Respiratory Rate Measurements Research Articles

A Comparison of the Effect of Sound on Players’ Presence Between VR and Screen-Based Media

During the last few years, 3D audio has been undergoing a small renaissance thanks to virtual reality, which is gradually becoming a common technology. This paper examines the effect of sound on the gaming experience in both virtual reality (VR) and screen-based devices (TV). Using self-report scales we analyzed presence and flow along physiological measurements of heart and respiratory rates. We analyzed the presence of gamers playing either with or without sound in both environments (VR/TV). We hypothesized that the sound condition (on/off) will influence gaming experience more in VR than in TV. Despite some promising patterns, we could not conclusively confirm the hypothesis that the effect of sound (on/off) on immersion is greater in VR than in TV.

Multisensory Health Monitoring Device Based on Raspberry Pi 4B

The availability of health monitoring devices that can be used independently, conveniently, and portably is increasing in line with busy lifestyles and the difficulty of scheduling medical tests. Measuring vital body signals with various devices makes measurements longer, less effective, and relatively more expensive. The proposed research can monitor vital body signals, such as heart rate, body temperature, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, GSR, blood pressure, and snoring, which are integrated into a Raspberry Pi 4B-based device, with results displayed on an LCD screen. Data acquisition results show reasonably good accuracy in almost all parameters but require improvement in respiratory rate measurements. In the subsequent work, these seven-acquisition data will be used to predict several possible diseases.

MousePZT: A simple, reliable, low-cost device for vital sign monitoring and respiratory gating in mice under anesthesia.

Small animal studies in biomedical research often require anesthesia to reduce pain or stress experienced by research animals and to minimize motion artifact during imaging or other measurements. Anesthetized animals must be closely monitored for the safety of the animals and to prevent unintended effects of altered physiology on experimental outcomes. Many currently available monitoring devices are expensive, invasive, or interfere with experimental design. Here, we present MousePZT, a low-cost device based on a simple piezoelectric sensor, with a custom circuit and computer software that allows for measurements of both respiratory rate and heart rate in a non-invasive, minimal contact manner. We find the accuracy of the MousePZT device in measuring respiratory and heart rate matches those of commercial systems. Using the widely-used gas isoflurane and injectable ketamine/xylazine combination, we also demonstrate that changes in respiratory rate are more easily detected and can precede changes in heart rate associated with variations in anesthetic depth. Additional circuitry on the device outputs a respiration-locked trigger signal for respiratory-gating of imaging or other data acquisition and has high sensitivity and specificity for detecting respiratory cycles. We provide detailed instruction documents and all necessary microcontroller and computer software, enabling straightforward construction and utilization of this device.

COVID-19 PORTABLE RESPIRATORY DIAGNOSTIC DEVICE

COVID-19 PORTABLE RESPIRATORY DIAGNOSTIC DEVICE

CalibrationPhys: Self-Supervised Video-Based Heart and Respiratory Rate Measurements by Calibrating Between Multiple Cameras.

Video-based heart and respiratory rate measurements using facial videos are more useful and user-friendly than traditional contact-based sensors. However, most of the current deep learning approaches require ground-truth pulse and respiratory waves for model training, which are expensive to collect. In this paper, we propose CalibrationPhys, a self-supervised video-based heart and respiratory rate measurement method that calibrates between multiple cameras. CalibrationPhys trains deep learning models without supervised labels by using facial videos captured simultaneously by multiple cameras. Contrastive learning is performed so that the pulse and respiratory waves predicted from the synchronized videos using multiple cameras are positive and those from different videos are negative. CalibrationPhys also improves the robustness of the models by means of a data augmentation technique and successfully leverages a pre-trained model for a particular camera. Experimental results utilizing two datasets demonstrate that CalibrationPhys outperforms state-of-the-art heart and respiratory rate measurement methods. Since we optimize camera-specific models using only videos from multiple cameras, our approach makes it easy to use arbitrary cameras for heart and respiratory rate measurements.

