Ideal Resolution Research Articles

Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of lake carbon dioxide flux leads to substantial uncertainties in regional upscaling estimates

Limited field samplings result in significant uncertainties in regional and global estimates of lake carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. However, quantitative analysis of uncertainty in regional lake CO2 emission estimates remains unclear. In this study, we utilized satellite data to estimate carbon dioxide flux from 113 eastern China lakes, revealing substantial spatial and temporal variations in flux, averaging 18.07 ± 81.83 mg m−2 d−1. Additionally, satellite-estimated total CO2 effluxes indicated previous upscaling studies had overestimated total CO2 effluxes from these studied lakes by approximately 3–11 times, primarily due to substantial variations in lake CO2 fluxes. Insufficient sampling resolution resulted in considerable uncertainty in upscaling estimations. Temporal variations in carbon dioxide contributed greater upscaling uncertainties than spatial variations in carbon dioxide. To capture the dynamics of lake CO2, increasing the number of sampling points and events is necessary as lake size decreases and trophic state increases. Finally, we propose a prediction for the optimal sampling resolution based on lake area and trophic state, recommending an average of 5 points per lake and bi-monthly sampling as the ideal resolution for similar shallow eutrophic lakes. This approach has been validated as effective in lakes across North America and Europe. We believe that future global-scale lake carbon budget estimates would benefit from field observations conducted at more reasonable sampling points and frequency.

Lens-free reflective topography for high-resolution wafer inspection

The demand for high-resolution and large-area imaging systems for non-destructive wafer inspection has grown owing to the increasing complexity and extremely fine nature of semiconductor processes. Several studies have focused on developing high-resolution imaging systems; however, they were limited by the tradeoff between image resolution and field of view. Hence, computational imaging has arisen as an alternative method to conventional optical imaging, aimed at enhancing the aforementioned parameters. This study proposes a method for improving the resolution and field of view of an image in a lens-less reflection-type system. Our method was verified by computationally restoring the final image from diffraction images measured at various illumination positions using a visible light source. We introduced speckle illumination to expand the numerical aperture of the entire system, simultaneously improving image resolution and field of view. The image reconstruction process was accelerated by employing a convolutional neural network. Using the reconstructed phase images, we implemented high-resolution topography and demonstrated its applicability in wafer surface inspection. Furthermore, we demonstrated an ideal diffraction-limited spatial resolution of 1.7 μm over a field of view of 1.8 × 1.8 mm2 for the topographic imaging of targets with various surface roughness. The proposed approach is suitable for applications that simultaneously require high throughput and resolution, such as wafer-wide integrated metrology, owing to its compact design, cost-effectiveness, and mechanical robustness.

2023년 형법 중요 판례 평석

In 2023, there were fewer en banc decisions compared to 2022. While there were 7 en banc decisions related to criminal law in 2022, with 6 focusing on criminal law issues, the number decreased to 3 in 2023. However, the significance of this change should not be underestimated. Among these cases, a notable en banc decision redefined the meaning of assault and intimidation in the context of forcible molestation, representing an effort to align the legal decisions with contemporary societal trends.
 Additionally, there was a noticeable increase in en banc decisions related to stalking crimes and special criminal laws, shedding light on issues and challenges prevalent in these areas beyond basic criminal law. In the context of criminal law, there were numerous significant rulings pertaining to the co-perpetrators of negligent crimes and infringements on self-defense, specifically addressing the contemporaneity of self-defense (meaning not determined solely based on the formal completion of the criminal act but extending until the situation of harm to one's own or others' legal interests has ceased).
 In 2023, in terms of the legitimate exercise of the state's right to punish, there were many efforts to modify en banc decisions that extended beyond the literal interpretation of the law or to provide clarification on the meaning of legal provisions. While the ideal resolution for legal shortcomings would be through legislative measures, the impracticality of enacting legislation to address every situation necessitates the application of the law through judges' reasonable interpretation. Therefore, the positive aspect lies in not rendering outcome-oriented judgments based on the principle of proportionality. However, it is necessary to consider criticism that calls for clearer and more comprehensible improvements to the Supreme Court's en banc decisions, which currently restrict legal principles through their power of authoritative interpretation.
 Furthermore, it is noteworthy that many elements, which are not explicitly stipulated in the basic criminal law but are present in various special criminal laws, can be evaluated as serious crimes. To enhance the effectiveness of crime regulation and the general preventive impact, systematic legislative adjustments within the criminal law framework for these crime elements are essential.

