Respondent Demographic Information Research Articles

Using the health belief model to analyze nurses' perception toward their behaviors for keeping surgical instruments moist: a cross-sectional study.

Nurses' perception toward their behaviors for keeping surgical instruments moist has been rarely studied. The survey which utilized a questionnaire regarding respondent's demographic information and a self-designed nurses' perception-behavior scale for keeping surgical instruments moist was conducted with 360 nurses from a hospital in China. Total score of nurses' perception-behavior scale for keeping surgical instruments moist was 139.93 ± 15.145. Score of nurses' perception-behavior scale for keeping surgical instruments moist varied with age, length of service, and job title, with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). Length of service was the main factor affecting nurses' perception toward their behaviors for keeping surgical instruments moist. Nurses should be offered intensive training on keeping surgical instruments moist due to their inadequate perception on it. The nurses' change in health beliefs and behaviors must be based on developing the right attitude.

Tackling Oppressive Beliefs and Sexual Violence on College Campuses: Evaluation of an Innovative Theater-Based Intervention.

Sexual violence (SV) prevalence remains high among U.S. college campuses; prevention strategies may benefit from addressing socially oppressive beliefs, including racism, sexism, and heterosexism that all directly link to attitudes and beliefs related to SV. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential efficacy of a novel student-driven, theater-based intervention in shifting beliefs regarding racism, heterosexism, and SV. Data were utilized from paired pre- and posttest surveys (n = 272) from undergraduate students, at a university in the Southeastern United States, who attended a student-driven theater production covering topics of SV, heterosexism, and racism. The survey included questions on rape myth acceptance, heteronormative attitudes and beliefs, perceived racism on campus, and relevant respondent demographic information. After viewing the theater production, participants demonstrated significant decreases pretest-posttest in rape myth acceptance, (ΔM = 0.04, SD = 0.25), t(261) = 2.57, p = .01, heteronormative attitudes and beliefs, (ΔM = 0.09, SD = 0.36), t(267) = 3.32, p = .0001, and an increased pretest-posttest in perceived racism on campus, (ΔM = -0.15, SD = 0.47), t(266) = -5.15, p < .0001. For rape myth acceptance and heteronormative attitudes and beliefs, no apparent differences were present by race, gender identity, sexual orientation, or year in school. Only White and mixed-race students' levels of perceived prevalence racism increased when examined by race. Findings from this study suggest that theater interventions may not only be an effective tool for addressing SV on campus, but also targeting other forms of discrimination, including sexism, homophobia, and racism among students.

The Prevalence of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Among the Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology (FCSIT) Undergraduate Students in UNIMAS and Its Association with Computer Usage

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is the most common type of nerve entrapment and it is due to the compression of the median nerve which passes through the carpal tunnel in the wrist. Previous research had found that the development of CTS is related to the prolonged use and repetitive movement of the wrist such as typing. Thus, this research is conducted to determine the prevalence of CTS among the Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology (FCSIT) undergraduate students in UNIMAS and its association with computer usage. To achieve the objective, a quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the prevalence of CTS and its association with computer use among UNIMAS FCSIT undergraduate students. The data was collected by distributing a self-administrated questionnaire through online platforms. The questionnaire contained 4 main sections, which consist of the respondent demographic information, respondent’s computer usage and knowledge on computer ergonomics, Patient Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE) and Boston Carpal Tunnel Syndrome questionnaire. The collected data were analysed by using SPSS statistical software version 21. According to the results, a total of 338 responses from UNIMAS FCSIT students with a mean age of 22.04 were collected; 59.5% of the respondents were females and 40.5% were males. Among the 338 respondents, about 90.8% were healthy with no pre-existing medical condition while only 3.8% of them were diagnosed with CTS prior to this study. Next, most of the respondents had average knowledge on computer ergonomics (28.4%). According to the PRWE result, most of the respondents had minimal pain (44.1%). Next, for the BCTQ severity score result, most of the respondents showed minimal CTS symptoms (42%) while for the BCTQ function score, up to 60.7% of the respondents did not show CTS symptoms. Other findings of our study showed that there was no relation between CTS and computer usage either in terms of daily duration on computer use, years on computer use or knowledge on computer ergonomics. To conclude, there is minimal correlation between computer usage and the risk of developing CTS.

