Attitude Of Respondents Research Articles

Impact of Rice Mill Pollution on Surrounding Environment: A Case Study in Sadar Upazila, Dinajpur, Bangladesh

A study was conducted to find out the impact of rice mill pollution on the surrounding environment, agricultural production and human health status at Dinajpur Sadar Upazila through a semi-structured questionnaire during the period from October 2018 to October 2019. Nine rice mills were randomly selected and data were collected from a number of 104 respondents. Data were collected from the respondents at four distant places away from a rice mill viz. 0 meter (in and around mill area), 100, 500, and 1000 meter away. Appropriate scales were developed to measure both the independent and dependent variables by using Microsoft excel and SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) program. Results showed maximum respondents attitude (>50%) towards the impact of rice mill pollution on envielnment, agricultute and their health status were not positive (score was 8-15 out of 32) i.e. they were suffering from the rice mill pollutions. Study on four different distances showed that the closest surroundings were highly affected category (impact score >40 out of 60) by the rice mill pollution. The pollution effect on agricultural productivity and human health was in the highest category up to 500 meter away from the mill site and it was found in decreasing trend (impact score <20) at the distance of 1000 away from the rice mill. The overall findings of the study suggested that rice mill should be established more than half a kilometer away from the human settlement and arable land to minimize the rice mill pollution hazards.

The Effect of Multimedia-Based Education on the Management of Hypertension on Behavioral Change for Stroke Prevention

This study aims to determine the effect of multimedia-based education on the management of hypertension on changes in stroke prevention behavior. The method in this study uses a quasi-experimental pre-post and post-test with control group design. The study population was all elderly with hypertension in Cipayung District, East Jakarta. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling. The number of samples in 64 respondents, in the intervention group and the control group. The method of data collection by pre-post and post-test, the data characteristics of respondents, knowledge, attitudes and actions using a questionnaire. While the blood pressure data checks the respondent. The study was conducted in the working area of ​​the Cipayung District Health Center in East Jakarta, the time of the study was from April to November 2019. Interventions that were conducted to respondents were multimedia-based education using Video and Modules. Univariate and bivariate data analysis, using the dependent and independent t-test while multivariate data analysis using the mancova test. The results showed that the average age of respondents was 63 years in the intervention group, while the control group was 62 years. The majority of respondents are female, not working and have low education both in the control and intervention groups. There are significant differences in multimedia-based education on respondents' knowledge, attitudes, actions and blood pressure. There is a significant influence between respondent's age, occupation and systolic blood pressure on stoke prevention behavior. Conclusion: There is a significant difference in multimedia-based education on changing the behavior of respondents for stroke prevention.

Circular Economy in the Context of Food Losses and Waste

Although consumption is one of the most important elements of any economy, including those that are developing, excessive consumerism is becoming increasingly common today, often resulting in the phenomenon of food waste. Food waste is a multi-aspect issue. It is a topical problem of varying nature and intensity, particularly for the environment, the economy, and society. In this context, efforts were made to emphasize the importance of the idea of a circular economy, due to the fact that the positive effects of its implementation and correct application may be the minimization of the problem of food waste, which can be seen from an economic, social, or environmental point of view. To obtain this goal, consumer research was conducted among the inhabitants of Eastern Poland. Their principal task was to define social attitudes and explain a problem known as household food waste. The results were subjected to the cluster analysis method and correspondence analysis, and the corresponding calculations and figures made it possible to draw conclusions from the research. Consumers seem to be aware of the dilemma of excessive food discarding in their households. They also recognize their active role in preventing this socio-economic problem. Despite the concerns expressed by consumers, food waste is still very high. This may most likely be because of a declarative approach rather than to the actual attitudes of respondents.

