruency (i.e., conflict) effect was equivalent in these conditions (Experiment 1) or smaller when the distractor appeared before the target (Experiment 2). We also observed a negative congruency effect in the MI blocks of Experiment 2, which is inconsistent with a shift of attention toward the target. We conclude that a modulation of response activation contributes to the LWPCE.

The effect of Ramadan intermittent fasting on anthropometric, hormonal, metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers in pre-and post-menopausal women: a prospective cohort of Saudi women.

The menopausal transition significantly affects cardiometabolic health, primarily due to changes in reproductive hormones, particularly decreased estrogen levels and relative androgen excess. Adult Muslim women, both pre-and post-menopausal, are mandated to observe Ramadan intermittent fasting (RIF) every year. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate RIF's effects on pre-menopausal (PRE-M) and post-menopausal (POST-M) healthy women's cardiometabolic health markers. This study further evaluated the relationship between tested markers and the participant's basic variables, such as BMI and body fatness. Due to differences in physiological and metabolic biomarkers between groups, RIF is likely to impact PRE-M and POST-M women differently. This study included 62 healthy women (31 PRE-M, aged 21-42 years, and 31 POST-M, aged 43-68 years) who observed RIF. Anthropometrics, sex hormones, lipid profile, pro-inflammatory (TNF-α), anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines, the oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and aging biomarker insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1); all were tested 1 week before and at the fourth week of Ramadan. Body weight, BMI, waist circumference, body fat percentage (BFP), fat mass, fat mass index, triglycerides, and diastolic blood pressure significantly (p < 0.05) decreased at the end of Ramadan in both groups in comparison to the pre-fasting period. Contrarily, HDL, SOD, GPx, and IL-10 significantly (p < 0.05) increased in both groups. Estrogen levels significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in PRE-M women, whereas significantly (p < 0.05) increased in POST-M women. The progesterone levels, TAC, MDA, and IGF-1 remained unchanged in both groups. TNF-α significantly decreased in both groups, but the magnitude of reduction was higher in PRE-M women. Sex hormones and some metabolic biomarkers, especially in POST-M women, variably exhibited positive or negative relationships to BMI and BFP. RIF may influence the levels of estrogen, TNF-α, and IL-10 through improvements in metabolic health, reductions in body fat, activation of autophagy, modulation of immune responses, and changes in hormonal regulation. The RIF was generally associated with improved anthropometric, metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers in both PRE-M and POST-M healthy women. Adhering to healthy dietary and lifestyle guidelines by pre-and post-menopausal women during Ramadan may foster the health benefits gained.

Silicon (Ca, K &amp; Mg) Induced Resistance in Two Contrasting Rice Genotypes Against Phloem Feeding Pest, Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal.) through Modulation of Defense Responses

Silicon (Ca, K &amp; Mg) Induced Resistance in Two Contrasting Rice Genotypes Against Phloem Feeding Pest, Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stal.) through Modulation of Defense Responses

Therapeutic mechanisms of glucocorticoids, their administration and chronotherapy

Glucocorticoids represent a cornerstone in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases due to their potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. These steroid hormones, including endogenous cortisol and synthetic analogs like prednisone and dexamethasone, exert their effects through genomic and non-genomic pathways, targeting key inflammatory mediators. While genomic mechanisms regulate long-term gene expression, non-genomic pathways enable rapid modulation of immune responses, particularly at high doses. Despite their therapeutic efficacy, glucocorticoid use is often limited by significant adverse effects, including osteoporosis and metabolic disorders. Chronotherapy, which aligns medication timing with circadian rhythms, enhances therapeutic outcomes while reducing side effects, particularly in diseases like rheumatoid arthritis where inflammation peaks in the early morning. Emerging innovations, such as selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists (SEGRAs) and liposomal drug delivery systems, offer targeted anti-inflammatory effects with reduced systemic toxicity. These advancements highlight the potential for optimizing glucocorticoid therapy to achieve maximum efficacy while mitigating adverse effects. This review underscores the importance of understanding glucocorticoid mechanisms, administration methods, and novel therapeutic strategies to improve outcomes in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.

