Resource Conservation Technologies Research Articles

Impact of technological interventions on farmers' income and employment in the Trans-Gangetic Plain region

Agriculture is a cornerstone of India's economy, employing around half of the workforce. However, a very large proportion of agricultural land in India does not have the desirable productivity, which diminishes the prospects for reasonable income to the farmers. Recognizing this challenge, a study on agricultural practices and income of 640 farmers of 32 villages in Haryana was conducted during the period 2016–17 and 2020–21. The analysis revealed an increase in productivity and consequent income of the farmers with varying degrees. The growth in productivity and income was more conspicuous in adopted villages due to technological interventions such as introduction and adoption of high yielding verities/hybrids/breeds, scientific management practices, resource conservation technologies, cost reduction measures and supplementary enterprises, etc. as compared to non-adopted villages. The income augmentation was noticed in field and horticultural crops, livestock and subsidiary enterprises. The highest increase in income was registered with high value commodities. Inter-district variations were noticed in the increase in productivity and income in adopted and non-adopted villages. The net income of marginal farmers increased the most amongst the different categories of farmers during the period of study. The field crops, horticultural crops and livestock contributed more to total additional income. To sustain the growth in productivity and consequent income of the farmers the Government can strengthen mechanism for continuous infusion of improved technologies and management practices in developmental programmes along with incentives to the farmers for quality seed and planting materials and matching critical inputs through a Misson-mode approach, more so in disadvantaged and challenged ecologies.

Sustainability concern in Indian agriculture: needs science-led innovation and structural reforms

Agriculture in India is facing several challenges which together are manifested into the sustainability issues. The broad contours of the agricultural production system in the country have been defined by the need to achieve food security which calls for close attention to rice–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system of the Indo Gangetic Plains (IGP) whose sustainability is under threat. Degradation of natural resources, severe biotic and abi otic stresses specially drought, floods, pest infestations with accompanying impacts on biodiversity and agricultural productivity are the major constraints to agricultural development. Further, climate change has gained significant global attention over the past decade due to concerns of deleterious long-term impacts on agriculture, water sup ply, human welfare, regional and political stability. All the related issues need to be addressed on priority, with par ticular emphasis on soil-carbon through a holistic approach. As the strategy brings focus on income of farmers, the agricultural technology needs to move from “Production oriented-Green Revolution” to “Farmer’s Income oriented Revolution” and environmentally sustainable farming. Therefore, for long-term sustainability in agriculture, 4 pil lars/ components (good agricultural practices, climate-change mitigation and adaptation, diversification of high value crops and biodiversity management) needs to be addressed properly, more importantly good agricultural practices (GAP). The GAPs are based on the principles of risk prevention, risk analysis, sustainable agriculture, and integrated crop management (ICM), which are of utmost importance in present time. The GAPs for agricultural sustainability are reduced tillage, conservation agriculture, resource-conservation technologies (RCTs), erosion control measures, diversified cropping system, micro-irrigation, balanced fertilization, manuring, watershed man agement, organic farming, and integrated farming systems etc. Now that the vision is to impart income security to the farmers of the country, diversification of the system across all the sub-sectors of agriculture assumes impor tance which is, indeed a de-risking mechanism capable of negotiating both endogenous and exogenous risks as sociated with the system. The effective and efficient management of agro-biodiversity is also essential through management of genebanks, science-led innovations; livelihood, food and nutrition security though crop diversifica tion, use of lesser-known crops and wild relatives in crop improvement; dealing appropriately with quarantine, bio safety and bio-security.

Development of Resource Conservation Technologies and Complexes of Machines for Cultivation of Vegetable Crops

The main activities of leading foreign companies are currently the development and production of agricultural machinery, taking into account new legislative requirements both for agricultural production in general and directly for the machinery itself. There is a clear trend towards the widest use of modern computer and information technologies in the design of agricultural machines, which allows to increase productivity and quality of technological operations while reducing operating costs, as well as improve working conditions of employees, management and control of work performed. Intensive resource conservation technologies are technologies related to the introduction of the latest high-performance combines, tractors and a plume of wide-range or combined agricultural units. The next type of resource conservation technologies is based on knowledge and respect for the laws of nature. These are resource conservation technologies through the biologization of agriculture. Resource conservation activities in crop production are based on the complete restoration of land fertility after the removal of nutrients from the soil by agricultural crops. This is ensured by the integrated application of organic and inorganic fertilizers, green manure, bacterial fertilizers, as well as peat and sapropel. All crop production technologies should be resource conservation, environmentally balanced, and have a pronounced zonal character. Moisture conservation technologies in crop production have great prospects due to the development of new crop rotations with an expanded set of crops.