The Relationship between Knowledge and Attitude of Pulmonary TB Patients on the Prevention of Pulmonary TB Disease Transmission at Puskesmas Padangmatinggi

Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is one of the lower respiratory tract diseases. This research is descriptive, the method of collecting data from interview experience using a questionnaire/questionnaire. From the results of the study of the relationship between knowledge and attitudes of pulmonary TB patients towards the prevention of transmission of pulmonary TB disease at the Padangsidimpuan Health Center in 2022. it can be concluded that of 23 respondents, the majority of respondents were 23 respondents with sufficient knowledge and did not take steps to prevent transmission as many as 11 people (73.3%) 1 person (20%). From the results of statistical tests conducted by researchers using the SPSS program, the respondents' knowledge obtained p-value = 0.009 (p < 0.05) meaning Ho was accepted and H1 was rejected, so there was a relationship between knowledge on the Prevention of Pulmonary TB Disease Transmission at the Puskesmas Padangmatinggi. The respondent's attitude variable obtained p-value = 0.317 (p > 0.05) Ho is rejected and H1 is accepted, it can be concluded that there is no relationship between patient attitudes towards the Prevention of Pulmonary TB Disease Transmission

Impacts of COVID-19 on the construction sector in the least developed countries

PurposeGlobal construction has been affected by COVID-19 unprecedently. The construction sectors in the least developed countries are considered as vulnerable, but the covid made the countries experience the worst situation ever. To minimize the losses by effective measures, there needs to assess the COVID-19 impacts on the construction sector. So, the aim of this study is to investigate the most critical impacts of COVID-19 on construction in the least developed countries by considering the case study of Bangladesh.Design/methodology/approachThe authors adopted multistep research methods, including (1) literature analysis and discussion with experts to establish a comprehensive list of COVID-19 impacts; (2) through a questionnaire survey, data were collected from 217 construction professionals by email, Google Form and Skype for quantifying the significance of covid impacts; (3) reliability of the survey checked by the Cronbach Alpha test; (4) Relative Importance Index (RII) to determine the ranks of the impacts based on their significance; (5) Interpretive Structural Model (ISM) to explore the corelations and the hierarchical structure; and (6) cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification (MICMAC) analysis to classify the COVID-19 impacts.FindingsThe study identified a total of 18 COVID-19 impacts on the construction sector. Among them, the job cuts, schedule delays, project suspension, cost overrun and effects on mental health are more influential and significant than others. Further, this study found that unpaid leave and job cuts are the two most fundamental impacts which influence other succeeding significant impacts. And ultimately all the impacts lead to hampering the national economy and development. Finally, MICMAC analysis suggested that unpaid leave and job cuts should be addressed first to resolve and effects on the national economy and development should be later.Research limitations/implicationsThis study does not consider all the COVID-19 impacts due to the relevant context and simplicity of the ISM method. Also, the respondent's attitude might be slightly different during the post-mass vaccination period.Practical implicationsThis study will help the company's management, employees and government to develop effective strategies to understand the insight of their interrelations and ultimately overcome the identified covid effects. This will must contribute to the industry, its employees, the government and society by ensuring the national economy and development, construction operations, investment, employment and social security.Originality/valueThis study will contribute to the knowledge body (practitioners and researchers) by providing the list of significant covid impacts and insight into their interrelations for further deep analysis of the pandemic effects. This will also help the authorities and stakeholders in developing policies and strategies to minimize or avoid these effects and avoid future consequences due to any pandemic like covid.

Gender and Public Perception of Disasters: A Multiple Hazards Exploratory Study of EU Citizens