The Brain's Essential Role in Mediating Immune Responses: HPA Axis to Leverage Signals with a Systemic Approach

&lt;p dir="ltr"&gt;&lt;span&gt;While the role of the brain parts on mediating immune response is largely recognized, the neuroimmune pathways are difficult to be explored so they are still poorly understood. The animal knockout models are not always adapted to study the human biology. Because human neuroscience is very sensitive to the psychology, an appropriate way to federate various data and experiments is computational neuroscience. From this perspective our paper introduces an investigation methodology combining a complex landscape of biological signals: neuro-endocrine, lymphatic and neuro-electrical propagation. Having a hierachical HPA axis model as pivotal element of study, we show that previous results about the modulation of the immune response by the HPA axis obtained for murine models can be scrutinized using 'in silico' human models. This provide a new systemic computational schema to investigate neuroscience paradigms.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Ligand discrimination in hOR1A1 based on the capacitive response

Odorant discrimination mechanisms are based on the differential interactions between odorant molecules and olfactory receptors (ORs). Biohybrid sensors based on ORs described to date show selectivity towards specific versus non-specific binding of odorants, being unable to distinguish between specific ligands of different affinity. Here we disclose a method that enables odorant discrimination based on the modulation of the capacitive response of the receptor, which allows the differentiation of three high-affinity hOR1A1 agonists. We performed voltammetry and impedance measurements of the hOR1A1 receptor selectively immobilized on a gold electrode in the absence and presence of the agonists. Binding induces a decrease in the capacitive response of the receptor that is proportional to the ligand potency, reaching up to a 40% decrease for the cognate ligand dihydrojasmone, which is attributed to changes in the magnitude and orientation of the electric dipole in the receptor, thereby regulating its response to the applied electric field.

Modulation of the central nervous system immune response and neuroinflammation via Wnt signaling in health and neurodegenerative diseases

AbstractThe immune response in the central nervous system (CNS) is a highly specialized and tightly regulated process essential for maintaining neural health and protecting against pathogens and injuries. The primary immune cells within the CNS include microglia, astrocytes, T cells, and B cells. They work together, continuously monitor the CNS environment for signs of infection, injury, or disease, and respond by phagocytosing debris, releasing cytokines, and recruiting other immune cells. In addition to providing neuroprotection, these immune responses must be carefully balanced to prevent excessive inflammation that can lead to neuronal damage and contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. Dysregulated immune responses in the CNS are implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Wnt signaling is a crucial pathway in the CNS that regulates various cellular processes critical for brain development, function, and maintenance. Despite enhancing immune responses in the health CNS, dysregulated Wnt signaling exacerbates neuroinflammation in the neurodegenerative brains. This review summarized the role of Wnt signaling in regulating immune response under different conditions. We then examined the role of immune response in healthy brains and during the development of neurodegenerative diseases. We also discussed therapeutic intervention in various neurodegenerative diseases through the modulation of the Wnt signaling pathway and neuroinflammation and highlighted challenges and limitations in current clinical trials.

Changes in Functional Connectivity Relate to Modulation of Cognitive Control by Subthalamic Stimulation.