Normothermic Machine Perfusion in pediatric liver transplantation: A survey of attitudes and barriers.

NMP provides a superior strategy for the assessment and preservation of marginal donor livers and has demonstrated increased utilization and enhances organ quality when used in adult liver transplantation. We aimed to evaluate the interest of incorporating the use of NMP in pediatric liver transplantation. An anonymous online survey was distributed to pediatric transplant surgeons and hepatologists across the United States. Respondent demographic information, attitudes toward NMP in pediatric liver transplantation, and barriers to utilization were examined. Thirty-two providers (18 transplant surgeons and 14 hepatologists) completed the survey, yielding a response rate of 64%. Half (50%) of respondents indicated prior exposure to NMP. Overall, 96% of respondents believed there was benefit to using NMP in pediatric liver transplantation. DCD (68%) and post-cross-clamp (75%) grafts were the greatest opportunity for NMP use. A role in splitting livers ex vivo (71%) was also seen as a potential major opportunity. Cost was perceived as a barrier to implementation (36%), followed by institutional factors (32%). Cost tolerance was significantly greater in respondents residing in OPTN regions with greater than median wait times (63% vs. 11% in OPTN regions with greater vs. shorter wait times, p=.010). There is significant interest within the pediatric liver transplant community for NMP to expand the donor pool. Interest appears particularly strong in regions where wait times for suitable pediatric donors are prolonged.

Applicant Perceptions Regarding the 2020 to 2021 Virtual Ophthalmology Residency Interview and Match Season.

Background The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has significantly impacted medical education, notably the mandate for all residency programs to implement virtual (rather than in-person) residency interviews. Understanding residency applicants' perceptions and approach to this novel virtual interview season will be beneficial as potential future interview formats are considered. Objective The aim of this study was to examine perceptions of the 2020 to 2021 ophthalmology residency match applicants regarding the virtual interview season prior to the start of the interview season. Patients and Methods Ophthalmology residency applicants during the 2020 to 2021 cycle were invited to complete the survey between October 20 and 29, 2020. Respondent demographic information, perceived importance of various application details in a normal versus virtual interview season, strengths and limitations of virtual interviews, and preferences for optimal virtual interview format were obtained. Results There were 337 survey respondents, with at least 50% of the survey completed by 190 applicants (56%). Of these, 73% of respondents applied to more than 60 ophthalmology residency programs, and 78% felt that the evaluation of candidates would be impacted by the virtual interview format. Regardless of interview format, United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 score and letters of recommendation were perceived to be the two most important factors related to matching at an applicant's top ranked programs. The primary limitation of a virtual interview season was the inability to experience a program's culture in person, while largest strength was cost savings. Conclusion The ophthalmology residency match is a competitive process made potentially more complex by a novel virtual interview format. A detailed postcycle analysis will be important to optimize future interview seasons.

Tracking implementation strategies in the randomized rollout of a Veterans Affairs national opioid risk management initiative

BackgroundIn 2018, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) issued Notice 2018-08 requiring facilities to complete “case reviews” for Veterans identified in the Stratification Tool for Opioid Risk Mitigation (STORM) dashboard as high risk for adverse outcomes among patients prescribed opioids. Half of the facilities were randomly assigned to a Notice version including additional oversight. We evaluated implementation strategies used, whether strategies differed by randomization arm, and which strategies were associated with case review completion rates.MethodsFacility points of contact completed a survey assessing their facility’s use of 68 implementation strategies based on the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change taxonomy. We collected respondent demographic information, facility-level characteristics, and case review completion rates (percentage of high-risk patients who received a case review). We used Kruskal-Wallis tests and negative binomial regression to assess strategy use and factors associated with case reviews.ResultsContacts at 89 of 140 facilities completed the survey (64%) and reported using a median of 23 (IQR 16–31) strategies. The median case review completion rate was 71% (IQR 48–95%). Neither the number or types of strategies nor completion rates differed by randomization arm. The most common strategies were using the STORM dashboard (97%), working with local opinion leaders (80%), and recruiting local partners (80%). Characteristics associated with case review completion rates included respondents being ≤ 35 years old (incidence rate ratio, IRR 1.35, 95% CI 1.09–1.67) and having < 5 years in their primary role (IRR 1.23; 95% CI 1.01–1.51), and facilities having more prior academic detailing around pain and opioid safety (IRR 1.40, 95% CI 1.12–1.75). Controlling for these characteristics, implementation strategies associated with higher completion rates included (1) monitoring and adjusting practices (adjusted IRR (AIRR) 1.40, 95% CI 1.11–1.77), (2) identifying adaptations while maintaining core components (AIRR 1.28, 95% CI 1.03–1.60), (3) conducting initial training (AIRR 1.16, 95% CI 1.02–1.50), and (4) regularly sharing lessons learned (AIRR 1.32, 95% CI 1.09–1.59).ConclusionsIn this national evaluation of strategies used to implement case reviews of patients at high risk of opioid-related adverse events, point of contact age and tenure in the current role, prior pain-related academic detailing at the facility, and four specific implementation strategies were associated with case review completion rates, while randomization to additional centralized oversight was not.Trial registrationThis project is registered at the ISRCTN Registry with number ISRCTN16012111. The trial was first registered on May 3, 2017.