Aim: To explore gender influence on individual risk perception of multiple hazards and personal attitudes towards disaster preparedness across EU citizens. Method: An online survey was distributed to 2485 participants from Spain, France, Poland, Sweden and Italy. The survey was divided into two parts. The first part examined perceived likelihood (L), perceived personal impact (I) and perceived self-efficacy (E) towards disasters due to extreme weather conditions (flood, landslide and storm), fire, earthquake, hazardous materials accidents, and terrorist attacks. The overall risk rating for each specific hazard was measured through the following equation R = (L × I)/E and the resulting scores were brought into the range between 0 and 1. The second part explored people’s reactions to the Pros and Cons of preparedness to compute the overall attitudes of respondents towards preparation (expressed as a ratio between −1 and 1). Results: Although we found gender variations on concerns expressed as the likelihood of the occurrence, personal consequences and self-efficacy, the overall risks were judged significantly higher by females in all hazards (p < 0.01). We also found that, in general, most respondents (both males and females) were in favour of preparedness. More importantly, despite the gender differences in risk perception, there were no significant differences in the attitudes towards preparedness. We found weak correlations between risks perceived and attitudes towards preparedness (rho < 0.20). The intersectional analysis showed that young and adult females perceived higher risks than their gender counterparts at the same age. There were also gender differences in preparedness, i.e., females in higher age ranges are more motivated for preparedness than men in lower age ranges. We also found that risk perception for all hazards in females was significantly higher than in males at the same education level. We found no significant differences between sub-groups in the pros and cons of getting ready for disasters. However, females at a higher level of education have more positive attitudes towards preparedness. Conclusions: This study suggests that gender along with other intersecting factors (e.g., age and education) still shape differences in risk perception and attitudes towards disasters across the EU population. Overall, the presented results policy actions focus on promoting specific DRR policies and practices (bottom-up participatory and learning processes) through interventions oriented to specific target groups from a gender perspective.

Generalization of threats attributed to large carnivores in areas of high human-wildlife conflict.

Fear-induced generalization of threats to noninimical stimuli is a behavioral tendency of humans to minimize exposure to potential threats. In human-carnivore conflict zones, people often generalize their fear of predation by obligate carnivores to nonobligate carnivores despite differences in species' predation rates. We investigated the effect of a perceived threat of large obligate carnivores to livestock on tolerance and perception of striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) in an area of high human-carnivore conflict. We surveyed 197 households through asemistructured questionnaire to determine people's perception and tolerance of striped hyenas in Sathyamangalam and Mudumalai Tiger Reserves after identification of the current distribution range of hyena determined through camera trap and sign surveys. Through the random forest algorithm, we modeled the level of tolerance of striped hyena as a function of loss of livestock to predation and from disease, the perceived threat of predation by hyena, and other socioeconomic attributes. Animal husbandry was a major source of income but was severely affected by livestock loss due to predation and disease. Sixty-nine percent of people were uncertain about predatory behavior of hyena; out of that, 23% reported a negative conservation attitude. Only 6 instances of hyena depredation on livestock and 2 on dogs were reported. Our model confirmed that economic instability associated with increased loss to predation and disease, livestock dependency, and a decrease in family annual income negatively affected people's tolerance of hyena. Perceptual uncertainty related to predatory behavior of hyena also negatively affected people's tolerance. In our study area, economic instability and perceptual uncertainty led to generalization of fear of large carnivores to a nonobligate predator. Such generalization may affect the attitude of people toward many other species. Understanding the role of economic instability and perceptual uncertainty should facilitate conservation of species, such as the hyena, that are vulnerable to false generalization.

Public Awareness, Prevalence and Potential Determinants of Bovine Tuberculosis in Selected Districts of Gamo Zone, Southern Ethiopia

PurposeBovine tuberculosis (bTB) is infectious chronic disease of animals mainly caused by bacillus Mycobacterium bovis. It is known endemic disease of cattle in Ethiopia. In the current study sites, there is little information on bovine tuberculosis. Thus, this study was aimed to assess public awareness; and estimate prevalence and potential a risk factors of bovine tuberculosis.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted, November 2018 to May 2019, on dairy cattle randomly selected from smallholder farms of Arba Minch Zuria and Chencha districts. Comparative intradermal tuberculin test (CIDT) was used in the diagnosis of bTB in dairy animals. CIDT was administered to 221 dairy cattle. Questionnaire survey was performed on 110 smallholders to assess risk factors accountable for the event of bTB in human population.Results8.2% animal level prevalence of bTB was documented in the study sites. Dairy cattle with age of 4 to 8 eight years were 34% more likely to be affected by bTB less than 4 years age cattle (OR=1.34). However, factors like housing, body condition, herd size and parity were not significantly related with the event of bTB. The assessment of bTB awareness was shown 29.7% participants knew that cattle could be infected, and 13.4% of the respondents believed that it can spread from animal to human and vice versa. Besides, 66.1% of participants had habit for consumption of raw milk and soured milk products. Moreover, respondent’s attitude about zoonoses and consequences of bTB was risky.ConclusionPresent study discloses that bTB is animal health problem affecting dairy cattle in Gamo zone, Southern Ethiopia. Based on the current findings, public awareness creation, bovine tuberculosis test and segregation strategy should be applied to minimize the public health hazards and risk factors for bovine origin tuberculosis.