CASE STUDY OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS DISPUTE RESOLUTION FOR FOREIGN WORKERS IN FOREIGN EMBASSIES: TOWARDS AN IDEAL LEGAL CERTAINTY

Background: The resolution of Industrial Relations Disputes (IRDP) involving Foreign Workers (FW) and Foreign Missions in Indonesia is particularly unique and warrants further examination. This is due to its involvement with complex international law, particularly concerning diplomatic immunity and state immunity, making achieving an ideal resolution for foreign workers and providing legal certainty challenging. The issue revolves around determining the ideal IRDP resolution to offer legal certainty to Foreign Workers employed in Foreign Missions. Methods: This legal study analyzes relevant laws, concepts, and cases to identify an ideal resolution. Sources include international law, Indonesian national law, and foreign case studies. Results: The ideal resolution of Industrial Relations Disputes (IRDP) between FW and Foreign Missions in Indonesia must consider various aspects to ensure legal certainty. In the context of UNCJIS ratification, the Indonesian Government needs careful consideration before deciding to enact this convention. Conclusion: The Indonesian Government, not having enacted UNCJIS 2004 into its national law, would find it challenging to provide legal certainty to FW working in Foreign Missions in Indonesia, particularly those dismissed without being granted their normative rights. This is because executing legally binding court decisions becomes challenging. Therefore, the Indonesian Government could establish Bilateral Agreements between nations falling under its jurisdiction to ensure legal certainty for FW working in Foreign Missions in Indonesia.

Barile–Macchia resolutions

We construct cellular resolutions for monomial ideals via discrete Morse theory. In particular, we develop an algorithm to create homogeneous acyclic matchings and we call the cellular resolutions induced from these matchings Barile–Macchia resolutions. These resolutions are minimal for edge ideals of weighted oriented forests and (most) cycles. As a result, we provide recursive formulas for graded Betti numbers and projective dimension. Furthermore, we compare Barile–Macchia resolutions to those created by Batzies and Welker and some well-known simplicial resolutions. Under certain assumptions, whenever the above resolutions are minimal, so are Barile–Macchia resolutions.

Cohomology of flag supervarieties and resolutions of determinantal ideals

Cohomology of flag supervarieties and resolutions of determinantal ideals

Settlement of Traffic Accident Crimes through the Principle of Restorative Justice in the Sorong City Area

This study focuses on the first problem of solving traffic accident criminal cases that have been applied in law enforcement and how to reconstruct the ideal traffic accident crime resolution based on a restorative justice approach. The method used in this study is normative juridical research with a research approach in the form of a normative approach. The result of this study is that direct involvement between perpetrators, victims, and communities in solving criminal cases is emphasized in the restorative justice approach. Criminal acts involving traffic accidents can be resolved in accordance with the principles of restorative justice. Because it serves the interests of victims and perpetrators based on two perspectives (victims and perpetrators) in terms of accident crimes, the use of restorative justice is essential. The application of restorative justice in solving criminal cases that prioritizes the interests of victims and perpetrators in finding solutions to crimes and their consequences has been outlined in a circular issued by the Indonesian National Police. The traditional dynamic between local communities and their governments in fighting crime can be changed by the use of restorative justice in cases involving accidents. Customary institutions are still often used in Sorong City by local communities to resolve conflicts, but Law No. 22/2009 on Traffic and Road Transport has stipulated the threat of criminal penalties for those responsible for traffic accidents. Therefore, the police had to investigate the traffic accident even if the victim's family decided not to prosecute.