Performance enhancement of thermal image analysis for noncontact cardiopulmonary signal extraction

Infrared thermography (IRT) has emerged as a tool for the rapid and non-contact detection of febrile individuals in places of mass gathering. This study explores the feasibility of extracting cardiopulmonary signals (i.e., respiration and cardiac pulse signals) by analyzing thermal image sequences. A high IR spatial resolution (320 × 240 pixels) IRT was applied to acquire facial thermal image sequences at a frame rate of 60 frames per second (fps). The respiration signal was extracted by monitoring the temperature changes in the region of interest (ROI) of the nostrils caused by breathing, that is, the temperature increase during the exhalation phase and the temperature decrease during the inhalation phase. The respiration signal was extracted by picking up the rise and fall motions of the shoulders caused by breathing. The cardiac pulse signal was extracted by measuring tiny head motions accompanying the cardiac cycle on the thermal image sequences. The system was tested on 11 subjects in a laboratory setting to assess the respiration performance and pulse signal extraction. Bland–Altman and Pearson's correlation plots were used to compare the noncontact respiration rate (RR) and pulse rate (PR) measurements with contact-type ECG and respiration belt. The mean difference in the RR was − 0.2 bpm with the 95 % limit of − 5.0 to 4.6 bpm, correlation of 0.83, root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.4 bpm, and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 22 %. Regarding the PR, the mean difference of 4.2 bpm with the 95 % limit of − 18 to 26 bpm, correlation of 0.67, RMSE of 12 bpm, and MAPE of 15 % were determined from comparison of the ECG and thermal camera. In summary, our findings suggest that the proposed thermal image analysis method for measuring RR and PR is promising, particularly for RR measurements. Further validation and refinement are required for the PR measurements. The results indicate that this noncontact approach has potential for various medical applications.

Oxygen Extraction Efficiency and Tolerance to Hypoxia in Sponges

Sponges have always been filter feeders, in contrast to all the other filter-feeding invertebrate groups for which this feeding mode is a secondary adaptation. This study calls attention to this aspect, which explains why sponges are tolerant to hypoxia, but probably not more tolerant than the other filter-feeding invertebrates. The measurement of respiration rates at decreasing oxygen concentrations along with an estimation of the oxygen extraction efficiency in the marine demosponge Halichondria panicea have been used to understand why sponges are tolerant to low oxygen concentrations. It was found that the respiration rate was constant down to about 1.5 mL O2 L−1, which shows that the extraction efficiency increases with a decreasing oxygen concentration. It is argued that the relationship between the filtration rate and oxygen consumption in filter feeders is controlled by the resistance to the diffusion of oxygen across the boundary layer between the feeding current and the tissues of the body. A high tolerance to hypoxia is a consequence of the adaptation to filter feeding, and sponges do not have a special capacity to overcome hypoxic events.

Measuring Canopy Gas Exchange Using CAnopy Photosynthesis and Transpiration Systems (CAPTS).

Canopy photosynthesis (Ac), rather than leaf photosynthesis, is critical to gaining higher biomass production in the field because the daily or seasonal integrals of Ac correlate with the daily or seasonal integrals of biomass production. The canopy photosynthesis and transpiration measurement system (CAPTS) was developed to enable measurement of canopy photosynthetic CO2 uptake, transpiration, and respiration rates. CAPTS continuously records the CO2 concentration, water vapor concentration, air temperature, air pressure, air relative humidity, and photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) inside the chamber, which can be used to derive CO2 and H2O fluxes of a canopy covered by the chamber. This system can also be used to measure the fluxes of greenhouse gases when integrating with CH4 and N2O analyzers. Here, we describe the protocol for using CAPTS to perform experiments on rice (Oryza sativa L.) in paddy field, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in upland field, and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) in pots.

Reliability of continuous vital sign monitoring in post-operative patients employing consumer-grade fitness trackers: A randomised pilot trial.