The Relationship Between Knowledge And Attitudes Of Pregnant Women With Behaviors To Prevent Malari Complications In Pregnancy

Malaria in pregnancy can be caused by various types of Plasmodium malaria and Plasmodium falciparum is a plasmodium that has a bad impact that can increase maternal morbidity and mortality and has a bad impact on babies in the womb. In pregnant women, malaria can cause complications of anemia, cerebral malaria, pulmonary edema, kidney failure and can cause death. In the fetus it causes abortion, premature delivery, low birth weight, and fetal death. This research method uses descriptive with cross sectional research design. The study sample was 53 pregnant women who underwent Antenatal Care examinations at the Koya Barat Health Center in 2021. The sampling method used the Accidental Sampling technique. The results showed that the majority of respondents aged 20-35 years were 48 people (90.6%). Most of respondents' education is SMA 28 (52.8%). Good knowledge of 16 respondents (30.2%) and poor knowledge of 37 respondents (69.8%). Positive attitude of respondents as many as 19 respondents (35.8%) and negative attitudes of 34 respondents (64.2%). The behavior of the respondents is sufficient as many as 36 respondents (67.9%) and the behavior of the respondents is less as many as 17 respondents (32.1%). Conclusion There is a significant relationship between knowledge of pregnant women and the behavior of preventing malaria complications in pregnancy with a p-value of 0.045. There is no significant relationship between attitude and prevention of malaria complications in pregnancy with a p value of 0.502 at the Koya Barat Health Center. Efforts to prevent malaria must continue to be carried out in risk groups, namely pregnant women, in order to reduce the number of malaria cases and reduce maternal and infant mortality.

Knowledge Attitude and Practice of Food Handlers Regarding Food Safety Practices District Kohat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan

Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of food handlers regarding food safety and personnel hygiene practices among the local food handlers of District Kohat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Methodology: The Department of Community Medicine at the KMU-Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS), Kohat, conducted a cross-sectional study between December 2021 and May 2022. A cross-sectional study with a sample of n=265 adults was conducted, with a 95% confidence interval and a 5% margin of error. The respondents' food safety knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours were evaluated using a well-designed questionnaire. Data were entered and analysed using SPSS version 26.0. Final results were tabulated and presented. Results: Out of those surveyed, 39.25% were found to have a basic understanding of the written word; 82.648% earned less than 30,000 PKR per month; 58.87% had worked for at least four years; and 67.74% were in the service industry (mostly as cooks and wait staff). In addition, 32.83 percent of those who handled the food had adequate expertise, 90.94 percent had an upbeat mentality, and 47.92 percent followed adequate procedures to ensure the safety and cleanliness of the food they handled. Conclusions: It was concluded that knowledge of food handlers was not up to the standards of food safety and personnel hygiene practices. Moreover, the attitude of food handlers was satisfactory whereas the practice was below the average satisfactory level and thus needs strategies to enhance knowledge, and to improve practices of food handlers regarding food safety to reduce food borne diseases. Keywords: Knowledge, Food Contamination, Practice, Food Handlers, Attitude, Kohat.

COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance: A Case Study from Nepal

While vaccine acceptance changes over time, and factors determining vaccine acceptance differ depending on disease and region, limited studies have evaluated vaccine acceptance in Nepal. We conducted an online, cross-sectional study to assess COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among Nepalese. Data were collected before and after the vaccine approval in Nepal, during which 576 and 241 responses were obtained, respectively. We found that vaccine acceptance was generally high among Nepalese (93%) and increased after the safety of vaccine was examined by the regulatory bodies (98%). This indicated the role of the national drug regulatory authority to convey drug safety. In addition, we analyzed the predictor(s) of vaccine acceptance. We found that the people who believe that vaccine is an effective measure in preventing and controlling the disease were highly likely to accept vaccination. Given that Nepal had just passed the most devastating wave of COVID-19 during our post-approval data collection, we assume that this might have also played a role in the belief that vaccination is an appropriate approach to combat the pandemic. Likewise, the number of people willing to vaccinate as soon as possible increased from 43% to 86% after approval. Therefore, our results indicate that the government needs to focus on assuring the safety and effectiveness of a vaccine to enhance acceptance. Although fewer responses obtained after vaccine approval might have affected our results, overall, our findings indicate vaccine acceptance is likely to be affected by socio-demographic factors and the attitudes of respondents. This should be carefully considered in the rollout of the vaccination plans in Nepal and countries alike in future.

Managing Diversity in Malaysia: Readiness of Non -Malay Youths to Join the Malaysian Armed Forces

This article examines the readiness level of non-Malay youths in Malaysia in joining the Malaysian Armed Forces (ATM) with regard to several factors, namely attitude, subjective norms and perceived behaviour control. The findings presented are based on a quantitative study involving a total of 1033 respondents who are currently pursuing formal education at selected secondary schools in Malaysia. In general, the study discovered that attitude and subjective norms of respondents towards the ATM are at a moderate level while their perceived behavioural control towards joining the ATM in the future is low. There is a significant difference on respondents’ attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behaviour control towards the ATM based on where they live permanently. Respondents residing in rural areas were seen to have a slightly higher readiness than respondents residing in urban areas in joining the ATM in the future based on the attitudes, subjective norms and perceptions of behaviour control factors among them. To summarise, the findings of the study verify that the issue on the involvement of the non-Malay in the ATM, in particular among the youths, is indeed a national issue that has previously been raised. In fact, the findings of the study indicate that this issue will remain relevant as a subject of interest that can be studied further from time to time. Therefore, the current study suggests that efforts to foster positive attitudes and increase subjective norms and perceived behavioural control for a career in the ATM should be carried out continuously in a more structured and systematic way to increase the readiness of non-Malay youths in Malaysia to join the ATM. This is important in order to celebrate ethnic diversity in the nation defense sector as well as to foster the spirit of patriotism among non-Malay youths in Malaysia.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Horse Handlers and Grooms Towards Brucellosis in Horses in Kaduna State, Nigeria

A study was carried out to determine the knowledge, attitude and practices of grooms towards brucellosis in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Structured questionnaires were administered to 40 horse owners and grooms’ men in three Local Government Areas (LGAs); Sabon Gari, Zaria and Igabi; of Kaduna State, Nigeria to access knowledge, attitude and practices towards brucellosis in horses. Results from structured questionnaire showed only 37.50% (95% CI) of the respondents were aware of brucellosis, of this 22.50% (95% CI) ascribed their sources of information on the disease to be the media, 10.00% (95% CI) from experienced grooms while 5.00% (95% CI) said they heard of the disease from professionals who attended to the veterinary care of their horses. Of the respondents, only 15.00% (95% CI) were aware that brucellosis is zoonotic and mentioned that it could be contracted via ingestion of contaminated material (12.50%) and contact (2.50%). On attitude of respondents towards brucellosis, 15.00% (95% CI) reported lending out their stallions for breeding to other stables. Only 2.50% (95% CI) did not borrow stallions for breeding because they considered brucellosis and trichomoniasis as reproductive diseases that could result from the use infected stallions. The study also reported 52.50% (95% CI) and 40.00% (95% CI) of the respondents were in the habit of lending and borrowing out grooming tools respectively. They lend and borrow out tool despite mentioning that such acts are capable of leading to diseases such as ulcerative lymphangitis (95.00%), ringworm (72.50%), dermatophilosis (5.00%) and thrush (7.50%). 67.50% (95% CI) of respondents mentioned that they participated in durbars and other tournaments with their horses and reported such participation could result in diseases like ulcerative lymphangitis (25.00%) and wounds (27.50%). 50.00% (95% CI) of the respondents grazed their horses where other animals grazed and reported that even where there were reports of abortions by such animals their horses did not come down with brucellosis. All the respondents reported giving their horses’ routine veterinary medical care, especially against babesiosis. The implication of this finding is that Brucella organisms may be spread among horse handlers and the grooms due to inadequate knowledge on brucellosis. The findings revealed poor knowledge attitude and practices towards brucellosis on the part of horse handlers and grooms. It was concluded that there is a need to create awareness amongst groomsmen and horse owners on the presence of brucellosis in horses as well as the dangers of zoonotic infection.

