Resource Unit Research Articles

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПСИХОЛОГІЧНОГО ІМУНІТЕТУ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ КОМБАТАНТІВ ТА ЧЛЕНІВ ЇХНІХ РОДИН: ТЕОРЕТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ

The article is devoted to the analysis of the problem of psychological immunity of active Ukrainian military personnel and their families. The psychological immune system is a multidimensional but integrated unit of personal resources of resilience and adaptive capacities, also called "psychological antibodies", which provide immunity against stress and traumatic events. Under martial law, the Ukrainian military is the most important asset in countering armed aggression. Their psychological immunity can ensure effective stress management and protect them from possible psychopathology. Promotion of resources (psychological antibodies) will help active military personnel, as well as their family members, to use and overcome their traumatic experiences, stress and negative influences in a useful and productive way, including creating support networks, learning new skills, and achieving combatant goals during combat missions. It is justified that the return of a vital sense of security for successful recovery and functioning depends on the presence of psychological immunity not only among servicemen, but also among their families as a center of rehabilitation potential. The three-component structure of psychological immunity according to A.Olakh is described, which includes: the approach-conviction subsystem, the monitoring-creation-execution subsystem and the self-regulation subsystem. These subsystems make it possible to recognize one's environment, search for and activate the necessary resources for constructive interaction with it, and maintain emotional equanimity. Based on the experience of communicating with active military personnel, veterans, and members of their families, the authors propose to add a fourth component to the existing structural model - the spiritual and value subsystem. The allocation of this component is due to the peculiarities of Ukrainian identity and the specifics of the Russian-Ukrainian war. This component includes the spiritual self, the values of patriotism, moral qualities and religiosity (as an internal need to believe).

Traffic Awareness-Based Target Wake Time Scheduling in 802.11ax WLANs

In recent years, the rapid growth of mobile communication has led to the continuous expansion of network scale, and the energy consumption of wireless communication has also increased rapidly. Under the high-density networking conditions, frequent communication activities greatly increase the energy consumption. In order to reduce channel competition, optimize resource scheduling and reduce equipment power consumption, the target wake-up time (TWT) mechanism in IEEE 802.11ax system plays an important role through timely scheduling and transmission. To improve channel efficiency for multi-user (MU) transmission and tackle with complicated traffic conditions, this paper presents a traffic awareness-based TWT scheduling scheme (TAT). The traffic is predicted and classified using a spatio-temporal series model for traffic-based TWT parameter generation. Subsequently, the time–frequency scheduling table is developed to adaptively assign Resource Units (RUs) and time slices to active STAs. Simulation results show that TAT can guarantee the Quality of Service (QoS) under dynamic changes in power service and delay requirements while reducing power consumption, effectively meeting the energy-saving demands in the intelligent access scenarios for power terminals.

Unveiling Relationships: Enhancing Sustainability of Golpata (Nipa Palm) Through Socio‐Ecological Systems Management in the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest

ABSTRACTThis study explores the social‐ecological dynamics of common pool resource (CPR) management in the Sundarbans mangrove forest in Bangladesh. We focus on golpata (Nypa fruticans), a vital CPR for local communities. A social‐ecological systems (SESs) framework was employed to assess the relationships between social (actors and governance) and ecological (resource system and resource unit) dimensions and their influence on the sustainability of golpata management. Data on 12 variables and 24 indicators were collected within the Chadpai range of the Sundarbans. Results revealed both positive and negative relationships between the SES dimensions. Positive correlations were found between the resource system and resource unit, and between governance and both resource system and unit (albeit weaker). Conversely, negative correlations emerged between actors and both resource systems and units, suggesting a potential disconnect between community user practices and resource sustainability. Based on these findings, the study recommends four distinct management scenarios tailored to specific SES regions within the Sundarbans. These scenarios emphasize strengthening governance frameworks, enhancing stakeholder engagement, and implementing targeted ecological interventions to improve the sustainability of golpata resources. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the social‐ecological complexities of golpata management in the Sundarbans. The findings can inform policymakers in developing effective strategies for sustainable resource use and community livelihoods within this critical ecosystem.