Pharmacist and pharmacy intern perceptions of adolescent vaccination administration

ObjectivesTo characterize pharmacists’ and pharmacy interns’ perceptions of administering adolescent vaccinations. Secondary objectives were to model the association between 1) perceptions and respondent demographic information and 2) pre- and post-training survey responses. DesignA 12-item survey, on the basis of the Theory of Self-Perception, was used to collect respondents’ perceptions of adolescent vaccination administration retrospectively before and after pharmacist and pharmacy intern completion of Online training. The training reviewed Center for Disease Control and Advisory Committee on Immunization Practice recommendations for vaccination schedules, vaccine administration, managing adverse reactions, finding vaccine-related information, the importance of vaccinating, and dispelling common misconceptions. Setting and participantsPharmacists and pharmacy interns representing 114 Indiana community pharmacy locations within a national supermarket chain were eligible to complete an Online survey between March and April 2019. Outcome measuresDescriptive statistics were used to characterize pharmacists’ and pharmacy interns’ perceptions of adolescent vaccination administration. A multivariable regression analysis was used to determine the association between perceptions and respondent demographic information. Differences in perceptions before and after the training module were evaluated using paired t tests. ResultsOf the 293 eligible pharmacists and pharmacy interns, 138 (47.1%) completed the survey and 124 (42.3%) responses were included for analysis. Pharmacists and pharmacy interns had positive perceptions of adolescent vaccination administration. There was a negative relationship between the number of years that a pharmacist had been in practice and their baseline perceptions of adolescent vaccination administration (P = 0.02). There was a statistically significant increase in perceptions following completion of the training module (P < 0.001). ConclusionPharmacists and pharmacy interns, specifically those who have been in practice for few years, had positive perceptions about adolescent vaccination administration but their perceptions were strengthened with additional training. Further research is needed to determine the relationship between additional training and vaccination rates.

Interventions Addressing Vision, Visual-perceptual Impairments Following Acquired Brain Injury: A Cross-sectional Survey.

The existing literature on the effectiveness of interventions targeting vision, visual-perceptual impairments following acquired brain injury (ABI) is scarce and unlinked to occupational performance. To explore current occupational therapy practice in vision-rehabilitation among adults with ABI in Canada, and to determine the evidence-practice gaps. An online survey was made available through the Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists (CAOT) website, and disseminated to seven public healthcare institutions in Quebec. The survey collected respondent demographic information, and the types and frequency of treatments delivered. Descriptive statistics were conducted to determine interventions' frequency. Participant comments were collected and grouped into recurring themes. Over half (55%) of respondents regularly use evidence-based interventions when addressing visual acuity (VA) and visual field (VF) deficits, but only very few (3%) use it when dealing with oculomotor function and visual stress impairments. Results gave a glimpse of interventions used and suggested the need for further research in vision rehabilitation.