Fitness trackers can provide continuous monitoring of vital signs and thus have the potential to become a complementary, mobile and effective tool for early detection of patient deterioration and post-operative complications. To evaluate potential implementations in acute care setting, we included 36 patients after moderate to major surgery in a recent randomised pilot trial to compare the performance of vital sign monitoring by three different fitness trackers (Apple Watch 7, Garmin Fenix 6pro and Withings ScanWatch) with established standard clinical monitors in post-anaesthesia care units and monitoring wards. During a cumulative period of 56 days, a total of 53,197 heart rate (HR) measurements, as well as 12,219 measurements of the peripheral blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) and 28,954 respiratory rate (RR) measurements were collected by fitness trackers. Under real-world conditions, HR monitoring was accurate and reliable across all benchmarked devices (r = [0.95;0.98], p < 0.001; Bias = [-0.74 bpm;-0.01 bpm]; MAPE∼2%). However, the performance of SpO2 (r = [0.21;0.68]; p < 0.001; Bias = [-0.46%;-2.29%]; root-mean-square error = [2.82%;4.1%]) monitoring was substantially inferior. RR measurements could not be obtained for two of the devices, therefore exclusively the accuracy of the Garmin tracker could be evaluated (r = 0.28, p < 0.001; Bias = -1.46/min). Moreover, the time resolution of the vital sign measurements highly depends on the tracking device, ranging from 0.7 to 117.94 data points per hour. According to the results of the present study, tracker devices are generally reliable and accurate for HR monitoring, whereas SpO2 and RR measurements should be interpreted carefully, considering the clinical context of the respective patients.

[Fluxo de calor sensível e latente de codornas japonesas mantidas em diferentes ambientes térmicos]

ABSTRACT This study aimed to estimate the heat flux through sensitive mechanisms and respiratory evaporation of Japanese quails kept in thermoneutral and warm environments, using simple environmental and physiological measures. 192 nine-week-old quails were used, distributed in a completely randomized design at two temperatures (T1 = 24°C and T2 = 32°C), with 12 replicates of eight birds each, with an experimental period of 63 days, divided into three 21-day periods. Physiological measurements of respiratory rate (RR), cloacal temperature (TC), and body surface temperature (TS) were measured twice a week. The behavior of the energy balance in the climatic chambers was obtained using the total thermal energy exchanges per unit surface area of the birds, derived from the sum of sensible (radiation and convection) and latent heat exchanges. Respiratory rate (P&lt;.0001), surface temperature (P&lt;.0001), and cloacal temperature (P=0.0047) were higher in the 32°C environment. The expired air temperature (P&lt;.0001) and heat loss by respiratory evaporation (P&lt;.0001) showed higher values when the quails were in an environment of 32°C, while the heat losses by convection (P&lt;.0001) and radiation (P&lt;.0001) were higher in a thermal comfort environment. In Japanese quails kept in a controlled environment, sensible heat dissipation by convection is the main way to eliminate excess thermal energy, when the air temperature is up to 32ºC.

In situ real-time measurement of respiration rate of fresh produce using a newly developed modular respirometer

In situ real-time measurement of respiration rate of fresh produce using a newly developed modular respirometer

KL-DNAS: Knowledge Distillation-Based Latency Aware-Differentiable Architecture Search for Video Motion Magnification.

Video motion magnification is the task of making subtle minute motions visible. Many times subtle motion occurs while being invisible to the naked eye, e.g., slight deformations in muscles of an athlete, small vibrations in the objects, microexpression, and chest movement while breathing. Magnification of such small motions has resulted in various applications like posture deformities detection, microexpression recognition, and studying the structural properties. State-of-the-art (SOTA) methods have fixed computational complexity, which makes them less suitable for applications requiring different time constraints, e.g., real-time respiratory rate measurement and microexpression classification. To solve this problem, we propose a knowledge distillation-based latency aware-differentiable architecture search (KL-DNAS) method for video motion magnification. To reduce memory requirements and to improve denoising characteristics, we use a teacher network to search the network by parts using knowledge distillation (KD). Furthermore, search among different receptive fields and multifeature connections are applied for individual layers. Also, a novel latency loss is proposed to jointly optimize the target latency constraint and output quality. We are able to find 2.8 × smaller model than the SOTA method and better motion magnification with lesser distortions. https://github.com/jasdeep-singh-007/KL-DNAS.

