Changes In Respiratory Gases Research Articles

Haematological and respiratory gas changes in horses and mules exercised at altitude (3800 m)

Despite the common use of equids as visitors to high altitude mountainous environments, there are a paucity of carefully orchestrated scientific approaches. Further, again as a function of a common perceived advantage of mules over horses in these similar environments there are needs for controlled comparisons between these 2 equids. To measure haematological and respiratory function in horses and mules at low altitude (225 m), at rest and post exercise. In addition the rate and magnitude of these changes were followed over a 13 day period at high altitude (3800 m) to contrast acclimatisation. Resting and exercise venous blood samples (1 min post exercise) were obtained from 6 horses and 5 mules housed at 225 m (LA) and then transported to 3800 m (HA) for 13 days. The standardised exercise tests at both LA and HA consisted of trotting (3.0 m/sec) up an incline (6%) for 2 km. Data were analysed with repeated measures ANOVA (comparison of altitude acclimatisation and species) for changes in haematological and respiratory gases. At low altitude, no group differences were found with both resting (P = 0.69) and exercising (P = 0.74) heart rates. Resting PCV was 8% lower in the mules (P = 0.02) and 20% lower during exercise (P = 0.02). Horses had significantly higher 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG)/g Hb at both rest (P = 0.003) and exercise (P = 0.03). Exercise at HA increased PCV (P = 0.03) in both groups, but the increase was attenuated in the mules compared to horses. The increase with 2,3-DPG/g Hb was expressed at HA in both groups (P = 0.001) and was also attenuated in mules (P = 0.03). Both groups were alkalotic compared to LA (P = 0.001), and there were no group differences (P = 0.95). Of the variables measured, the most notable distinction between species was identified for only PCV and 2,3-DPG with both higher in horses, at both LA and HA. While the attenuated response of PCV in mules for the same exercise might argue for an improved adaptation to altitude, the lower 2,3-DPG might not. Other variables during the exercise bout were not different between species.

Treadmill chamber for studies of respiratory gas exchange in the rat during exercise.

A treadmill for studying gas exchange in small mammals during exercise is presented. The system consists of a motor-driven running mat enclosed in a gastight chamber that receives a measured flow of air from a compressed air cylinder. The gas flow and temperature, pressure and instantaneous gas composition of the chamber (oxygen, carbon dioxide and water) are measured continuously and the data are computed to include the effects on chamber atmosphere of the rat activity, either running or at rest. The system is completed with a shock delivery grid that stimulates the rat to run. The calculations are based on the changes in the composition of the gas in the chamber (constantly stirred by a small electric fan) induced by the rat instead of relying on the alterations induced in the outflowing gas. The consumption of oxygen, and production of carbon dioxide and water by the rat are computed in real time, giving a very fast response to physiological change induced by exercise. The chamber is custom-made from an aluminium block and a plexiglass lid; all other components are available commercially. The system, as described, allows for a detailed analysis of respiratory gas (and water) exchange by rats under varying exercise conditions, there is practically no time lag between changes in respiratory gases and the detection of these changes, and the buffering effect of the chamber size is practically eliminated because of the calculation approach used.

Uterine blood flow, oxygen consumption, and maternal plasma estradiol and progestins following fetal death

Fetuses of 42 near-term sheep were killed while they were in utero. Uterine blood flow, oxygen consumption, A-V O2, and maternal arterial plasma concentrations of estradiol and progestins were observed for the next 4 hours. There was an immediate (88 per cent) fall in oxygen consumption; blood flow decreased by 50 per cent within 30 minutes. Hormone concentrations changed, but only after 2 hours. Circulatory changes appeared to be related to local changes within the uterus, particularly to decomposition of the chorioallantoic membrane. This relationship was best seen in the experiments in which one of a set of twins was killed. The experiments are in accord with the theory that the rate of uterine blood flow is not directly related to acute changes in respiratory gases nor to plasma concentrations of certain hormones.

Hemoconcentration at altitude.