Subthalamic (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients not only improves kinematic parameters of movement but also modulates cognitive control in the motor and non-motor domain, especially insituations of high conflict. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between DBS-induced changes in functional connectivity at rest and modulation of response- and movement inhibition by STN-DBS in a visuomotor task involving high conflict. During DBS ON and OFF conditions, we conducted a visuomotor task in 14 PD patients who previously underwent resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) acquisitions DBS ON and OFF as part of a different study. In the task, participants had to move a cursor with a pen on a digital tablet either toward (automatic condition) or in the opposite direction (controlled condition) of a target. STN-DBS induced modulation of resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) as a function of changes in behavior ON versus OFF DBS was estimated using link-wise network-based statistics. Behavioral results showed diminished reaction time adaptation and higher pen-to-target movement velocity under DBS. Reaction time reduction was associated with attenuated functional connectivity between cortical motor areas, basal ganglia, and thalamus. On the other hand, increased movement velocity ON DBS was associated with stronger pallido-thalamic connectivity. These findings suggest that decoupling of a motor cortico-basal ganglia network underlies impaired inhibitory control in PD patients undergoing subthalamic DBS and highlight the concept of functional network modulation through DBS.

МИКРОБИОТА КИШЕЧНИКА И ЗДОРОВЬЕ СПОРТСМЕНОВ

Purpose: A synthesis of world literature on actual knowledge of intestine microbiota influence on athletes’ health. Methods and materials: National and foreign literature on actual knowledge of intestine microbiota influence on athletes’ health was analyzed. MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, eLIBRARY, PubMed data Google Academy data bases were used for searching the literature for the period from 2012 to 2024. The following key words and their combinations were applied for search: “athletes”, “gut microbiota “, “butyrate”. Results: A microbiota is a key factor of human organism homeostasis maintenance. It provides next functions: energy metabolism, maturation and maintenance of immune system, synthesis of vitamins, regulation of bile acids reabsorption in intestine and lots of other functions. Furthermore, bacteria produce some human hormones analogues: serotonin, histamine, dopamine, norepinephrine, testosterone. According to the recent information, intestine microbiota modification could provide a beneficial influence on human organism that cause a sport results improvement. Modulation of immune response, oxidative stress, metabolic processes and nutrients bioavailability is a general mechanism of microbiota influence on training adaptation. Microbiome affects the muscular protein synthesis, biogenesis and function of mitochondria and the muscular glycogen accumulation. Conclusion: Currently there is a necessity of further investigations of “microbiome-muscles” relationship.

Comparative in vitro toxicity of compositionally distinct thermal spray particulates in human bronchial cells

Thermal spray, in general, is a process that involves forcing a melted substance, such as metal or ceramic in the form of wire or powder, onto the surface of a targeted object to enhance its desired surface properties. In this paper, the melted substance is metal wire generated by an electric arc and forcibly coated on a rotary iron substrate using compressed air. This thermal process is referred to as double-wire arc thermal spray. The particles generated through these methods fall within the nanometer to micrometer agglomerate size range. There is concern regarding potential human health outcomes as these particles exhibit a similarity in particle morphology to welding fumes. Thermal spray wires with zinc (PMET540), iron and chromium (PMET731), and nickel (PMET885) as primary metal compositions were used to generate particulate via an electric arc wire thermal spray generator for exposure to human bronchial cells (BEAS-2B) to examine comparative toxicity ranging from 0-200µg/mL. Resulting cellular viability was assessed through live cell counts, and percent cytotoxicity was measured as a function of LDH release. Oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and alteration in total antioxidant capacity were evaluated through DNA damage (COMET analysis) and antioxidant concentration at 0, 3.125, 25, and 100µg/mL. Protein markers for endothelin-1 (ET-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were also assessed to determine inflammation and endothelial alteration. Resultsindicate modulation of oxidative stress response in a material and dose dependent manner. PMET540 exhibited the greatest cytotoxic effect between wires and across doses. DNA damage and antioxidant concentration induced by PMET540 were significantly higher than other wires at higher doses (DNA damage increased at 25 and 100µg/mL; Antioxidant concentration increased at 100µg/mL). However, ET-1 concentration significantly increased only after application of 100µg/mL PMET885. IL-6 and IL-8 were most highly expressed in BEAS2B culture after 25µg/mL exposure to PMET540 (99.4% Zn). This data suggests that metal composition of thermal spray wires dictates the diverse response in human bronchial cells.