Optimising pavement texture measurement resolution for accurate friction determination: a preliminary investigation

This study seeks to identify the most suitable pavement texture resolution for accurately representing friction properties, employing the Dynamic Friction Model (DFM). Friction and texture measurements were conducted on various pavement surfaces at resolutions ranging from 10 μm to 5000 μm. Results indicate that the optimal resolution for accurate representation is unexpectedly found to be 500 μm, aligning with the Microtexture/Macrotexture limit. This contradicts current trends emphasizing higher resolutions for pavement surface representation. The article provides a foundational exploration, prompting discussions and further investigations into determining the ideal resolution for characterizing pavement surfaces in the context of friction properties.

Fuzzy Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Model Through Fractional Backorder

This paper has analyzed fuzzy EOQ model through fractional back order for inventory system. Here, under function principle, fuzzy entire behavior cost of the model is calculated. The ideal EOQ is derived through median rule. This approach can be very helpful when the precise data of Fuzzy variables is unavailable. In this paper for recommended fuzzy EOQ model, the ideal resolution for the proposed fuzzy EOQ model is slightly greater than the economic order quantity (EOQ) in crisp value because of the scarcity of data. Partial backorder of fuzzy system, Setup and interrelated mechanism for implementation of fuzzy set for inventory system with partial backorder, A numerical example and conclusion are described in different sections.

Design of multi-shell nested fully annular quasi-ellipsoidal focusing mirrors for small-angle neutron scattering

The neutron flux is a crucial factor for neutron scattering measurements, especially for compact sources. Among various neutron optics, grazing-incidence focusing mirrors have been developed to give a significant increase in the neutron flux on a sample owing to their great potential for collecting neutrons in small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) instruments. Focusing mirrors with a supermirror coating can be nested to collect a neutron beam with large divergence. Nested conical integrated assembly technology is employed to manufacture nested focusing mirrors. This study describes the design of ten-shell nested fully annular quasi-ellipsoidal focusing mirrors with an m = 3 Ni/Ti supermirror coating to produce enough neutrons on a sample under the premise of satisfying the specified minimum wavevector transfer Q. For fully annular focusing mirrors, the neutron current received by a sample from the entire annular focusing neutron beam is more relevant. A ray-tracing method and current gain calculation are used to evaluate the performance of the designed mirrors. The ray-tracing result shows that the ideal resolution of quasi-ellipsoidal mirrors with four-segment conical approximation is 1.354 mm. As the source radius decreases from 20 mm, the neutron current with the designed focusing mirrors can be enhanced by a factor of 13 to over 100 compared with that without focusing mirrors in the same detected area. The effective collecting area is 186 cm2 when the source radius is the optimal 15 mm. An 83-fold current gain can be obtained for cold neutrons. The proposed mirrors can reach 90.7 and 87.3% of the maximum current of the corresponding optimal mirror structure when the source radii are 10 and 20 mm, respectively. The results demonstrate that the proposed mirrors are adaptable for instruments with changeable sources.

Ideal Traffic Accident Crime Case Resolution based on Restorative Justice

· This study focuses on the first problem of solving traffic accident criminal cases that have been applied in law enforcement and how to reconstruct the ideal traffic accident crime resolution based on a restorative justice approach. The method used in this study is normative juridical research with a research approach in the form of a normative approach. The result of this study is that the settlement of criminal cases of traffic violations in Indonesia to date (ius constitutum), basically still prioritizes conventional legal approaches and criminal sanctions. Cases of traffic accident violations are processed and resolved within the framework of the criminal justice system normally, starting from the police, prosecutor's office, and court levels, according to the criminal procedure law, (2) Reconstruction of the settlement of traffic accident violations is very likely to be applied in Indonesia with several non-litigation models (mediation), namely the independent perpetrator-victim mediation approach and perpetrator-victim mediation involving law enforcement (restorative justice agencies). Settlement efforts through the courts can only be pursued if restorative efforts fail to reach an agreement. With these results, it is suggested: (1) The police, prosecutors, and courts should be more intensive to socialize and provide education related to the application of restorative justice, especially for traffic accident crimes, (2) The principle of restorative justice needs to be realized in the main legal form, namely a law that comprehensively and integratively covers the regulation of all components of the criminal justice system.