Green Knot: trade openness and digital commerce contribute to the natural resources

This study examines the complex relationships among trade liberalization, effective use of natural resources, and digital commerce, particularly on data from China from 2010 to 2022. It analyses sustainable factors driven by resource exploitation, such as carbon emissions, adoption of renewable energy, and ecological integrity, using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). It is critical to comprehend how trade openness and digital commerce affect resource efficiency in an era characterized by resource scarcity and environmental concerns. When properly managed, they can promote global resource conservation and sustainable technology. The potential of trade laws and digitization tactics to encourage resource conservation, stimulate economic growth, and alleviate resource shortages is highlighted in this abstract. It highlights their part in advancing a resource-efficient and ecologically sustainable future.

Preliminary Study of Organic Farming Practices in Southern Rajasthan, India

In the present age of global warming and changing climatic scenario, agriculture has to be more eco- friendly with resource-conserving technologies for achieving the sustainable food-livelihood-environmental security. With growing awareness on food safety and health issue, demand for organically produced products increased drastically. To understand the economics and status of Organic Farming practices, a case study was conducted in Southern Rajasthan in the year 2020-21. A convenient sample of 317 organic cultivators were selected through multistage simple random sampling technique and data were collected through a pretested questionnaire along with semi structured interviews. Preliminary study shows that the net returns per hectare received from organic farming were relatively higher or good enough as compare to conventional counterparts. An increasing trend of growing organic products were observed during the study period. The major constraints identified by the organic cultivators were non-availability of labour and organic certification followed by the high wage rate and insect pest attacks. Sustainable efforts from government organizations, research institutes, marketing cells, progressive cultivators, dealers, and policy makers are necessary for successful adoption of the organic farming.

Intercropping Options for Sustainable Minor Millet Production: A Review

High population pressure, climate change, stagnant crop productivity, changing food habit and declining natural resources compelled us to go for climate resilient resource conservation technologies to bring sustainability in our crop production. Crop diversification by replacing high input requiring cereals with “nutri- cereals” minor millets in our crop rotations and by following intercropping of minor millets with pulses or oilseeds may be economically profitable, environmentally safe and socially acceptable approach to ensure food and nutritional security of the burgeoning population. This is high time to include millets in our daily diets but millet availability in sufficient amount is big issue. Millets are crops of rainfed and dryland resource poor areas and moreover under the threat of global warming and changed climatic scenario sole planting of millets generally gives less economic returns. So, there is an urgent need for incorporation of the pulses/oilseeds as intercrop in millets production system to enhance the production to feed the increasing population on sustained basis besides restoring the soil nutritional status and to overcome the environmental stress. But performance of intercropping system depends on proper selections of suitable intercrop, appropriate row ratio combination and proper input management. Very limited research work has been conducted on intercropping in millets so far but noteworthy information was recorded by the researchers, which has been reviewed through a sincere effort here to give critical view about intercropping in minor millets for agricultural sustainability to the farmers, researchers and consumers.