Streaming and Elastic Traffic Service in 5G-Sliced Wireless Networks and Mutual Utilization of Guaranteed Resource Units

Researchers of 5G-sliced Wireless Networks are faced with the task of achieving, at the same time, (i) mandatory isolation among network slices and (ii) the effective utilization of resource at Fifth Generation Base Station (gNB). This article proposes the second version of the Preemption-based service Prioritization (PP2) scheme that merges the capabilities of the classical Resource Reservation (RR) and Service Prioritization (SP) schemes and realizes the coexistence of non-TCP streaming and TCP elastic traffic at gNB. Analytical methods are given for Dynamic Resource Sharing (DRS) and Dynamic Resource Reallocation (DRR) with data rate reduction and service preemption. As main results, under some baseline scenario, the PP2 scheme, in comparison with RR, does increase the admission probability up to 99.999% at the system while ensuring 100% in system capacity utilization.

Cost-effectiveness intervention thresholds for romosozumab and teriparatide in the treatment of osteoporosis in the UK.

To estimate the 10-year probability of a major osteoporotic fracture (MOF) at which sequential treatment with romosozumab or teriparatide followed by alendronate, compared with alendronate alone, becomes cost-effective in a UK setting. A microsimulation model with a Markov structure was used to simulate fractures, costs, and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), in women receiving sequential treatment with either romosozumab or teriparatide followed by alendronate, compared with alendronate alone. Patients aged 50 to 90years with a recent MOF, hip or spine fracture were followed from the start of a 5-year treatment until the age of 100years or death. The analysis had a healthcare perspective. Efficacy of romosozumab, teriparatide and alendronate was derived from phase III randomised controlled trials. Resource use and unit costs were derived from the literature. Cost-effectiveness intervention threshold (CEIT), defined as the 10-year probability of a major osteoporotic fracture at which treatment becomes cost-effective, was compared with clinically appropriate intervention thresholds for bone-forming treatment in women with very high fracture risk as recommended by the UK National Osteoporosis Guideline Group (NOGG). The base case analysis showed that sequential romosozumab-to-alendronate treatment was cost-effective from a 10-year MOF probability of 18-35% and above depending on age and site of sentinel fracture at a willingness to pay (WTP) of £30,000. For teriparatide-to-alendronate, treatment was cost-effective at a 10-year MOF probability of 27-57%. The results were sensitive to pricing of the drugs but relatively insensitive to treatment duration, romosozumab persistence assumptions, and site of sentinel fracture. The CEITs for romosozumab-to-alendronate treatment were lower than the clinical thresholds from the age of 70years meaning that treatment could be considered both cost-effective and aligned with the NOGG treatment guidelines. By contrast, for teriparatide-to-alendronate the CEITs were higher than the clinical thresholds irrespective of age. However, cost-effective scenarios were found in the presence of strong clinical risk factors in addition to a recent sentinel fracture. The results of this study indicate that sequential romosozumab-to-alendronate or teriparatide-to-alendronate treatment can be a cost-effective treatment option for postmenopausal women at very high risk of fracture.

Constraints on Public Policy Design and Formulation: A Case Study on the Conservation of Natural Resources in Local Governments of the Amazonia, Peru

The high rate of depredation of forest resources causes major climatic changes that affect the economic activities and health of populations, plunging them into poverty and social problems. The state is responsible for dealing with these problems, because it has the technical, legal, and economic power to do so. This research aims to identify the factors that limit the design and formulation of public policies for the conservation of natural resources at the level of local district and provincial governments in Peru. For this study, we used qualitative methodology and non-probabilistic sampling, as well as techniques such as unstructured interviews, focus groups, and documentary review; moreover, for data analysis, we applied the theoretical saturation design in grounded theory. The results show that the conservation of natural resources is not positioned as a priority public policy in municipal administrations; furthermore, the organic units of natural resources suffer financial restrictions, and not because of a lack of budget availability, but because of a lack of will and decision-making capacity of authorities and civil servants, as well as a lack of coordination between the different national governments. It concludes that there are conflicts of interest in public policy making, with abuse of power and corruption predominating. Furthermore, the complexity of addressing sustainability criteria and the inability to confront the environmental crisis mean that international summits and national norms are attenuated in the face of the problems of environmental degradation. Deforestation should be considered a major public priority problem because of its environmental, economic, social, and health impacts. These problems require a holistic approach that combines local, national, and international policies and fosters effective and participatory governance.