Variability in speaker expectations of morphosyntactic mutation in Welsh

Like all modern Celtic languages Welsh exhibits initial consonant mutation with both lexical and morphosyntactic triggers. Owing to the complexity of the system and the sociolinguistic situation of Welsh, change and variation in the system seems inevitable, and evidence for change has been observed in production. Less work, however, has focused on speakers’ attitudes and expectations in perception. We used an online auditory acceptability judgement survey to investigate expectations for different morphosyntactic soft-mutation triggers. Respondents listened to sentences with canonical and non-canonical mutation patterns and used Likert scales to indicate for each sentence whether they would use the same pattern themselves and whether they would expect it from others. Almost all respondents expected some variation, even in their own production, but two main clusters of respondents could be identified: “Conservative” respondents whose expectations were close to canonical mutation patterns and “Variable” respondents whose expectations were considerably more flexible. First-language status was the only demographic variable to predict respondent attitudes, suggesting that L2 Welsh speakers accept noncanonical mutation to a greater extent than L1 Welsh speakers. We also compared different mutation triggers, with the tentative conclusion that apparently identical triggers may not in fact be identical for all speakers, and that trigger transparency may be an important factor in predicting variability.

Perception and uptake of cervical screening exercises among women in Oluyole local government area, Oyo state

Cervical cancer is the uncontrolled and unregulated cell growths in the cervical wall mostly cause by a virus called Human Papilloma virus, it is the second common cancer after breast cancer among women and one of the principal causes of cancer death among female gender population. However, this condition is preventable by early identification of premalignant lesions and appropriate medical management. The descriptive study was conducted to assess the perception and attitude of women towards uptake of cervical cancer screening in Oluyole Local Government using a self-administered questionnaire to elicit responses from 120 women attending antenatal clinic in Odo-Ona Elewe and Adaramagbo Primary health care centre. Responses were gathered and coded for analysis using Statistical Package for social sciences (SPSS, Version 23) at a significant level of 0.05. The study revealed that the majority of the respondents are between the age of 36 to 40 and they have adequate perception of cervical cancer. The women are of the strong opinion that early identification and presentation of cervical cancer lead to cure as this shows that they are knowledgeable about cancer. Most of the women believe that cervical cancer is not purely spiritual attack. There is well defined positive correlation between the knowledge of respondents and uptakes of cervical screening exercise with the correlation value of + 0.624 which indicates that perception of the respondents affect their uptake of cervical screening exercise. There is a strong positive relationship between the attitude of the respondents and uptake of cervical screening exercise with the correlation value of + 0.900 which indicates that the respondents attitude affect their uptake of cervical screening exercise. The constraints faced and uptake of cervical screening exercise has a correlation value of +0.599 which indicates that the constraints faced by the respondents affect their uptake of cervical screening exercise. In Conclusion it can be seen that perception influences uptake of cervical screening exercise therefore it is advisable to organise more educational programmes to enlighten the society better.