CURRENT TRENDS OF OPERATIONAL QUALITY IN INDUSTRIAL CONSTRUCTION

Purpose. Continuation of the life cycle of construction products is achieved through the use of the latest technologies of a complex technical approach, which includes the creation and use of equipment and materials that compensate for the functional costs of the building at the stage of operation. This substantiates the search for modern approaches to modeling, effective adjustment and development of optimization technologies in the formation of operational quality for the effective implementation of investment and construction projects. Methodology. The study of indicators of operational quality and characteristics of production operations in construction is described by dependencies and algorithms of resource conservation and building safety technologies. The issue of identifying the causes of the loss of reliability of objects and control of resource use requires accounting for changes in the conditions of the external and internal environment, diagnosed in the previous design cycles of this object (prototype) or similar objects (analog), allows to identify them in the form of investment and construction project norms, justify and develop technologies for the formation of its operational quality. Findings. The search for modern approaches to modeling, effective adjustment and development of optimization technologies in the formation of operational quality for the effective implementation of investment-construction projects is substantiated. Originality. The technological complex of system-forming regulators of operational quality in construction, as levers for the implementation of construction projects and applied tools for evaluation and forecasting of parameters of the operational quality of construction products, which allows timely response to the requirements of the customer of the construction project and making the necessary corrections during the implementation of construction processes, in order to comply with the planned operational quality standards. Practical value. Carrying out theoretical and practical justifications and scientific and practical research on the development of technologies for the formation of operational quality in construction. The existing principles of management activities for the assessment and improvement of operational quality at all stages of the life cycle of the construction object and in production processes are substantiated, taking into account the modern conditions of the world market, which imposes strict requirements on construction products at all stages of their creation. Approaches to the implementation of the technology for improving the operational quality of industrial buildings have been developed, which contributed to increasing the level of object reliability and the optimal level of production resource saving. Proposed concepts of the continuation of the life cycle of construction products due to the use of the latest technologies of a complex technical approach in the process of creating and using equipment and materials that compensate for the functional costs of the building at the stage of operation. The latest approaches to modeling, effective adjustment and development of optimization technologies are applied in the formation of operational quality for the effective implementation of investment and construction projects.

How to measure field soil water balance parameters?

The article provides a methodological, computational, and instrumental assignment that aids in identifying the various elements that makeup soil water balance. Reputable publications have published a large number of studies in the last ten years that discuss the computation of the soil water balance under various cropping patterns using various establishment procedures and Resource Conservation Technologies (RCTs). However, the computational and instrumental aspects of this work have received little attention. Because they lack the necessary fundamental (instrumental/methodological) competence, prospective scientists and students are unwilling to take on soil water balance calculation problems at the master's or doctoral levels, which generates misunderstandings. A thorough analysis of all the elements of soil water balance-irrigation, precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, drainage, seepage, and changes in the soil moisture profile-was included in this collection. To determine the soil water balance, all the factors are important. Although the instrumental part is well known, the computational and methodological parts are equally important. Scientists are currently attempting to find ways to save water and increase water productivity, as well as to better understand current patterns of water usage and the repercussions of activities. If one is fully versed in the instrumental, methodological, and computational aspects required to ascertain the components of soil water balance, one may also discuss the effects of a particular RCT on raising water and land productivity in a region with differing agroclimatic conditions.

A Comprehensive Review on Climate Change Adaptation Strategies and Challenges in Agriculture

This review examines the impact of climate change on Indian agriculture and adaptation strategies. Climate change, driven by human activities, poses challenges like rising temperatures and extreme weather events. Rising temperatures can induce heat stress in crops, leading to reduced yields and poor quality produce. Farmers use adaptation measures like altering planting dates and developing climate-resilient crops. Changing rainfall patterns, erratic or insufficient rainfall can trigger drought conditions, parching farmlands and causing crop failures. On the other hand, excessive rainfall can result in flooding, which damages crops and soil, disrupting agricultural operations especially during the monsoon. Soil conservation, precision agriculture, and urban food production initiatives promote food security and resource recycling. Addressing water scarcity requires improved irrigation and efficient water management. Climate change affects agricultural pests population and threatening global food security. Various adaptation strategies, including traditional practices, resource-conservation technologies, and socio-economic interventions, are being implemented. Climate-smart agriculture technologies like precision agriculture increase yields and resilience. Success depends on regional suitability, economic viability, and collective implementation. Agriculture operates within a complex socio-ecological system with uncertainties in policy, economics, and climate. Site-specific climate-smart agriculture practices are crucial for smallholders' resilience and food security. Publicly provided agricultural extension services can help adopt these technologies, but barriers like financial constraints and cultural factors must be considered. This review emphasizes the need for comprehensive, context-specific approaches to address vulnerabilities in Indian agriculture to climate change and ensure a sustainable future for food production and smallholder livelihoods.

Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria and Crop Residue in Rice–Wheat System Cultivated with Favorable Tillage Influence Crop Productivity, Nutrient Uptake, Soil Quality, and Profitability in the Terai Agro-Ecological Zone of West Bengal, India

A field study was conducted from 2021 to 2023 in a rice–wheat cropping system in the Terai agro-ecological zone of West Bengal, India, using different management practices, i.e., tillage (conventional tillage, CT, and zero tillage, ZT), crop residue (R), and plant growth-promoting bacteria (B). This study was a part of long-term research on resource conservation technology (conservation agriculture, CA), undertaken on a research farm in Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari (Cooch Behar), West Bengal. The project was established in 2006 in acidic alluvial soil. The aim of this study was to evaluate rice–wheat productivity, nutrient uptake, soil quality, and profitability after the 16th and 17th crop cycles under the above-mentioned management practices. The results revealed that the pooled yield of rice grain and straw was significantly higher under the CT + R + B treatment than under the other treatments (ZT, ZT + B, ZT + R, ZT + R + B, CT, CT + B, and CT + R). However, the wheat grain and straw yields were significantly greater under the ZT + R + B treatment than under other treatments. The system’s grain yield and straw yield were significantly higher under the CT + R + B treatment, on par with ZT + R + B, compared to the other treatments. Nutrient uptake (nitrogen, N; phosphorus, P; and potassium, K) was increased by retaining R and inoculating B compared to the sample without R and without B. Soil properties, including organic carbon, available N, available P, and available K, were improved in all the treatments compared to the initial values, but the impact was greater in the treatments with R and B than in those without R and without B. In the 5–10-cm soil layer, the above-mentioned soil properties were also improved over the initial (2006) values by 37, 126, 65 and 60%, respectively, by applying the best treatment (ZT + R + B). In economic terms, the benefit–cost ratio was significantly higher under the CT + R + B treatment for rice crops (2.99) and ZT + R + B for wheat crops (3.37). Therefore, we can conclude that, after 17 years of cultivation, for rice, CT performs better than ZT; meanwhile, for wheat cultivation, ZT produces greater yields than CT in the Terai agro-ecological zone of West Bengal, India.

Assessing and comparing the sustainability of organic and conventional wheat farming in India: An indicator-based approach

Achieving agricultural sustainability requires a comprehensive assessment of economic, social, and environmental dynamics. This assessment must be supported by scientifically validated indicators that measure all aspects of the system. This study aims to assess and compare the indicator-based farm sustainability of wheat farming in Punjab, India, under two farming systems: conventional farming (CF) and organic farming (OF). This study is based on cross-sectional data collected through a primary survey of 348 wheat growers (143 organics and 205 conventional). A multi-stage random sampling technique was used to collect the data. Based on the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 2008 index construction methodology, a composite sustainability index (CSI), economic sustainability index (ESI), social sustainability index (SSI), and environmental sustainability index (EnSI) have been constructed. The study is motivated by the significant focus on wheat-rice monoculture in Punjab, which has led to declining agricultural growth, over-exploitation of groundwater, and excessive use of agro-chemicals, among other sustainability issues. The empirical results of CSI show that OF is more sustainable than CF in terms of environmental and social sustainability, whereas CF is economically more viable than OF. The study suggest that the government should adopt a balanced approach that encourages and promotes both farming systems simultaneously. To enhance the sustainability of CF, the focus should be on resource conservation technologies, farm practices and ensuring farmers’ well-being, while financial incentives, educational opportunities, and market expansion are crucial for making OF more sustainable.

Quantifying the energy use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions in Punjab (India) agriculture

It is inevitable to acknowledge the greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE)’s primary role in the planet's rising temperatures, which poses threat to ecosystem's sustainability. In India, a 18% of the total GHGE comes from agriculture. Agricultural systems, being complex, need highly efficient energy usage to ensure better yields, and hence, farmer income and food security. Within India, Punjab is the state with greatest agro-economic impact. Therefore, present study is an attempt to quantify the GHGE and energy use efficiency (EUE) in major crops (cotton, maize, paddy, wheat, and sugarcane) of Punjab based on 2019–2020 data. Results revealed that the direct energy and non-renewable energy contribution significantly exceeded the indirect energy and renewable energy, in all crops except sugarcane. Electricity and fertilizers were noted as key areas for energy sink for all crops studied. The specific energy based on economic yield was realized to be significantly higher in cotton (10.23 MJ Kg−1), followed by paddy (5.28 MJ Kg−1), and less than 5 MJ Kg−1 for other crops. High energy intensity indicates that there exists a better potential for further improvement in the energy productivity of cropping systems. In terms of total input-output energy, net energy gain and EUE, sugarcane was noted to be at the top, followed by paddy among other seasonal crops. Paddy was found to emit the highest CO2 eq. emissions (6718 kg CO2 eq. ha−1) of all crops and around 60% was contributed solely by methane (CH4) due to paddy cultivation in submerged water. Thus, optimizing fertilizer rates, precisely guided irrigation systems, adoption of resource conservation technologies (RCTs) i.e., DSR, Laser leveling, minimizing crop residue burning, and using them for energy supply are among best possible alternatives for improving EUE and reducing GHGE.