Super-resolution model-based iterative reconstruction for lens-coupled micro-CT imaging

Lens-coupled high-resolution micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) uses a visible light magnification system behind the x-ray path to achieve higher resolution imaging than conventional micro-CT. However, the spatial resolution is theoretically limited by optical diffraction and mechanical control precision. As a result, the current system resolution is still insufficient for some applications, such as the imaging of biological materials whose structures are on the nanometer scale. To overcome this limitation, a super-resolution algorithm can be employed to improve the image resolution beyond the theoretical upper bound of the ideal spatial resolution of the system. In this work, a super-resolution model-based iterative reconstruction (SR-MBIR) algorithm is proposed based on a lens-coupled high-resolution micro-CT system and a high-precision nano-stage attached to the rotation stage of the system. The algorithm employs a scanning program that dithers the object via the nano-stage to obtain multiple sets of projection images with sub-pixel information. The blur and noise statistical models are introduced into the physical model for iterative reconstruction, allowing for super-resolution, deblurring, and noise suppression. The results of simulation data and actual data show that the SR-MBIR algorithm has a prominent effect in improving image resolution. The reconstructed images have sharper edges, better details, higher signal-to-noise ratio, and can effectively suppress the systematic blur and noise in the imaging process, thus achieving superior interior reconstruction quality.

Very well–covered graphs by Betti splittings

A very well–covered graph is an unmixed graph without isolated vertices such that the height of its edge ideal is half of the number of vertices. We study these graphs by means of Betti splittings and mapping cone constructions. We show that the cover ideals of Cohen–Macaulay very well–covered graphs are splittable. As a consequence, we compute explicitly the minimal graded free resolution of the cover ideals of such a class of graphs and prove that these graphs have homological linear quotients. Finally, we conjecture the same is true for each power of the cover ideal of a Cohen–Macaulay very well–covered graph, and settle it in the bipartite case.

Epidemic spread on patch networks with community structure

Predicting and preparing for the trajectory of disease epidemics relies on a knowledge of environmental and socioeconomic factors that affect transmission rates on local and global spatial scales. This article discusses the simulation of epidemic outbreaks on human metapopulation networks with community structure, such as cities within national boundaries, for which infection rates vary both within and between communities. We demonstrate mathematically, through next-generation matrices, that the structures of these communities, setting aside all other considerations such as disease virulence and human decision-making, have a profound effect on the reproduction rate of the disease throughout the network. In high modularity networks, with high levels of separation between neighboring communities, disease epidemics tend to spread rapidly in high-risk communities and very slowly in others, whereas in low modularity networks, the epidemic spreads throughout the entire network as a steady pace, with little regard for variations in infection rate. The correlation between network modularity and effective reproduction number is stronger in population with high rates of human movement. This implies that the community structure, human diffusion rate, and disease reproduction number are all intertwined, and the relationships between them can be affected by mitigation strategies such as restricting movement between and within high-risk communities. We then test through numerical simulation the effectiveness of movement restriction and vaccination strategies in reducing the peak prevalence and spread area of outbreaks. Our results show that the effectiveness of these strategies depends on the structure of the network and the properties of the disease. For example, vaccination strategies are most effective in networks with high rates of diffusion, whereas movement restriction strategies are most effective in networks with high modularity and high infection rates. Finally, we offer guidance to epidemic modelers as to the ideal spatial resolution to balance accuracy and data collection costs.

