Tendency Of Respondents Research Articles

HUBUNGAN ASUPAN PROTEIN DENGAN STATUS GIZI PADA REMAJA PUTRI DI PONDOK PESANTREN, KABUPATEN TUBAN

Introduction : Nutritional problems are health problems that can occur at all ages. Adolescents are one of the groups that easily experience nutritional problems. Nutritional status is a description of the body's condition as a result of the utilization of nutrients from food consumed daily. One of the nutrients, protein, is an important nutrient for growth, repair, maintenance of body tissues and maintaining physiological balance. The aim of this research was to investigate the correlation between protein consumption and nutritional status among teenage girls. Method: This was an analytic research with a cross sectional approach. The sample of this study was 200 female students of islamic boarding school, aged 15-19 years old. Independent variable of protein intake was collected using Recall-24 hour method, dependent variable of nutritional status was measured based on IMT/U indicator, and analyzed statistically with spearman correlation. Result: The results of spearman correlation test showed a p-value=0.000 for the relationship between protein intake and the nutritional status of adolescent girls, there was a tendency for respondents with more protein intake to overweight, while respondents with normal protein intake have normal nutritional status. Conclusion: Protein intake affects nutritional status, the higher the protein intake, the higher the risk of overweight. Suggestions for further research could involve studying the improvement of knowledge and skills of pesantren administrators in preparing balanced nutritional meals for students.

Socio-demographic determinants of intimate partner violence in Angola: a cross-sectional studyof nationally representative survey data.

Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is a global problem of public health importance, which can be found across all social layers and cultural backgrounds worldwide. Angola is still an under-explored country in the context of domestic violence and was therefore chosen as our focus of interest. Our study's goal was to identify the socio-demographic determinants of IPV in Angola. We used nationally representative data from female respondents of the 2015 Angolan Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). Simple bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between the experience of IPV and the women's' individual and contextual characteristics. Out of the 7,699 respondents, 3,070 (41.1%) reported having experienced at least one form of violence by their partners, with physical violence being more prevalent (32.5%) than emotional (27.7%) and sexual violence (7.2%). The partner's use of alcohol, the respondent's tendency to hurt her partner, her having witnessed her father beating her mother and being the first wife showed significantly higher odds of experiencing one or more types of IPV, whereas being older than the partner appears to have protective effects. Our findings reflect the widespread prevalence rates of violence against women in African countries. Future intervention programs should focus on women with risky background characteristics to help decrease domestic abuse in Angola. Our results indicate to focus on young women who have witnessed domestic violence in childhood, those whose partners use alcohol and those who tend to physically hurt their partners themselves. It is also recommended to intensify future research on the effects of co-wives on a relationship since first wives were found to have a higher risk of being physically abused by their partners.

Faktor-Faktor yang Memengaruhi Pemberian ASI Ekslusif di Kota Tasikmalaya

The coverage of exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia is still relatively low. According to the 2021 Ministry of Health report, exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia reached 69.7%. The coverage of exclusive breastfeeding in West Java is still below the national figure of 65.9%. Based on data from the Health Office of the City of Tasikmalaya in 2022, in Tasikmalaya the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding has been achieved and some has not been achieved. Cibeureum and Purbaratu Health Center have high coverage of exclusive breastfeeding. Bantar and Indihiang Health Center have exclusive breastfeeding coverage, which is still below the target. One of the factors influencing the low level of exclusive breastfeeding is the lack of family support. In addition, a mother's knowledge is also a determinant factor in exclusive breastfeeding. The study aimed to determine the factors that influence exclusive breastfeeding. The results of this study indicate that a husband's support was associated with exclusive breastfeeding. Toddlers who did not have a husband's support are 8,542 times more likely to receive exclusive breastfeeding than those who do have a husband's support. Meanwhile, the support of parents and in-laws is not related to exclusive breastfeeding. However, there were a tendency for respondents who receive exclusive breastfeeding to have greater support from their parents and in-laws. Exposure to information about exclusive breastfeeding was not related to exclusive breastfeeding. The results of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed that there was no relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the mother's knowledge.