Well-Being and Sustainable Utilization of Forest Environment with Diverse Vegetation Distributions

Forest landscape space is the basic unit of forest landscape resources. Healthy forest landscape resources can not only improve the sustainable cycle of forest ecological service function, but also have a positive impact on human health and well-being. Evidence supports the view that the forest environment is beneficial to people’s health, and further discussion of the dose response between environmental attributes and physical and mental recovery has been widely carried out by scholars. As an important component of environmental attributes, it is necessary to clarify the relationship between vegetation distribution and users’ health in order to better plan, design, and utilize forest environmental resources. This study mainly used the virtual immersive forest environment video in VR, and used the difference test in SPSS 23.0 to clarify whether the distribution of vegetation in the forest environment will affect the physiological and psychological recovery effect of users. The main results are as follows: (1) Experiencing the forest environment can promote users’ physiological and psychological health, and its recovery effect is significantly better than the indoor environment (p < 0.05). (2) The distribution of vegetation in the forest environment will affect users’ physiological and psychological recovery effect. Among them, in the cluster and randomly distributed forest environments, the relaxation and concentration of users can be improved mainly by alleviating their negative emotions. In the evenly distributed forest environment, users mainly achieve the purpose of relaxation by improving their vitality and positive emotions. These results show that the distribution of vegetation is one of the factors for the restoration of forest environment. In the future design and management of the forest environment, the health and well-being of users can be effectively enhanced by getting involved with the vegetation distribution in the site, aiming to provide a scientific basis for the promotion of the rehabilitation function of forest landscape space and its sustainable utilization, thus promoting the sustainable development of forest resources and improving people’s quality of life.

Free-Riding in Plant Health: A Social-Ecological Systems Approach to Collective Action.

Plant disease epidemics often transcend land management boundaries, creating a collective-action problem where a group must cooperate in a common effort to maximize individual and group benefits. Drawing upon the social-ecological systems framework and associated design principles, we review variables of resource systems, resource units, actors, and governance systems relevant to collective action in plant health. We identify a need to better characterize how attributes of epidemics determine the usefulness of collective management, what influences actors' decisions to participate, what governance systems fit different plant health threats, and how these subsystems interact to lead to plant health outcomes. We emphasize that there is not a single governance structure that ensures collective action but rather a continuum of structures that depend on the key system variables identified. An integrated social-ecological systems approach to collective action in plant health should enable institutional designs to better fit specific plant health challenges.

Factors Influencing the Intention to Use Human Resource Information Systems Among Employees of SMEs in Iraq

Introduction:In light of technological development and digital transformation, today's Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) rely heavily on their ability to use technology to succeed. Employees' acceptance or rejection of modern technology and the factors affecting it are crucial topics for SMEs. Methods:This study investigates the moderating roles of Technology Readiness (TR), Experience (EX), Trust, and Voluntariness of Use (VU) on the relationship between Effort Expectancy (EE), Performance Expectancy (PE), Social Influence (SI), Task-Technology Fit (TTF), Facilitating Condition (FC), and the Intention to Use (ITO) Human Resources Information Systems (HRIS) among employees of SMEs in Iraq. Data from 304 employees of Iraqi SMEs will be collected. Statistical analysis will be performed using SPSS and Partial Least Squares (PLS). Results:This research provides insight into the reasons behind employees' resistance to adopting HRIS, supporting the organization's policy of developing employee skills and training them in information technology systems. Discussion:Additionally, evaluating the acceptance of information technology systems can develop the framework for technical services in companies, including human resource units. Furthermore, defining the model's architecture will update stakeholder knowledge and enhance human resource management services in Iraq

Connectivity of the social-ecological system of the blue swimming crab fisheries in Rembang