ArticleHemoconcentration at altitude.D B Dill, S M Horvath, T E Dahms, R E Parker, and J R LynchD B Dill, S M Horvath, T E Dahms, R E Parker, and J R LynchPublished Online:01 Oct 1969https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1969.27.4.514MoreSectionsPDF (1 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInEmailWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformationCited ByHypoxia and hemorheological properties in older individualsAgeing Research Reviews, Vol. 79Modeling the oxygen transport to the myocardium at maximal exercise at high altitude19 April 2022 | Physiological Reports, Vol. 10, No. 8Myocardial adaptability in young and older-aged sea-level habitants sojourning at Mt Kilimanjaro: are cardiac compensatory limits reached in older trekkers?19 February 2020 | European Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 120, No. 4Evolution of blood rheology and its relationship to pulmonary hemodynamic during the first days of exposure to moderate altitudeClinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation, Vol. 74, No. 2A novel mixed living high training low intervention and the hematological module of the athlete biological passport30 December 2019 | Drug Testing and Analysis, Vol. 12, No. 3Some metrological aspects of measurements of quantitative characteristics during a hypoxic training of elite rowersBody Composition and Body Weight Changes at Different Altitude Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis16 April 2019 | Frontiers in Physiology, Vol. 10The University of California Institute of Environmental Stress marathon field studiesMichael B. Maron1 March 2014 | Advances in Physiology Education, Vol. 38, No. 1Analysis of High-Altitude De-Acclimatization Syndrome after Exposure to High Altitudes: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial1 May 2013 | PLoS ONE, Vol. 8, No. 5Endurance Training at AltitudeHigh Altitude Medicine & Biology, Vol. 10, No. 2Haematological and respiratory gas changes in horses and mules exercised at altitude (3800 m)10 June 2010 | Equine Veterinary Journal, Vol. 38, No. S36Errors of measurement for blood volume parameters: a meta-analysisChristopher J. Gore, Will G. Hopkins, and Caroline M. Burge1 November 2005 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 99, No. 5Airline Chair-Rest DeconditioningSports Medicine, Vol. 34, No. 11Blood volume: importance and adaptations to exercise training, environmental stresses, and trauma/sicknessMedicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, Vol. 32, No. 2Criteria for Psychological Adaptation to High-Altitude Hypoxia31 August 2016 | Perceptual and Motor Skills, Vol. 89, No. 1Atrial natriuretic peptide levels and plasma volume contraction in acute alveolar hypoxiaT. S. E. Albert, V. L. Tucker, and E. M. Renkin1 January 1997 | Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol. 82, No. 1Erythropoietin, 2,3 diphosphoglycerate and plasma volume during moderate-altitude training30 January 2007 | Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, Vol. 2, No. 1Respiratory and hematological adaptations of young and older Aymara men native to 3600MAmerican Journal of Human Biology, Vol. 4, No. 1Maximal oxygen uptake and erythropoietic responses after training at moderate altitudeEuropean Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, Vol. 62, No. 5Approach to Mild Anemia in the ElderlyClinics in Geriatric Medicine, Vol. 4, No. 1Changes in the Rheologic Properties of Blood after a High Altitude Expedition2 July 2016 | Angiology, Vol. 35, No. 7Studies on some biochemical aspects in the toad after 48 hours of exposure to simulated high altitudeInternational Journal of Biometeorology, Vol. 27, No. 2ADAPTATION TO HIGH ALTITUDEMaintained stroke volume but impaired arterial oxygenation in man at high altitude with supplemental CO2.Circulation Research, Vol. 38, No. 5Physiological Changes in Blood Volume27 September 2008 | CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 1 More from this issue > Volume 27Issue 4October 1969Pages 514-8 https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1969.27.4.514PubMed5822560History Published online 1 October 1969 Published in print 1 October 1969 Metrics

In vivo visualization of intracardiac structures with gaseous carbon dioxide; cardiovascular-respiratory effects and associated changes in blood chemistry.

Carbon dioxide gas was injected a) intravenously, b) into the left heart, c) into the peripheral end of the carotid artery. Resulting cardiovascular and respiratory changes were observed by cinefluorography and by measurements of pressure pulses in various locations. Blood and respiratory gas changes were also observed. All changes were minimal (seconds duration) when the gas was introduced on the right or left side of the circulation. Injection into the peripheral carotid produced no untoward effects. The gas gave good visualization of valves and great vessels. Body position was not an important factor in mortality and morbidity when carbon dioxide was the gas used for contrast visualization by a cinefluorography x-ray technique. Carbon dioxide is a safe contrast medium to use for in vivo study of intracardiac structures. The gas has been used successfully by intravenous injection in human cases.

Changes in Respiratory Gases of Burros after Prolonged Fractionated Total-Body γ-Irradiation

Thyroids of burros and rats studied at this laboratory increased their storage of '131 after irradiation with lethal and sublethal levels of -y-rays to the whole body. This led to an investigation of the 02 consumption, the C02 production, and the calculated respiratory quotient of the irradiated burro which is herein reported. An increase in metabolic activity or oxygen consumption after irradiation has been reported (1-3) for rats and dogs. No change in 02 consumption was noted by others in rats (4), mice (5), or guinea pigs (6). Three species of small animals show considerable difference in weight response after irradiation (7) which seem to indicate a difference in their metabolic activity. In mice a reduced CO2 production, to 80'% of normal, had been reported (8). These varied results in small animals led to the present study of the respiratory exchange in the chronically irradiated burro, in conjunction with other observations made at the time.