The Determinants of Turnover Intention among Bank Employees

The aim of this study is to identify the determinants of turnover intention among bank employees in Kuala Lumpur. Specifically, the objective of this study is to assess the relationships between employee relations, working environment and conditions, compensation and benefit packages, career advancement opportunities and turnover intention. A total of 150 questionnaires were distributed among bank employees in the Masjid Jamek area and the researchers successfully collected 120 questionnaires from the respective respondents. All the data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 23.0 version. Two types of data analysis were used — descriptive analysis and inferential analysis. Descriptive analysis was used to study the respondent demographic information such as age, gender, education level, length of services, and monthly income level. Meanwhile, the inferential analysis was used to examine the relationships between employee relations, working environment and conditions, compensation and benefit packages, career advancement opportunities and turnover intention. The results show that the relationship between turnover intention and employee relations is weak. However, working environment and conditions, compensation and benefit packages, and career advancement opportunities are moderately correlated to turnover intention among bank employees. Based on a multiple regression analysis, working environment and conditions, and compensation and benefit packages have negative and significant relationship with turnover intention.

The Determinants of Turnover Intention among Bank Employees

The aim of this study is to identify the determinants of turnover intention among bank employees in Kuala Lumpur. Specifically, the objective of this study is to assess the relationships between employee relations, working environment and conditions, compensation and benefit packages, career advancement opportunities and turnover intention. A total of 150 questionnaires were distributed among bank employees in the Masjid Jamek area and the researchers successfully collected 120 questionnaires from the respective respondents. All the data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 23.0 version. Two types of data analysis were used — descriptive analysis and inferential analysis. Descriptive analysis was used to study the respondent demographic information such as age, gender, education level, length of services, and monthly income level. Meanwhile, the inferential analysis was used to examine the relationships between employee relations, working environment and conditions, compensation and benefit packages, career advancement opportunities and turnover intention. The results show that the relationship between turnover intention and employee relations is weak. However, working environment and conditions, compensation and benefit packages, and career advancement opportunities are moderately correlated to turnover intention among bank employees. Based on a multiple regression analysis, working environment and conditions, and compensation and benefit packages have negative and significant relationship with turnover intention.

Are Caregivers Who Respond to the Child HCAHPS Survey Reflective of All Hospitalized Pediatric Patients?

The Child Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (C-HCAHPS) survey was developed to measure satisfaction levels of pediatric inpatients' caregivers. Studies in adults have revealed that certain demographic groups (people of color or who are multiracial and people with public insurance) respond to surveys at decreased rates, contributing to nonresponse bias. Our primary goal was to determine if results from the C-HCAHPS survey accurately reflect the intended population or reveal evidence of nonresponse bias. Our secondary goal was to examine whether demographic or clinical factors were associated with increased satisfaction levels. This was a retrospective cohort study of responses (n = 421) to the C-HCAHPS survey of patients admitted to a tertiary-care pediatric hospital between March 2016 and March 2017. Respondent demographic information was compared with that of all hospital admissions over the same time frame. Satisfaction was defined as "top-box" scores for questions on overall rating and willingness to recommend the hospital. Caregivers returning surveys were more likely to be white, non-Hispanic, and privately insured (P < .001). Caregivers with the shortest emergency department wait times were more likely to assign top-box scores for global rating (P = .025). We found no differences in satisfaction between race and/or ethnicity, length of stay, insurance payer, or total cost. Caregivers who identified with underrepresented minority groups and those without private insurance were less likely to return surveys. Among the surveys received, short emergency department wait time and older age were the only factors measured that were associated with higher satisfaction. Efforts to increase patient satisfaction on the basis of satisfaction scores may exacerbate existing disparities in health care.

Use of the Nutrition Care Process and Nutrition Care Process Terminology in an International Cohort Reported by an Online Survey Tool

BackgroundDietitians in countries across the world have been implementing the Nutrition Care Process (NCP) and Terminology (NCPT) during the past decade. The implementation process has been evaluated in specific countries and in smaller international studies; however, no large international study comparing implementation between countries has been completed. ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to describe and compare the level of NCP/NCPT implementation across 10 countries. MethodsA previously tested web-based survey was completed in 2017 by 6,719 dietitians across 10 countries. Participants were recruited through e-mail lists, e-newsletters, and social media groups for dietitians. Nondietitians were excluded through screening questions and targeted dissemination channels. Main outcome measures and statistical analysisThe main outcome of interest was the level of implementation of each of the four NCP steps. Differences in implementation between the NCP (process) and NCPT (terminology) were also measured. Differences between groups were assessed using Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test. Multiple linear regression was used to assess relationships between the main outcomes and respondent demographic information. ResultsAustralia, New Zealand, and the United States had higher implementation rates compared with other countries surveyed. Awareness of the NCP was high in most countries (>90%) but lower in Greece (50%). All countries had a higher implementation level of the NCP (process) compared with the NCPT (terminology). Dietitians working with inpatients reported the highest implementation levels while those working in public health reported the lowest. ConclusionsDietitians in countries with more experience in NCP/NCPT implementation and a clear implementation strategy had higher levels of implementation. To achieve a successful NCP/NCPT implementation among dietitians, there is a need to promote the value of a standardized dietetic language together with the more easily implemented process. There is also a need to promote NCP/NCPT for all areas of practice, and develop strategic plans for implementation of the NCP and NCPT.