Exploration of Risk Attitude of Vegetable Farmers in Kerala, India

The study was conducted in Alappuzha, Thrissur, Palakkad and Idukki districts of Kerala, India during 2020–2021 to analyse the risk attitude of vegetable farmers. The study examined the personal and social characteristics of respondents and the association of these characteristics with risk attitude. Simple random sampling technique was used to select 270 vegetable farmers from 6 panchayats representing the Special Agricultural Zones for vegetables in Kerala. Collected data were analyzed using statistical methods like mean, Kruskal-Wallis test, correlation coefficient and multiple regressions. The study revealed that majority (74.07%) of the farmers belonged to a medium category of risk attitude. Majority (55.18%) of the farmers were in the age group of 35−55 years, 46.29% had gone up to middle school, 72.59% of the farmers had an area below 2.31 acres and 67.4% respondents were engaged in vegetable farming and allied works and 54.07% had economic water scarcity. It was noticed that majority of the respondents were in the low category in the case of vegetable farming experience (61.48%), annual income (55.56%), innovative proneness (56.67%), economic motivation (56.3%), extension participation (70%), social participation (94.44%) and high category with regard to credit orientation (53.7%). Correlation analysis revealed that variables area under vegetable cultivation, education, annual income, irrigation potential, extension participation, innovative proneness, economic motivation and social participation were positively and significantly corelated with risk attitude of respondents at 1% level and at 5% level. Regression analysis revealed that 60% of the variation in farmer risk attitude was explained by the independent variables.

Research on the use of motivational tools in the practical activity of pharmaceutical specialists

The aim. Research on the peculiarities of the use of modern motivational tools by domestic employers in the pharmaceutical industry (including training and involvement of pharmaceutical specialists in social projects).
 Materials and methods. An anonymous online survey in the Google Form was conducted from April 3, 2021 to November 1, 2021 on the social network "Facebook" (including in four pharmaceutical groups of this network). Methods: analysis, synthesis, and generalization.
 Results of the research. The main motivating factors of respondents and the main motivational tools used by employers in the pharmaceutical industry have been identified. The state of training and education during professional activities and the evaluation of their effectiveness by respondents have been studied. Professional and motivational-psychological trainings are in the lead in the ranking of educational projects (75.2 % of respondents). The methods of evaluation of pharmaceutical specialists used by employers in the pharmaceutical industry have been generalized. The attitude of respondents to the participation of employers in the pharmaceutical industry in social and charitable projects has been studied. Most respondents (67.5 %) positively perceives the participation of employers in social and charitable projects, for some of them this is a motivational advantage when choosing a place of work.
 Conclusions. An online survey of 508 pharmaceutical professionals, conducted in a Google Form has allowed us to establish the features of current motivational approaches used today in pharmaceutical organizations and the attitude of respondents to them. It has been found that such motivational tools as trainings (innovative form of education) (55.1 %), as well as material forms of incentives (73.2 %) are widely used. At the same time, the main topics of the trainings are regarding the professional aspects of activity. An important factor in the life of a pharmaceutical organization is its social and charitable work, which forms a positive attitude towards it on the part of pharmaceutical professionals, and sometimes serves as a motivational advantage in choosing a place of work

The Effect Of Health Education On Groom And Bride Candidates’ Attitude And Belief In Tarakan City

Abstract 
 Background.The attitude and belief of groom and bride candidates on exclusive breastfeeding were still low.
 Objective.This study aimed at examining the effect of exclusive breastfeeding module on the attitude and belief of groom and bride candidates at Tarakan City.
 Method. This study applied quantitative approach with pre-test post-test. The subjects of this research were groom and bride candidates who attended pre-marriage counseling at Ministry of Religion office of Tarakan City where the number of sample were 100 respondents. The distribution of exclusive breastfeeding module was done after pre-test to measure the groom and bride candidates’ attitude towards exclusive breastfeeding. The data analysis was done using T-test of Paired Samples Test.
 