Influence of cognitive styles on coping behaviour and protective mechanisms of personality

The article presents theoretical and empirical studies of cognitive styles, mental representation, coping behaviour and mechanisms of psychological defence. The influence of cognitive styles is described: rigid/flexible cognitive control, narrow/wide range of equivalence, cognitive simplicity/complexity on coping behaviour and defence mechanisms. The tendency of respondents with flexible cognitive control to assess a difficult life situation through time characteristics, to associate it with solvability and safety is revealed. In coping behaviour, they choose Self-control, Social support, Acceptance of responsibility. Cognitive simplicity/complexity is characterised by predictability, solvability and the possibility of changing the situation. Respondents belonging to a narrow range of equivalence assess the situation in terms of completeness and saturation. It is revealed that the protective and coping behaviour in a difficult life situation depends on the specifics of the mental representation of those possessing cognitive-style characteristics. It is concluded that mental representation can be a link between cognitive styles and coping behaviour.

Why polls fail to predict elections

In the past decade we have witnessed the failure of traditional polls in predicting presidential election outcomes across the world. To understand the reasons behind these failures we analyze the raw data of a trusted pollster which failed to predict, along with the rest of the pollsters, the surprising 2019 presidential election in Argentina. Analysis of the raw and re-weighted data from longitudinal surveys performed before and after the elections reveals clear biases related to mis-representation of the population and, most importantly, to social-desirability biases, i.e., the tendency of respondents to hide their intention to vote for controversial candidates. We propose an opinion tracking method based on machine learning models and big-data analytics from social networks that overcomes the limits of traditional polls. This method includes three prediction models based on the loyalty classes of users to candidates, homophily measures and re-weighting scenarios. The model achieves accurate results in the 2019 Argentina elections predicting the overwhelming victory of the candidate Alberto Fernández over the incumbent president Mauricio Macri, while none of the traditional pollsters was able to predict the large gap between them. Beyond predicting political elections, the framework we propose is more general and can be used to discover trends in society, for instance, what people think about economics, education or climate change.

Efek Pemikatan (Attraction Effect) dan Bias Status Quo Sebuah Eksperimen dalam Perilaku Pengambilan Keputusan Portofolio Keuangan

The reference dependent preference plays a significant role in individual choice behavior. Introducing a third option which is asymmetrical dominated to the dominating option can influence one’s decision. The status quo, endowment and attraction or decoy effect are the main noises. Such noises are proof to counter the rational choice theory. This paper tries to observe the status quo and decoy effect. Existence of those two effects are examined in experimental observation with 32 respondents. Questionnaires are set for respondents to dig information about how their answers contain choices. Two and three varies alternatives are presented to see respondent choice feedback when a third inferior alternative is available. The result shows respondent tendency to switch options when status quo becomes a reference point.

Evaluating impact of the education foundation law in management system of the private Indonesian Islamic school

In this paper, we evaluate the impact of the education foundation law in the management system of the private Indonesian Islamic school. Islamic schools or madrasas are the goal of the Muslim community to educate their children where Islamic knowledge and sciences technologies are combined. The private madrasas were initiated, established and organised by the governing boards. Rapidly growing of the private madrasa but lack of management system makes the Indonesian government to stipulate law number 16 of 2001 and law number 28 of 2004. A total of 251 respondents from various foundations among six cities in Indonesia were contacted and interviewed. Instrument analysis was performed using the Rasch model approach through the Winsteps program. We observe that three groups of respondents have the same characteristics of answers. It indicates the tendency of respondents to more agree and practice the mentioned items. The respondents were found to face great difficulties when answering dual positions and authority of the governing boards. We conclude a small impact of the applicable law in the management system of the private madrasa.

Preferensi Penggunaan Material pada Atap Rumah Tinggal

Roof material preferences for housing can be influenced from the location of the respondents, local climate, culture, knowledge and comfortable condition of the occupants. The aim of this research is to get the reasons behind the selection of roof material for housing. Quantitative method is used in this research by collecting data of online questionnaire. This online questionnaire is distributed using convenient sampling method (snowball-non-random-sampling). It was found the tendency of respondents who choose clay tile because of the comfort and affordability of the price. The tendency of respondents who choose ceramic tile and natural wood tile because of their beauty and sustaniability materials. Concrete is selected by respondents because of their durability and strength. Respondents who have tendency in Zinc, asbestos are selected because zinc and asbestos are easy to apply and commonly materials in their areas. Asphalt, metal, and PVC / galvalum / fiber are chosen by respondents for being lightweight materials.

Indirect questioning methods for sensitive survey questions: Modelling criminal behaviours among a prison population.