Abstract The management of blue swimming crabs requires several aspects to be considered, such as social and ecological aspects for the sustainability of small crab fisheries. Fishery management is currently still focused on economic interests, so if this is allowed to continue, it will result in ecosystem degradation. This study aims to determine the components of the social-ecological system of the blue swimming crab fishery and the interrelationships of the crab management factors in Lasem District, especially in Gedongmulyo Village, Rembang from March to June 2023 using a purposive sampling method, including socio-economic data and fishermen’s interviews. Analysis of social-ecological connectivity including resource systems (RG), resource units (RU), resource actors (RA), and resource governance (RG) subsystems, and analyzes management variables using the participatory prospective analysis (PPA) method. The results show the connectivity of the social ecological system of the blue swimming crab fishery in Lasem between Resource Actors and Resource Systems, Resource Units, and Resource Governance. While Resource Governance is negatively related to the Resource System. Re-education about the regulations for the use of non-environmentally friendly fishing gear, the impact on the environment, and fishermen’s awareness of the need to comply with these regulations needs to be carried out.

Multi scale analysis of social-ecological system of lobster (Panulirus spp.) fisheries in the Gunungkidul waters, Yogyakarta

Abstract Lobster is a high-value fisheries commodity in Gunungkidul Regency. Lobster resource management in the waters of Gunungkidul Regency has not been well identified in the social-ecological system (SES) framework. This study aims to describe and analyze the dynamics of interrelationships between the social-ecological system components of lobster fisheries in Gunungkidul Regency, which consists of the subsystem of resource systems (RS), resource units (RU), resource actors (RA), and resource governance (RG) and their interrelationships within and between subsystems to formulate a sustainable lobster management strategies in the waters of Gunungkidul Regency. This research was conducted from November 2022 until January 2023. The results of this study have indicated a dynamic interaction between the SES components of lobster fisheries. RS and RA are the SES components with the highest influence, so the slightest changes in RS and RA can cause co-evolutive changes to all the SES components of lobster fisheries in the waters of Gunungkidul Regency.

Production routing problem in shared manufacturing: Robust chance-constrained formulation and multi-diversification based matheuristic

Building on the concept of the sharing economy, which capitalizes on the advancements in information and manufacturing technologies, the shared manufacturing paradigm has tremendous potential for enhancing the performance of production–distribution systems and has become prevalent in the today’s manufacturing industry. Despite the extensive research on the production routing problem, which integrates decisions of production, inventory, and distribution routing, there is a notable absence of investigation within the context of shared manufacturing. This paper aims to bridge the above-mentioned research gap and develop valuable decision-support tools for managers, assisting efficient management of production–distribution systems in shared manufacturing environments. To achieve this, this paper introduces a general model for the production routing problem with shared manufacturing resources. The problem is formulated as a robust chance-constrained model to address uncertainties arising in customer demand and the demand and supply of shared manufacturing resources. Subsequently, a computationally tractable formulation is derived, for which a matheuristic that incorporates three diversification techniques is proposed to solve. Extensive computational experiments are conducted to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of both the model and the matheuristic, as well as to evaluate the benefits of manufacturing resource sharing. The experimental results demonstrate that our matheuristic outperforms state-of-the-art solution approaches. Moreover, manufacturing resource sharing can lead to significant reductions in operational costs and improvements in service levels. Finally, the advantages are found to increase as manufacturing resource unit purchasing costs decrease, demand fluctuations decrease, and production interruption severity increases.

Indicator assessment of groundwater resource sustainability: Using the framework of socio-ecological systems in Hamedan - Bahar Plain, Iran