 Findings. The characteristics of male respondents in Module Reading group were generally aged from 25 to 30 years old (52%) and those who belonged to Lecture Listening group were generally aged from 20 to 24 years old and 25 to 30 years old (32% and 32%). Female respondents in Module Reading group and Lecture Listening group were generally aged from 25 to 29 years old (40%) and 20 to 24 years old (56%). The attitude and belief of the male respondents in all groups after intervention were, in general, statistically meaningful to the value of p<0.05. The attitude of female respondents in module reading group was not meaningful while the belief of female respondents in Lecture Listening group was also not meaningful.
 Conclusion
 Health Education can improve the attitude and belief of male respondents on exclusive breastfeeding while the attitude and belief of female respondents in all groups were different from the male respondents’ after the intervention. It is suggested that exclusive breastfeeding materials are given to groom and bride candidates.
 Key words: Attitude and Belief, Groom and Bride Candidates, Exclusive Breastfeeding

Factors Associated with the Usage of Pharmacy Value-Added Services at Public Health Clinics in the State of Perlis, Malaysia

Pharmacy value-added services were developed to make it easier for patients to refill their chronic prescriptions in public health facilities in Malaysia. However, little is known about patients’ awareness, attitudes and practice towards pharmacy value-added services provided by health clinics. This study was conducted to investigate factors associated with the usage of pharmacy value-added services at public health clinics in Perlis, Malaysia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March 2021 at the pharmacy waiting area of all public health clinics in Perlis. All patients (≥18 years old) taking chronic medications and with the need to follow-up at the health clinic in Perlis were recruited in this study using quota sampling. Data was collected using a validated self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive analyses on the usage, awareness and attitudes of respondents were performed, followed by multiple logistic regression. A total of 582 patients responded to this study (response rate, 97.0%). Only 12.9% of respondents used pharmacy value-added services offered by health clinics. Age, gender, ethnicity, education level, occupation, monthly household income, length of stay in Perlis, distance from home to the clinic, total awareness and attitudes scores were factors significantly associated with the practice of pharmacy value-added services after adjusting for other variables (p<0.05). In conclusion, the proportion of patients using pharmacy value-added services at health clinics in Perlis is still low. The study’s findings suggest that a more extensive promotion of pharmacy value-added services is needed to ensure more patients could benefit from these services.

Language attitude of Singkil students in the context of bilingualism: a study of sociolinguistics

This paper attempts to look at Singkil students’ attitudes towards their language (Singkil language) and their attitudes towards Bahasa Indonesia as the national language of the Indonesian country. Singkil language is an Austronesian language spoken by aboriginal speakers living dominantly in five districts, namely Kuta Baharu, Simpang Kanan, Suro, Gunung Meriah, and Singkil that are administratively under the Singkil regency of Aceh province, Indonesia. According to Ethnologue, Singkil is a dialect of Batak Alas-Kluet (btz). The method used in this research is descriptive. Data were obtained through a quantitatively analyzed questionnaire for each characteristic feature calculated the average number of values (mean) language attitudes, using a Likert technique. The language attitude of respondents here towards Singkil language is very positive. It can be seen from the 12 questions given are mostly in positive attitude from 2,7 – 4,8. Otherwise, question 8 and 9 are negative from 2 – 2, 5. Therefore, the Singkil students have a positive attitude toward the use of their language. On the other hand, the language attitude of Singkil students towards bahasa Indonesia from 12 questions given are mostly in positive attitude from 2,8 – 4,6. Otherwise, question 5, 12, and 12 are negative from 2 – 2, 3. Therefore, the Singkil students have a positive attitude toward the use of bahasa Indonesia. Thus this study hopefully may reveal how the people of Singkil in several areas extensively use bahasa Indonesia in their daily communication, and the government of Aceh Province should maintain the sustainability of language in Aceh Province especially Singkil language by showing the uniqueness and richness of linguistics diversity in the region.