Information such as the prevalence and frequency of criminal behaviour is difficult to estimate using standard survey techniques because of the tendency of respondents to withhold or misrepresent information. Social desirability bias is a significant threat to the validity of self-reported data, especially when supplied by persons such as sexual offenders or those convicted of theft or substance abuse. The randomized response approach is an alternative to the standard interview method and offers great potential for researchers in the field of criminal justice. By means of a survey of 792 prison inmates, incorporating both indirect and direct response techniques, we investigate if the prison population also has problems recognizing their participation in criminal acts such as theft, illicit drug use, violence against property, reckless driving and arson. Our research findings suggest that self-reported criminal behaviour among a prison population is affected by social desirability bias and that the behaviour considered is significantly associated with the severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. The results also demonstrate the inadequacy of traditional, yet widely used, direct questioning methods, and the great potential for indirect questioning techniques to advance policy formation and evaluation in the field of criminal behaviour.

Prophetic Leadership Scale’s Validation and the Tendency of Normative Response

This study aims to validate the prophetic leadership scale by using a quantitative approach. 202 leaders were involved in this study. Data analysis technique that has been used for construct validation is factorial validation with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), a convergent validation, discriminant validation, and social desirability bias with Pearson correlation. There are 4 instruments used in this study, namely the measuring instrument of prophetic leadership, the measuring instrument of authentic leadership as a convergent validator, the measuring instrument of religiosity as a discriminant validator, and the measuring tool of social desirability as a validator of social appropriateness bias. The prophetic leadership measurement tool measures the same construct as the authentic leadership measurement tool, and measures different constructs from the religiosity measurement tool, and the prophetic leadership measurement tool has a social appropriateness bias or the respondent's tendency to give answers in accordance with norms. The findings raise a prospect that social desirability bias’s influences fitness indices in a scale’s validation.

The Excess Mortality Risk and Prevalence of Drinking-and-Driving in the United States: 1983–2017

Drinking-and-driving remains a leading cause of preventable mortality and morbidity in the United States, yet reliable estimates of its prevalence and the increased risk it imposes on other road users remain elusive. The tendency of respondents to under-report illicit and socially stigmatized behavior and the likelihood that they select out of random sample designs suggests survey-based prevalence estimates are biased downward, resulting in upward biased estimates of excess mortality risk. Moreover, in 2015 the House of Representatives voted to prohibit the use of federal funds to plan or administer the National Roadside Survey (NRS). Therefore, in this article, we apply a statistical approach to document how the excess mortality risk, prevalence, and externality of drinking-and-driving in the United States has evolved over the past four decades. We find that drinking-and-driving declined significantly between 1983 and 1992, but has since plateaued. We also find that the excess mortality risk of drinking drivers rose steadily between 1983 and 2012, but the associated external cost of drinking drivers decreased, suggesting that ‘sober-biased technical change’ may have made all driving less dangerous, but had a smaller impact on drivers influenced by alcohol. For the latest five-year period, however, we identify a sharp reversal in both these trends.

ЦІННІСНІ ОРІЄНТАЦІЇ В СТРУКТУРІ ДОВІРИ ВІЙСЬКОВОСЛУЖБОВЦІВ ДО КОМАНДИРА В ОСОБЛИВИХ УМОВАХ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ

The article deals with the social and psychological peculiarities of the relationship of value orientations and personal trust. The problem of the relationship of value orientations and personal trust is presented in the scientific literature in two main directions: understanding the role of human value orientations in the regulation of trust relations and consideration of the coincidence (similarity) of value orientations of individuals as a necessary condition for the emergence of trust in relationships.The empirical research of the relationship of the value orientations of military personnel and commanders, the formation of trust relationships between them have been conducted.The main qualities of a commander, who is trusted by subordinates, are established, elucidated the coincidence indicators role of value orientations. The presence of a positive relationship between indicators are the similarity in value orientations between subordinates and the leaders’ help in order to establish trust in relationships.The individual hierarchy of values of the commander, who is trusted, have been defined. It was established that, the values associated with professional activity prevail in the terminal subgroup, the values of professional self-realization prevail in the instrumental one. This tendency of respondents' belonging to a certain social group and significance in the formation of trustful relations between the values of professional activity was defined. The main qualities of the trusted commander, chosen by the respondents, are almost identical with his her most significant instrumental values.The prospects for further research is creation and testing of a questionnaire, which assesses the level of trust of subordinates to the commander leader in special conditions of activity.