Economic Impact of Wheat Sowing Through Zero Tillage Technique against Broadcasting under Hot Sub-humid (Moist) Eco-Region Uttar Pradesh, India

Aims: The production of cost of wheat is higher in farmers practice than the zero tillage sown of wheat due to non-adoption of recommended resource conservation technology, high-yielding varieties and advanced technologies by the farming community in the eastern plains of Uttar Pradesh. To replace this anomalous, we conducted 204 front-line demonstrations (FLDs) at farmers' fields in various adopted villages by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Deoria.
 Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out by the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Malhana, Deoria, under the Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, UP. A total of 90, 12 and 50 FLDs were conducted under raised bed sowing with three varieties of pigeon pea ( Narendra Arhar 1, Pusa Bahar and Narendra Arhar 2) from 2014-15 to 2018-19 respectively.
 Methodology: Prior findings were examined to identify any gaps and to enlist everyone's assistance in disseminating such a technology of global relevance. In the eight years from 2011–12 to 2018–19, a total of 204 FLDs were carried out at the 230 farmer’s fields in the 32 villages where wheat was sown by zero tillage
 Result: Rice-wheat cropping systems are the most often used agricultural method in Uttar Pradesh, India's hot, sub-humid (wet) eco-region. It provides farmers and agricultural labourers with a source of subsistence and revenue and is a crucial aspect of the region's infrastructure for food safety. In order to attain sustainable yield, it is always thought necessary to employ other alternatives of conserving essential inputs by adopting resources conservative techniques (RCT), such as zero tillage and broad bed furrow (BBF). According to the economic analysis of the data presented in the current study, zero tillage wheat farming is the most cost-effective and appealing alternative for the agricultural community of eastern Uttar Pradesh. When compared to the broadcasting method, the zero tillage technique yielded a higher return and a lower cost of cultivation per acre. Finally, the use of this strategy raises farmers' net returns, improves their social standing, living conditions, livelihood, and ultimately reduces poverty in the farming community.
 Conclusions: The new approach lowers production costs while producing equivalent wheat yields to other methods, which leads to higher net returns. Farmers in the area have begun to appreciate the technology's reduced tillage costs. Rice-wheat is the prevalent farming system practiced by the majority of farmers in the region. In the future, the prospect of extending the method to sow wheat after other crops should be investigated.

Impact of long-term resource conservation techniques on biogeochemical characteristics and biological soil quality indicators in a rice green-gram farming system.

Nutrient management in resource conservation practices influence the structural and functional microbial diversities and thereby affect biological processes and biochemical properties in soil. We studied the long-term effects of resource conservation technologies on functional microbial diversity and their interactions with soil biochemical properties and enzymatic activities in tropical rice-green gram cropping system. The experiment includes seven treatments viz., conventional practice (CC), brown manuring (BM), green manuring (GM), wet direct drum sowing, zero tillage, green manuring-customized leaf colour chart based-N application (GM-CLCC-N) and biochar (BC) application. The result of the present study revealed that microbial biomass nitrogen (N), carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) in GM practice were increased by 23.3, 37.7 and 35.1%, respectively than CC. GM, BM and GM-CLCC-N treatments provide higher yields than conventional practice. The average well color development value, Shannon index and McIntosh index were significantly higher by 26.6%, 86.9% and 29.2% in GM as compared to control treatment. So, from this study we can conclude that resource conservation practices like GM, GM-CLCC N and BM in combination with chemical fertilizers provide easily decomposable carbon source to support the microbial growth. Moreover, dominance of microbial activity in biomass amended treatments (GM, GM-CLCC N and BM) indicated that these treatments could supply good amount of labile C sources on real time basis for microbial growth that may protect the stable C fraction in soil, hence could support higher yield and soil organic carbon build-up in long run under rice-green gram soil.