Különböző felbontású domborzatmodellek befolyása vulkáni salakkúpok morfometriai paramétereire – összehasonlító tanulmány

Since the early 2000s, rapidly improving resolution digital terrain models (DTMs) have been used increasingly as input data in various geomorphometric studies. They are excellent for studying large areas, clusters, and geomorphological forms, and with their help, it is not difficult to analyse hundreds of forms. A common problem in the statistical evaluation of DTMs is that the results may depend on the resolution of the input data. My aim in this study was to examine one of the simplest volcanic forms, the cinder cones, from a geomorphometric point of view and to show the extent to which the result was affected by the different resolutions of the DTMs. The study areas were the San Francisco Volcanic Field (SRTM DTM resolutions 30 and 10 m) in Arizona (USA) and ChaĒne des Puys (LiDAR DTM resolutions 90 and 0.5 m) in Auvergne (France). Polar coordinate transformation (PCT) was used, descriptive parameters (cone height and average slope) were calculated, and a comparison was carried out (with the help of the Mann-Whitney test) to show statistically significant differences for age groups and values derived from different resolutions. The slope values are the most sensitive to the resolution of the input data: comparing the age groups with themselves, but with values calculated from DTM with different resolutions, the slope shows a statistically significant difference in almost all cases. Based on the tests, an ideal resolution for scoria cone morphometric examination should be at least 10 meters, but if it is an area that contains older, smaller cones, a better resolution is a better choice. On the other hand, the 0.5 meters seems unnecessary for symmetry/parameter tests.

Novel secured distributed energy management structure for solar based smart grids incorporating miners

Addressing the blockchain technology (BCT) challenges, such as the high energy consumption is unavoidable in smart power systems to take maximum advantage. As an antithetical point, there is a structural duality between using BCT in the electrical grid due to its advantages and energy consumption. To this end, this research work is an inclination toward controlling the miner’s energy consumption based on a realistic and efficacious two-stage energy mechanism toward the distributed energy concept and optimal placement of data mining devices. In this circumstance, such a new structure allows miners to mainly sustain their hash rates as a prominent index for security achievement and optimally decrease their cost. This paper suggests a novel distributed model for miners coincided with the smart electrical grid getting inspired by the Prima-Dual Method of Multipliers (PDMM) based distributed approach to settle down the needed power bartering between miners and energy supply resources. In addition, for a similar purpose, it seems to reach the ideal resolution needs to perform the modified reaffirmation of miners (the mining pool) within the secured grid. To execute this task, this research recommends the Intelligent Priority Selection (IPS) techniques as well. When all is said and done, the result of this approach can aid researchers with performing in the field of improving social advantages by the usage of the suggested method.

Groebner fans and embedded resolutions of ideals on toric varieties

Groebner fans and embedded resolutions of ideals on toric varieties

Linear resolutions of t-spread lexsegment ideals via Betti splittings

Let [Formula: see text] be a polynomial ring in [Formula: see text] variables with coefficients over a field [Formula: see text]. A [Formula: see text]-spread lexsegment ideal [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] is a monomial ideal generated by a [Formula: see text]-spread lexsegment set. We determine all [Formula: see text]-spread lexsegment ideals with linear resolution by means of Betti splittings. As applications we provide formulas for the Betti numbers of such a class of ideals and furthermore we characterize all incompletely [Formula: see text]-spread lexsegment ideals with linear quotients.

Resolving Scottish paediatric end-of-life conflicts

This article considers mediation as a means of resolving decision-making disputes between clinicians and parents in paediatric end-of-life cases. It examines the legal tests applied in England and Wales and notes the lack of precedent in Scotland. The advantages, disadvantages and the most appropriate style of mediation are analysed. The conclusion reached is that whilst mediation offers benefits over litigation, mediation in its current form is not necessarily the ideal dispute resolution method in such cases. For it to be so, a legal and governance framework will be required.

Vanishing of Avramov obstructions for products of sequentially transverse ideals

Two ideals I and J are called transverse if I ∩ J = I J . We show that the obstructions defined by Avramov for products of (sequentially) transverse ideals in regular local rings are always 0. In particular, we compute an explicit free resolution and Koszul homology for all such ideals. Moreover, we construct an explicit trivial Massey operation on the associated Koszul complex and hence (by Golod's construction) a minimal free resolution of the residue field over the quotient defined by the product of transverse ideals. We conclude with questions about the existence of associative multiplicative structures on the minimal free resolution of the quotient defined by products of transverse ideals.