Online Impulse Buying Behaviour: Case Study On Users Of Tokopedia

This article aims to find out the phenomenon of impulsive buying which is influenced by the ease of use and usefulness of information technology that mediates the pleasure of shopping, in this case the writer chooses tokopedia as the object of the research. Unplanned buying behavior is an interesting phenomenon to examine because it is potential for developing market share. The sample determination method used was 149 respondents. The population in this study is Tokopedia online shop users. Data analysis technique uses descriptive analysis, which is to obtain a picture of the respondent's tendency to answer, and inferential analysis to test the model developed, while the analysis technique used is Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The result shows that the ease of use and usefulness of technology has a positive effect in supporting shopping pleasure, while shopping pleasure can explain the factors that influence impulsive purchases.

Contextual Responses to Affirmative and/or Reversed-Worded Items

This paper presents a systematic investigation of how affirmative and polar-opposite items presented either jointly or separately affect yea-saying tendencies. We measure these yea-saying tendencies with item response models that estimate a respondent's tendency to give a "yea"-response that may be unrelated to the target trait. In a re-analysis of the Zhang et al. (PLoS ONE, 11:1-15, 2016) data, we find that yea-saying tendencies depend on whether items are presented as part of a scale that contains affirmative and/or polar-opposite items. Yea-saying tendencies are stronger for affirmative than for polar-opposite items. Moreover, presenting polar-opposite items together with affirmative items creates lower yea-saying tendencies for polar-opposite items than when presented in isolation. IRT models that do not account for these yea-saying effects arrive at a two-dimensional representation of the target trait. These findings demonstrate that the contextual information provided by an item scale can serve as a determinant of differential item functioning.

Analysis of Local and Improved Chickens Consumption in Olamaboro Local Government Area of Kogi State, Nigeria

The study determined the consumption rate between improved and local chickens in Olamaboro local government area of Kogi State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was adopted for data collection. Data were gathered from primary sources using structured questionnaire administered on 120 poultry consumers. The data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed that both males and females (50%) consumed chickens, people age between 20-40 years were more involved in consumption of chickens, 61% were married, 59.2% had household size of between 6-10 people, 55% had annual income of about ₦300,000.00, 69% were Christians and 35% were civil servants. Preference rate showed that 59% choose improved chickens because of the quantity of meat. Results of multinomial logistic regression of socio-economic characteristics on choice of chicken for consumption showed that sex (W = 4.242, sig = 0.039), age (W = 20.107, sig = 0.00) significantly and positively affected the tendency of respondents to choose a type (improved or local) of chicken for consumption at 5% and 1% level of significant and annual income (W = 21.918, sig = 0.00) significantly and positively affected the respondents’ choice of chicken for consumption at 1% level of significant. The Chi-square statistics (x2) value of the multinomial logistic regression model is 81.70 and is significant at 1%. The paired sample t-test indicates difference in rate of consumption of improved chickens (1.62) and t (2.618) was statistically significant (P<0.01) at 1%. It is recommended that producers of improved chickens should be encouraged to produce more.

Dialectical Thinkers’ Divergence in Responding to Questions including Mixed Wordings and Frames

The use of mixed wordings in phrasing scale items often produces method effects, such as divergence between responses to positively worded items (PWIs) and responses to negatively worded items (NWIs), resulting in a two-factor solution instead of a one-factor solution. The present study suggests that the method effect that occurs due to the use of mixed wordings of scale items is also present for responses to positively and negatively framed questions that employ an interrogative format. In addition, the present study suggests that the occurrence of the method effect caused by mixed wordings and mixed frames is influenced by the dialectical thinking tendency of respondents. Study one showed that responses to PWIs and responses to NWIs diverged from each other for respondents who had a stronger tendency toward dialectical thinking. For dialectical thinkers, PWIs and NWIs constituted separate factors, and the correlation of scores between PWIs and NWIs was relatively low. In study two, the respondents estimated future outcomes by responding to positively and negatively framed interrogative questions that included experts’ optimistic and pessimistic forecasts of future outcomes. The study showed that responses to the positively framed question including an optimistic forecast and responses to the negatively framed question including a pessimistic forecast diverged from each other when respondents had a stronger tendency toward dialectical thinking. The influence of dialectical thinking was evident, particularly when the respondent’s estimation was based on the past record showing an upward trend but not when it was based on the past record lacking a trend. The findings are discussed with respect to the literature of the method effect and the research of dialectical thinking.