Whatsapp Addiction Affecting Students at Politeknik Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin

Nowadays, surfing the internet across virtual borders became a must to almost every layer of society. The existence of various social sites like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and WhatsApp as medium to communicate became widely used because the internet is accessible to anyone regardless of place and time. Excessive use of WhatsApp is addictive and it gave different impact in terms of advantages and disadvantages to the users. Highlights from this, this paper work was done to assess the influence of the excessive use of WhatsApp on the attitude of students of PSMZA. A total of 250 students were randomly selected which consists of male and female students. The methodology used is descriptive method and quantitative approach that is using the questionnaire instrument consisting of three parts, namely part A respondent's demographic information, part B of the information level of addiction to the use of WhatsApp and part C information relating to the attitude of students either positive or negative towards their environment. The data collected is processed through the software IBM SPSS Statistics version 23. From the study it was found that the influence of the use of excessive WhatsApp still had positive impact on the attitudes of students of PSMZA. However, female students were more addicted to WhatsApp compared to male students.

Patient monitoring programs in oncology pharmacy practice: A survey of oncology pharmacists in Atlantic Canada

There has been a dramatic increase in new drug approvals in oncology, consisting of both small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. However, Health Canada approval for many of the new agents was based on single randomized trials consisting of only a few hundred patients. As more patients get treated with these newer agents, there is the potential for new and discrete toxicities. Pharmacists are in an ideal position to identify, monitor, manage, and even preempt future events, given their close proximity to the patient. However, the extent of pharmacists' involvement in formal patient programs is unknown. To address this knowledge gap, a survey of oncology pharmacists practicing in Atlantic Canada was conducted. A structured mailing strategy was adopted as recommended by Dillman (1978). Standardized data collection forms were electronically mailed to 60 oncology pharmacists. Survey items consisted of respondent demographic information, practice setting, the existence of a formal patient monitoring program managed, and if patients are contacted by telephone following the completion of their anticancer cycle. Overall, 31 completed surveys were received, for an overall response rate of 50%. Respondents had a median age of 42 and a median of 18 years' (range 1 to 25) professional experience as a pharmacist. Only 18 of the 31 (58%) respondents indicated that there was a formal monitoring and call back program managed by pharmacy available at their institution. For those without such programs, the main reasons were due to staffing issues and lack of adequately trained clinical personnel. Overall, 100% of respondents would favor the development of a formal monitoring program in hospitals with a high volume of anticancer drug prescribing. Even though the number of new anticancer drugs being introduced into clinical pharmacy practice is increasing, formal patient monitoring and patient call back programs are not universal in Atlantic Canada hospitals.

Assessment of factors that influence pharmacy residency applicant selection of a specific postgraduate year one (PGY1) program

BackgroundThere is limited recent evidence evaluating factors that influence pharmacy residency applicant selection of a specific PGY1 program. Numerous PGY1 residency programs remain unmatched and although it is now easier to obtain a candidate, programs still aim to attract the best candidates and therefore are interested in the candidates’ desires and needs. ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to assess factors that influence residency applicant selection of a specific PGY1 pharmacy program. MethodsThis is a prospective, survey-based study in which pharmacy students in their last professional year, current PGY1 pharmacy residents, and unmatched PGY1 candidates were evaluated. Electronic surveys were utilized and contained questions about basic respondent demographic information and about the rating and ranking of factors in relation to their influence in the decision-making process. ResultsA total of 386 pharmacy students, 411 current PGY1 residents, and 303 unmatched PGY1 candidate responses were analyzed. The majority of respondents in all three groups were females in their mid-twenties. Factors that received the highest mean importance scores within each group were positive interactions with the program, current resident satisfaction, scope of patient care services provided, ASHP accreditation status, and geographic location. The factor that received the lowest mean importance score within each respondent group was the availability of off-site rotations. ConclusionResidency programs, particularly new and unmatched programs, should consider strategies to promote positive interactions, improve current resident satisfaction and program reputation, as well as focus on improving the scope of on-site clinical services.