Study areaIran. Study focusHamedan-Bahar plain is one of the important plains in the west of Iran, which is facing a shortage of water resources and excessive extraction of groundwater resources. The purpose of this article is to identify and evaluate the status of sustainability governance indicators using the knowledge of local experts, which can be an effective step towards the sustainable management of groundwater resources. In this paper, we apply Ostrom’s Social-Ecological Systems Framework (SESF) as a diagnostic tool with 52 indicators to assess the sustainability of groundwater resources. New hydrological insights for the regionBased on key informant interviews with local experts and stakeholders, we use the TOPSIS technique and the Shannon Entropy methodologies to weigh and rank indicators influencing sustainability. Findings revealed that the indicators within the category Resource Systems (RS) and Resource Units (RU) with values of 0.74, and 0.70, are the most stable contributing factors to local sustainability, respectively. In contrast, the Governance System (GS), Actor (A), and Interaction (I) first-tier variables were evaluated as less stable, along with Outcomes (O). This suggests that social factors and diverse outcomes may need further attention in the region to ensure management and policy development that can better enable sustainable outcomes. This analysis also demonstrates the usefulness of a comprehensive science-based framework for organizing, analyzing, and presenting a wide range of complex information to inform policymakers and planners.

QoS-Oriented uplink OFDMA random access for the next-gen WLAN

Abstract OFDMA, introduced by the IEEE 802.11ax standard, divides the channel into multiple resource units (RUs), enabling parallel access for multiple users. On this basis, we propose a QoS-oriented double arbitration random access (Q-DARA) scheme. This scheme ensures high-priority priority access through priority arbitration in the first phase and random code arbitration in the second phase. It can also greatly reduce collisions and effectively guarantee the QoS of high-priority traffic. Simulation shows that our proposed scheme has better performance on throughput and latency. Compared to the traditional EDCA, the throughput and latency increase by more than 70%. Compared to the PATB scheme, the throughput increases by about 20%, and the latency increases by about 23%. Moreover, our proposed scheme has almost no changes to the protocol and is suitable for 802.11ax and beyond.

An Analysis of Inclusive Education Provisions in Matabeleland North Province in the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education in Zimbabwe

The aim of this study was to explore the issues, realities and challenges regarding the provision of special needs education in Matabeleland North Province of Zimbabwe. Inclusive Education Provision is making sure that teaching and the curriculum, school buildings, classrooms, play areas, transport and toilets are appropriate for all children at all levels. The literature pointed on limited resources, including funding, specialized staff, assistive technologies and accessible facilities as in existence in rural schools. Teachers’ preparedness has been put to question in Matabeleland schools as they seem to lack the necessary training to effectively teach students with diverse needs in their schools. The research was exploratory as no attempts were made to establish causal relationships and guided by the qualitative approach. A case study design was used to collect, present and analyse data. The population included purposively selected special schools and schools with special classes, resource units, integrated classes and inclusive classes in Matabeleland North Province. Purposive sampling was preferred and representative sample composed of ten school heads, five specialist teachers and ten parents. Open-ended questionnaires and structured interviews were used to collect and gather data respectively. The study concluded that schools have made attempts in enhancing inclusive education provisions in Matabeleland North Province, although it is important to note that there are still challenges and areas for improvement. For successful inclusion, it was concluded that the Provincial Education Office requires a comprehensive approach that involves addressing attitudinal barriers, providing adequate resources and training, promoting collaboration and ensuring accessible environments as there is no commitment to continuous improvement and on-going dialogue among all stakeholders involved in the education of students with special educational needs. The study recommended that schools need to foster an inclusive school culture that values diversity, inclusivity and respect for all students without discriminating them. It was also recommended that schools need to involve parents and the community in the inclusive education processes.

Changes in the users of the social‐ecological system around a reciprocal human‐dolphin relationship