Design and Implementation of Low-Cost Respiratory Rate Measurement Device

Design and Implementation of Low-Cost Respiratory Rate Measurement Device

Early and Consistent CRS Detection Using Wearable Device for Remote Patient Monitoring Following CAR-T Therapy in Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma (RRMM): Early Results of an Investigator-Initiated Trial

The administration of Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy for relapsed refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) predominantly takes place in the inpatient setting to monitor for adverse effects like cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurotoxicity leading to increased healthcare utilization, infection risk and patient discomfort. Shifting the administration model to the outpatient setting may improve patient experience, optimize hospital bed utilization and decrease costs, but requires an objective and reliable method for CRS detection to monitor patients remotely and safely. The feasibility of using a wearable device for detecting CRS following CAR-T therapy in RRMM was compared to standard of care (SoC) nursing-recorded vital signs in this investigator initiated clinical trial (IIT). Patients wore a wearable device that collected continuous measures of temperature, pulse, respiratory rate, and O2 saturation in addition to SoC while receiving CAR-T therapy from the day infusion to discharge. Changes in vital signs captured by the device were analyzed based on 2 thresholds: (i) CRS timestamps were tagged in wearable data when pt's temperature breached a fixed threshold of 38 0C ( Tf) defined as fever by the American Society of Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (ASTCT), and (ii) when pt's temperature breached an individualized threshold of 2 standard deviations above their baseline temperature ( Ti) [see Figure 1]. Outcomes were time to first detection of CRS in wearable data vs. SoC. Wearable adherence was the duration pts wore the device over the total monitoring period. To date, 34 pts were screened, 28 enrolled (82.3% uptake), 1 was excluded from the dataset because of concurrent COVID-19, and 2 pts with CRS were excluded from time to detection comparison because of wearable adherence &amp;lt;50% during high-risk windows (defined as the time period where CRS is expected per known data for the CAR-T product). Max CRS grades were 1 (17 pts), 2 (1 pt), 3 (2 pts), and 4 (1 pt); 5 pts did not have clinical CRS. Patients wore the device for a median of 13 (12-15) days out of a median of 15.5 (14-17) days of inpatient admission for CAR-T infusion. Median individualized temperature threshold was 37.4 (37-37.6) C. Wearable adherence was 64 (51 - 77) % and 72 (57 - 87) % for the overall monitoring and high-risk periods, respectively. The wearable detected the initial CRS events at a median of 22 (-43 - 113.5) min earlier than SoC with Tf and a median of 184 (53 - 312) mins earlier than SoC with Ti method. In the no CRS subgroup, false CRS detection occurred in 1 pt with the Tf and 2 pts with the Ti method. Preliminary results suggest that time to CRS detection by the wearable device preceded SoC detection by a median of 103 minutes corroborated by both threshold methods. Temperature thresholds calibrated to the baseline temperature of individual patients facilitate earlier detection of CRS than fixed thresholds per clinical/ASTCT criteria. While the low false detection rate in is encouraging, these may also potentially be attributed to subclinical events. Both pts who had “false positive” triggers breached their individualized temperature thresholds via device readings while only recording low-grade temperatures that did not meet clinical CRS criteria per ASTCT, indicating possible capture of subclinical events. The study showcases the utility of continuous remote patient vital signs monitoring by wearable devices in efficiently capturing CRS, including subclinical events, earlier than SoC. Objective and reliable CRS monitoring may help safely transition workflows to outpatient CAR-T administration models. Analysis of trends in cytokine biomarkers for early CRS detection signal(s) is currently underway. Cytokine signals, alone and in combination with device data, are planned to be incorporated into machine learning models to build a CRS prediction index in future analyses. Figure 1: Snapshot in time of the continuous temperature data generated by the wearable device after CAR-T infusion showing capture of cytokine release syndrome. – Ti (solid line) represents the median baseline temperature of the patient over the entire duration of the data capture by the wearable device – Tf (dotted line) represents the temperature threshold of 38 0C, the clinical definition of fever as per ASTCT – Black diamond: clinical CRS event, when temperature &amp;gt;38 0C as recorded by nursing

Human Respiration Rate Measurement with High-Speed Digital Fringe Projection Technique.

This paper proposes a non-contact continuous respiration monitoring method based on Fringe Projection Profilometry (FPP). This method aims to overcome the limitations of traditional intrusive techniques by providing continuous monitoring without interfering with normal breathing. The FPP sensor captures three-dimensional (3D) respiratory motion from the chest wall and abdomen, and the analysis algorithms extract respiratory parameters. The system achieved a high Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) of 37 dB with an ideal sinusoidal respiration signal. Experimental results demonstrated that a mean correlation of 0.95 and a mean Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE) of 0.11 breaths per minute (bpm) were achieved when comparing to a reference signal obtained from a spirometer.