Implications of minimum tillage and integrated nutrient management on yield and soil health of rice-lentil cropping system – being a resource conservation technology

Conventional tillage methods and indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers are causes of edaphic problems like soil degradation and loss of soil fertility which reduces crop yield. Puddling now-a-days, has become a major challenge for farmers due to breaking the soil structure, deficit water regimes, and depletion of soil health. Keeping in view, the absolute need to fulfill food security as well as sustainability, an experiment was conducted for 2 years on a rice-lentil cropping system during 2018–2019 and 2019–2020 in sandy clay loam soil of a new alluvial zone of eastern India to evaluate effects of minimum tillage and integrated nutrient management on yield and soil health. Conventional tillage (CT) direct seeded rice-lentil, Minimum tillage(MT) direct seeded rice-lentil, MT transplanted rice-lentil and MT direct seeded rice-lentil were kept as main plot treatments and control (without any fertilizer), 100% RDF, 75% nitrogen + FYM, 75% nitrogen + FYM + Azospirillum and 75% Nitrogen + FYM + Azospirillum sp. + Zinc Sulphate were kept as subplot treatments during the study. Though conventional tillage treatments recorded higher LAI, CGR and yield in the first year of study in the case of rice; during the second year, minimum tillage treatments showed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) better results in the aforesaid aspects with MTDSR-L having a maximum yield of 5.17 t ha−1. In the case of lentil minimum tillage treatments had better results for both years, with MTDSR-L treatment having the highest yield of 8.084 t ha−1. Among the nutrient schedules, the crops had better LAI, CGR and yield during the first year in the case of 100% RDF treatment, but in the second year, 75% Nitrogen + FYM + Azospirillum sp. + Zinc Sulphate had the highest respective values. Soil organic carbon was marginally improved by both tillage and nutrient treatments, while soil microbial biomass carbon, dehydrogenase activity and microbial count were significantly influenced. The combination of MTDSR-L and 75% Nitrogen + FYM + Azospirillum sp. + Zinc Sulphate (N5) treatment showed the maximum values for all soil biological parameters leading to improve soil health. The results of the experiment concluded that the practice of minimum tillage and integrated nutrient management may be recommended to enhance the yield and stability of rice-lentil cropping systems in sandy clay loam soil of a new alluvial zone of eastern India by acting as an alternative for the decline of soil health.

Enhancing Productivity and Profitability in Wheat through Rotavator in Eastern Uttar Pradesh, India

The rice-wheat cropping system of the Indo-Gangetic region acts as the backbone of Indian agriculture feeding and providing livelihood to millions. Resource conservation technologies (RCTs) like rotavator has several positive effects such as early sowing of wheat, reducing land preparation time and cost, increasing soil organic content by incorporating the paddy stubbles, higher profits etc. The rotavator adopters in the study area earned an incremental net income of Rs. 7664.95 per ha and also the total cost of cultivation was reduced by Rs 1379.86 per ha. On an investment of Re one, the rotavator adopters earn a return of Rs. 0.81 whereas the non-adopters earn only Rs. 0.56. Adoption of this RCT offers several economic benefits to the respondents thus, making them economically better off than the non-adopters. The main reason for adopting the technology is the early sowing of wheat, which directly leads to better grain quality and quantity. Despite so many benefits, there are a few constraints in the adoption of rotavator, the major ones being the high custom hiring charges, non-availability of the machine on time or hire basis and high purchasing cost of the machine. Rotavator has the potential to play a significant role in boosting wheat production nationwide by overcoming constraints.

Production potential of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Varieties under Resource Conservation Technology (Zero Tillage) in a Hot Sub Humid (wet) Eco-region.

Production potential of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Varieties under Resource Conservation Technology (Zero Tillage) in a Hot Sub Humid (wet) Eco-region.

Resource conservation technologies for sustainable development of agriculture: A case study in Indian Punjab

Resource conservation technologies for sustainable development of agriculture: A case study in Indian Punjab

An analysis of resource conservation technology in improving farmer's livelihood: A case of micro irrigation system

An analysis of resource conservation technology in improving farmer's livelihood: A case of micro irrigation system

Efficient resource conservation technology and foliar fertilization effect on growth, yield attributes and yields of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.)

Efficient resource conservation technology and foliar fertilization effect on growth, yield attributes and yields of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.)