Abstract In contrast to many contemporary negative human‐nature relationships, Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities have stewarded nature through cultural practices that include reciprocal contributions for both humans and nature. A rare example is the century‐old artisanal fishery in which net‐casting fishers and wild dolphins benefit by working together, but little is known about the persistence of the social‐ecological system formed around this cultural practice. Here, we frame the human‐dolphin cooperative fishery in southern Brazil as a social‐ecological system based on secondary data from the scientific and grey literature. To investigate the dynamics of this system, we survey the local and traditional ecological knowledge and examine potential changes in its main component—the artisanal fishers—over time and space. Over 16 years, we conducted four interview campaigns with 188 fishers in fishing sites that are more open (accessible) or closed (restricted) to external influence. We investigated their experience, engagement and economic dependence on dolphin‐assisted fishing, as well as the learning processes and transmission of the traditional knowledge required to cooperate with dolphins. Our qualitative data suggest that fishers using accessible and restricted fishing sites have equivalent fishing experience, but those in more restrictive sites tend to be more economically dependent on dolphins, relying on them for fishing year‐round. The traditional knowledge on how to cooperate with dolphins is mostly acquired via social learning, with a tendency for vertical learning to be frequent among fishers using sites more restrictive for outsiders. Experience, economic dependence and reliance on vertical learning seem to decrease recently, especially in the accessible site. Our quantitative analyses, however, suggest that some of these fluctuations were not significant. Our study outlines the key components of this social‐ecological system and identifies changes in the attributes of a main component, the users. These changes, when coupled with changes in other components such as governance and resource units (fish and dolphins), can have implications for the persistence of this cultural practice and the livelihoods of Local Communities. We suggest that continuous monitoring of this system can help to safeguard the reciprocal contributions of this human‐nature relationship in years to come. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Cooperative operation optimization for rural multi-microgrid and county-integrated energy operators considering typical energy scenarios

Despite being rich in renewable energy, China's rural areas are backwards in terms of energy use. Rural multi-microgrid cooperative operation optimization can effectively promote renewable energy use in rural areas. Many different microgrid energy scenarios have been developed for rural areas of China, and they have different resource endowments and unit compositions. Moreover, frequent power-related interactions occur between counties and villages. This study analyzes four typical microgrid energy scenarios in rural areas of China and optimizes their synergistic operation based on county-integrated energy operators. First, a mathematical model of rural microgrids for four energy scenarios and a trading mechanism between rural multi-microgrid and county-integrated energy operators were constructed. Subsequently, an upper-level optimization model that minimizes operating costs was developed for the county-integrated energy operator. A low-level optimization model was developed for rural multi-microgrid usage, and it minimized the operating costs. Finally, Stackelberg game theory was utilized to resolve the optimization issue. The results showed that the cooperative optimization of rural multi-microgrid and county-integrated energy operations can reduce the operating costs of both parties compared to that when each subject is operating alone. This optimization reduced the rural multi-microgrid cost from 12 773.64 yuan to 11 508.67 yuan and county-integrated energy operator cost from 3898.37 yuan to 1581.79 yuan. Moreover, it reduced both parties' dependence on external power grids; increased the self-balancing capacity of the rural multi-microgrid and county-integrated energy operator from 0.424 to 0.715 and 0.694 to 0.852, respectively; substantially increased the capacity of renewable energy consumption through power interaction; and reduced the risk of fluctuations in system operating costs.

A Multivariable, Adaptive, Robust, Primary Control Enforcing Predetermined Dynamics of Interest in Islanded Microgrids Based on Grid-Forming Inverter-Based Resources