Methods for measuring respiratory rate based on the analysis of chest wall movements

Aim of the review to discuss the respiratory rate (RR) measurement methods that use sensors for analyzing chest wall movements. Strain and movement sensors can be successfully used in real clinical practice, since they can be easily integrated into clothes and garments (electronic textiles) for measuring the respiratory rate in both inpatients and outpatients. Meanwhile, magnetometers, gyroscopes and accelerometers must be located in specific places. One of the main limitations of strain and motion sensors is their sensitivity to patient's breathing-unrelated movements. In order to reduce this limitation, the sensors should most often be placed in the upper part of the chest and integrated into mechanical supports. In addition, it is recommended to use hybrid systems consisting of multiple different sensors. Such systems allow separate analysis of the thoracic and abdominal breathing patterns, providing for wide opportunities to use these sensors for scientific purposes. The use of special polymers and protective materials in a piezoresistive sensors design will allow to overcome their other drawback the possible influence of environmental factors (for example, temperature or humidity). Conclusion. All types of the sensors presented in this review showed generally good quality of respiratory curves at rest during normal breathing. However, in most cases, the bias increased in physical activity. The choice of a certain type of sensor for RR assessment should obviously be based on the specific clinical situation, monitoring duration, monitoring conditions (intensive care unit, inpatient, outpatient department), taking into consideration the advantages and disadvantages.

Continuous Critical Respiratory Parameter Measurements Using a Single Low-Cost Relative Humidity Sensor: Evaluation Study

Background Accurate and portable respiratory parameter measurements are critical for properly managing chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs) such as asthma or sleep apnea, as well as controlling ventilation for patients in intensive care units, during surgical procedures, or when using a positive airway pressure device for sleep apnea. Objective The purpose of this research is to develop a new nonprescription portable measurement device that utilizes relative humidity sensors (RHS) to accurately measure key respiratory parameters at a cost that is approximately 10 times less than the industry standard. Methods We present the development, implementation, and assessment of a wearable respiratory measurement device using the commercial Bosch BME280 RHS. In the initial stage, the RHS was connected to the pneumotach (PNT) gold standard device via its external connector to gather breathing metrics. Data collection was facilitated using the Arduino platform with a Bluetooth Low Energy connection, and all measurements were taken in real time without any additional data processing. The device’s efficacy was tested with 7 participants (5 men and 2 women), all in good health. In the subsequent phase, we specifically focused on comparing breathing cycle and respiratory rate measurements and determining the tidal volume by calculating the region between inhalation and exhalation peaks. Each participant's data were recorded over a span of 15 minutes. After the experiment, detailed statistical analysis was conducted using ANOVA and Bland-Altman to examine the accuracy and efficiency of our wearable device compared with the traditional methods. Results The perfused air measured with the respiratory monitor enables clinicians to evaluate the absolute value of the tidal volume during ventilation of a patient. In contrast, directly connecting our RHS device to the surgical mask facilitates continuous lung volume monitoring. The results of the 1-way ANOVA showed high P values of .68 for respiratory volume and .89 for respiratory rate, which indicate that the group averages with the PNT standard are equivalent to those with our RHS platform, within the error margins of a typical instrument. Furthermore, analysis utilizing the Bland-Altman statistical method revealed a small bias of 0.03 with limits of agreement (LoAs) of –0.25 and 0.33. The RR bias was 0.018, and the LoAs were –1.89 and 1.89. Conclusions Based on the encouraging results, we conclude that our proposed design can be a viable, low-cost wearable medical device for pulmonary parametric measurement to prevent and predict the progression of pulmonary diseases. We believe that this will encourage the research community to investigate the application of RHS for monitoring the pulmonary health of individuals.