Middle Class Identity in China: Subjectivity and Stratification

In recent years increasing attention has been paid to the Chinese middle class as a potential driver of domestic sociopolitical change. This article argues that in its current stratified and fragmented form, the so-called Chinese middle class lacks a coherent social consciousness, which prevents it from taking any meaningful sociopolitical action. Interviews from Ningbo, Zhejiang, reveal a strong tendency for respondents who would be counted among the “middle class” by commonly used objective criteria to identify themselves as “salaried class”. There is a significant sense of relative deprivation found among the self-identified salaried class, who place greater emphasis on financial indicators as the primary determinants of class, compared to the self-identified middle class, who stress the importance of cultural indicators that separate them from the “parvenus”. In constructing their respective class identities, both groups use similar imaginings of the ideal “middle class”, whose cultured lifestyle rests upon strong economic foundations. The point of contrast is usually made through exclusion, rather than inclusion, which suggests that while class-based social comparison is commonplace in China, class-based social cohesion is still lacking.

Measurement and control of bias in patient reported outcomes using multidimensional item response theory.

BackgroundPatient-reported outcome (PRO) measures play a key role in the advancement of patient-centered care research. The accuracy of inferences, relevance of predictions, and the true nature of the associations made with PRO data depend on the validity of these measures. Errors inherent to self-report measures can seriously bias the estimation of constructs assessed by the scale. A well-documented disadvantage of self-report measures is their sensitivity to response style (RS) effects such as the respondent’s tendency to select the extremes of a rating scale. Although the biasing effect of extreme responding on constructs measured by self-reported tools has been widely acknowledged and studied across disciplines, little attention has been given to the development and systematic application of methodologies to assess and control for this effect in PRO measures.MethodsWe review the methodological approaches that have been proposed to study extreme RS effects (ERS). We applied a multidimensional item response theory model to simultaneously estimate and correct for the impact of ERS on trait estimation in a PRO instrument. Model estimates were used to study the biasing effects of ERS on sum scores for individuals with the same amount of the targeted trait but different levels of ERS. We evaluated the effect of joint estimation of multiple scales and ERS on trait estimates and demonstrated the biasing effects of ERS on these trait estimates when used as explanatory variables.ResultsA four-dimensional model accounting for ERS bias provided a better fit to the response data. Increasing levels of ERS showed bias in total scores as a function of trait estimates. The effect of ERS was greater when the pattern of extreme responding was the same across multiple scales modeled jointly. The estimated item category intercepts provided evidence of content independent category selection. Uncorrected trait estimates used as explanatory variables in prediction models showed downward bias.ConclusionsA comprehensive evaluation of the psychometric quality and soundness of PRO assessment measures should incorporate the study of ERS as a potential nuisance dimension affecting the accuracy and validity of scores and the impact of PRO data in clinical research and decision making.

The Role of Information in Perception of Fossil-Fuel Subsidy Reform: Evidence from Indonesia

This paper analyzes household perceptions and the role of information in the fossil-fuel subsidy reforms (FFSR) in Indonesia. The data used in this study were collected by Lembaga Survei Indonesia (LSI), based on an August 2014 survey that involved 2,899 respondents in 34 Indonesian provinces. Survey logistic and multinomial logistic regressions approaches were used in this study. The results show that: (1) those who live outside Java tend to be more receptive to the idea of FFSR (2) The tendency of respondents to oppose the reform is attributable to ownership of motorcycles and cars (3) Providing information about the state budget and the personal impact of the subsidy could change a respondent’s opinion from opposition to support of the reform. These results indicated public resistance to a subsidy removal policy was not permanent. Those who own cars and/or motorcycles tend to be more resistant to FFSR than those who do not possess one.

Personal Moral Philosophies and the Moral Judgments of Salespeople

During the last decade, Donelson R. Forsyth has developed a taxonomy of personal moral philosophies of relevance to sales managers and sales researchers concerned about the ethicality of salespeople's decisions. Forsyth's Ethical Position Questionnaire (EPQ), which measures a respondent's tendency to consider injury to others (idealism) and/or to disregard universal moral rules (relativism) when making moral judgments, can be used to classify salespeople into one of four personal moral philosophies: situationists, subjectivists, absolutists, and exceptionists. After a brief overview of Forsyth's work and its place within sales research on ethics, the results of an empirical study of life insurance agents show that agents with different moral philosophies a la Forsyth's taxonomy differ in their moral judgments about some ethically- questionable actions by life insurance agents.