Mexican Americans across generations: immigrant families, racial realities

Preface Acknowledgments 1 Introduction Part I 2 Thinned Attachment: Heritage Is Slipping through our Fingers 3 Cultural Maintenance: A Pot of Beans on the Stove 4 Tortillas in the Shape of the United States: Marriage and the Families We ChoosePart II 5 Whiter Is Better: Discrimination in Everyday Life 6 Fit to Be Good Cooks and Good Mechanics: Racialization in Schools 7 As Much Hamburger as Taco: Third-Generation Mexican Americans 8 Conclusion: Racialization despite Assimilation Methodological Appendix: A Note on Sociological Reflexivity and Situated Interviews Appendix A: Respondent Demographic Information (Pseudonyms) Notes Bibliography Index About the Author

Nationwide Acute Care Physical Therapist Practice Analysis Identifies Knowledge, Skills, and Behaviors That Reflect Acute Care Practice

Acute care physical therapy is a rapidly evolving practice area, but little is known about the skills, knowledge, and behaviors necessary for a clinician to be most effective in this area. The objective of this study was to perform the first nationwide survey of acute care physical therapists to validate the knowledge, skill, and behavior sets that reflect practice parameters specific for acute care physical therapy. A survey format was used. The Acute Care Physical Therapy Practice Analysis Survey was created on the basis of current literature and consensus of a 9-member Subject Matter Expert (SME) Group. The survey sections addressed knowledge areas, professional behaviors, and patient/client management approaches reflecting practice parameters specific for acute care physical therapy. Additionally, respondent demographic information was collected. Pilot testing necessitated minor changes in the survey. After revision, the survey questionnaire was sent to a sample of experienced acute care physical therapists throughout the United States. A convenience sample of 522 physical therapists who identified themselves as having extensive experience in acute care practice was used. Of these, 254 completed the survey, for a response rate of 48.7%. Through the use of predetermined decision rules, 34 items were eliminated on the basis of a descriptive analysis of survey results as well as a failure of the items to meet the threshold of specificity for acute care practice, as determined through SME Group consensus. The potential for self-selection bias, a sample weighted heavily with American Physical Therapy Association members and Acute Care Section members, and a small proportion of clinicians (<3%) with less than 1 year of acute care experience may limit generalizability of these results. The results of this practice analysis describe distinct knowledge, skills, and behaviors specific for acute care physical therapy. The outcomes of the survey might assist in the development of professional (entry-level) acute care competencies, a petition for the recognition of specialization in acute care physical therapy, or both. In addition, the findings of this practice analysis could serve as the foundation for the development of residencies or fellowships in acute care practice.

Attitudinal Dimensions that Determine Pharmacists’ Decisions to Support DTCA of Prescription Medication

The use of consumers as a channel of marketing prescription drugs is now being more thoroughly explored by the pharmaceutical industry through direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA). As medication distributor and counselor, the pharmacist is in a unique position to observe the effects of DTCA. The purpose of this study was to assess pharmacists’ attitudes toward DTCA. A survey mailed to a randomized statewide sample of pharmacists solicited their level of agreement to 24, Likert-type items pertaining to the possible effects of DTCA in addition to requesting relevant respondent demographic information. Results indicated that 59% of the pharmacists did not support DTCA. Chi-squared analysis indicated that support of DTCA was independent of respondent demographics. Factor analysis revealed four underlying dimensions (“action,” “disruption,” “knowledge,” and “market”) explaining 53.4% of the variance in attitudes. Discriminant analysis was used to correctly classify 76% of respondents as supporters and nonsupported of DTCA. The study concludes that pharmacists believe in the possibility of numerous entwined effects of DTCA, resulting in a complex composition of their attitudes.