Productive, thermoregulatory, and hormonal responses of dairy goats supplemented with selenium-enriched yeast in the Brazilian semi-arid region.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding selenium-enriched yeast (SE) in the diet of dairy goats during 60 days of lactation and its effect on productive, thermoregulatory, and hormonal responses of animals managed in a semi-arid region. Sixteen Saanen × Toggenburg crossbred goats were used in a completely randomized design. Goats were weighed, and their milk yield was monitored weekly. Before the animals entered the treatments and at every 20-day milk producing, blood samples were collected to determine the SE levels. At 20, 40, and days of the lactation cycle, individual milk samples were collected to determine composition, casein, urea nitrogen, and selenium content. Measurements of respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), coat surface temperature (CST), and epidermal temperature (ET) were performed weekly during the experimental period in two shifts, one in the morning (9 am) and the other in the afternoon (3 pm). No difference (P > 0.05) was detected for body weight, milk yield, composition, selenium concentration, and urea nitrogen. Lower RR and ET (P < 0.05) were observed for animals that received SE supplementation. Thyroid hormone concentrations were similar between treatments (P > 0.05). The positive results of the SE supplementation were concentrated in thermoregulatory responses, and there was no effect on productive, hormonal responses, and plasmatic concentration of selenium in the milk. The SE supplementation for dairy goats managed in a Brazilian semi-arid region was able to promote reduction of RR and coat temperatures.

Facial Video-Based Robust Measurement of Respiratory Rates in Various Environmental Conditions

This paper addresses the process of respiration, which involves providing oxygen to the body’s cells, blood, and tissues. The significance of respiratory signals as predictors of diverse physical conditions, including respiratory health and disorders, is emphasized. Technologies such as pressure-sensor belts for chest or abdominal movement detection, carbon-dioxide sensors placed under the nose, and photoplethysmography (PPG) have been developed for real-time monitoring of respiratory signals. However, wearable devices with direct body contact may inconvenience sleeping patients, newborns, or individuals with sensitive skin. Noncontact and noninvasive respiratory rate measurements utilizing facial videos have been explored, albeit within controlled environments. This study introduces a novel approach to measure robust respiratory signals and facial respiratory rates (FRR) using facial videos. The proposed method employs bounding box stabilization to eliminate high-frequency components stemming from face detection. Real-time coordinate correction is implemented to ensure accurate respiration signal calculation across varying environments. The method defines a region of interest (ROI) on the face, computes RGB data, and transforms the RGB channel into a YCgCo channel. The respiratory signal is subsequently derived by applying partial zero padding-based fast Fourier transform (FFT) and inverse FFT (iFFT) to the Cg signal within the frequency band associated with respiration. The FRR is accurately measured by analyzing peak-to-peak intervals within the respiratory signal. The efficacy of the proposed method is demonstrated through a comparative analysis of respiratory rates calculated from PPG devices and facial videos across four scenarios (indoor, outdoor, car, and drone). The results highlight the reliability and precision of the suggested approach in accurately computing respiratory rates across diverse environments.

Health implications forecast for electronic cigarette users

Electronic cigarettes have rapidly gained popularity in the tobacco market, primarily among young adults. Marketers exploit the lack of evidence regarding their health effects and label them as a safe alternative to traditional cigarettes. Our study aims to expand the existing body of evidence on their impact on the human body. Objective: To identify the most significant characteristics of individuals using electronic cigarettes based on statistical analysis of clinical and laboratory examination data. Materials and Methods. The study included 102 participants (main group – 66 individuals using electronic cigarettes as an alternative form of smoking; control group – 36 individuals who did not use electronic or industrial cigarettes) aged 20 to 35 years. Each participant provided written informed consent to participate. Patient examinations included the following parameters: height, weight, body mass index (BMI) calculation; measurement of blood pressure, heart rate, pulse, and respiratory rate; throat swab collection. Results. According to our data, individuals in the main group had higher height, weight, and BMI values. A higher BMI may be associated with excessive stimulation of salivary glands and, consequently, increased gastric secretion and appetite stimulation. Electronic cigarette users had significantly higher blood pressure levels compared to the control group. Users of nicotine delivery systems in throat swabs had significantly higher levels of mucus, coccal flora, and neutrophil percentage, indicating the presence of bacterial agents in the oral cavity mucosa. This may be related to bacterial agents’ dissemination through nicotine delivery devices. We conducted multiple logistic regression analysis with potential patient characteristics. Conclusions. Electronic cigarette users are characterized by higher height, weight, BMI, blood pressure levels compared to non-smoking peers, as well as reduced adaptation potential and a prevalence of parasympathetic nervous system regulation. It was found that a typical electronic cigarette user is a male (OR = 15.9364) with reduced IFZ – adaptive potential of functional abilities (OR = 7.8128) and an abnormal amount of oral cavity flora (OR = 1.7748).