This paper proposes a multivariable, adaptive, robust (MAR) control strategy for islanded inverter-based resources (IBRs) operating as grid-forming inverters. The proposed method is employed in the inner control loop of the primary layer in the hierarchical or decentralized structures for the islanded operation of microgrids. The MAR control scheme is responsible for stabilizing IBRs’ output voltage in autonomous operations of microgrids, considering mismatched input voltage disturbances from the grid side and a large amount of system uncertainty. The control methodology introduced in this paper does not rely on the system’s physical parameters, such as microgrid topology, load dynamics, LCL filters, and output connectors. As a result, there is no need to know the nominal values or the bounds of uncertainties in system dynamics. The MAR control method uses online adaptation rules first to identify and then adjust the control parameters of the closed-loop system based on an arbitrary dynamic model. In other words, the MAR method replaces the actual dynamics of IBRs with predetermined dynamics of interest. Simulation results in the MATLAB/Simulink environment confirm the capability of the scheme introduced for the closed-loop stabilization and voltage regulation in the presence of disturbances and a significant amount of uncertainty under various case studies; moreover, comparative simulations by comparing the presented method with other studies using sliding mode control are provided. Finally, experiments verify the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed MAR control scheme. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Note to Practitioners</i> —Inverter-based resources are integral parts of current and especially future power and energy systems; with increasing concerns about carbon footprints, the tendency to substitute traditional synchronous generators with inverter-based resources increases. This transition towards the widespread use of power electronics devices needs careful studies regarding the stability and control of power converters. Although existing studies are addressing potential control system challenges, they suffer from complex mathematical computations and the need for the system’s preliminary information. With this in mind, this study proposes a multivariable, adaptive, robust control strategy for the inner voltage control loop of grid-forming inverters. This method utilizes online estimation algorithms to identify inverter-based resources’ parameters and tune control system parameters simultaneously, making it applicable even to cases with slow parameter variations caused by aging or environmental changes. It can compensate for potential voltage disturbances from the grid side and enable the designer to replace undesirable dynamics of inverter-based resource units with arbitrary and stable dynamics of interest. In fact, unlike traditional methods that need control parameters and gains to be tuned to achieve a proper dynamic response, the control system designer can choose reference dynamics and enforce the closed-loop system to imitate the dynamical model selected. This model is usually chosen based on established priorities, such as response time and other transient behaviors. Moreover, this method does not require complex mathematical and algebraic calculations to design and implement. It can be easily applied to inverter-based resource units after selecting the desired reference dynamics, as shown through this study’s experimental result. The above points give this method a competitive edge over the existing algorithms, especially in practical applications.

Size matters: Host‐seeking ectoparasitoid larvae prefer larger hosts, but not the largest

AbstractKoinobiont parasitoids do not prevent host development immediately after the attack, hence the quality of their resource units may vary over time. Potential advantages exist, though less clear, of choosing a host of better initial nutritional quality. We studied the effect of host nutritional quality on Mallophora ruficauda Wiedemann (Diptera: Asilidae), a solitary, koinobiont ectoparasitoid that preferentially attacks larvae of Cyclocephala signaticollis Burmeister (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). In the field, lighter hosts were parasitized more often than heavier hosts, but sex did not explain parasitism patterns. Our experiments showed that parasitoid larvae did not differentially attack heavier or lighter hosts in either two‐ or four‐choice selection experiments, but do show differential selection based on the size of the host. Experiments simulating a host patch showed that parasitoid larvae choose larger hosts, but at a finer scale, as the size of the hosts increased, larvae chose the smaller host in a dyad. These results suggest that M. ruficauda larvae may select hosts of higher nutritional quality (i.e., larger hosts) but that there is an upper limit where a trade‐off between nutrient acquisition and survival (related to life expectancy or host defenses) may drive the larval decisions.

Non-orthogonal multiple access-based MEC for energy-efficient task offloading in e-commerce systems

Mobile edge computing (MEC) reduces the latency for end users to access applications deployed at the edge by offloading tasks to the edge. With the popularity of e-commerce and the expansion of business scale, server load continues to increase, and energy efficiency issues gradually become more prominent. Computation offloading has received widespread attention as a technology that effectively reduces server load. However, how to improve energy efficiency while ensuring computing requirements is an important challenge facing computation offloading. To solve this problem, using non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) to increase the efficiency of multi-access wireless transmission, MEC supporting NOMA is investigated in the research. Computing resources will be divided into separate sub-computing that will be handled via e-commerce terminals or transferred to edge sides by reutilizing radio resources, we put forward a Group Switching Matching Algorithm Based on Resource Unit Allocation (GSM-RUA) algorithm that is multi-dimensional. To this end, we first formulate this task allocation problem as a long-term stochastic optimization problem, which we then convert to three short-term deterministic sub-programming problems using Lyapunov optimization, namely, radio resource allocation in a large timescale, computation resource allocating and splitting in a small-time frame. Of the 3 short-term deterministic sub-programming problems, the first sub-programming problem can be remodeled into a 1 to n matching problem, which can be solved using the block-shift-matching-based radio resource allocation method. The latter two sub-programming problems are then transformed into two continuous convex problems by relaxation and then solved easily. We then use simulations to prove that our GSM-RUA algorithm is superior to the state-of-the-art resource management algorithms in terms of energy consumption, efficiency and complexity for e-commerce scenarios.