Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy Research Articles

Reaction Mechanism and Structural Evolution of Tunnel‐Structured KCu7S4 Nanowires in Li+/Na+‐Ion Batteries

AbstractSelecting suitable electrode materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) often relies on the experience gained from lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), particularly in terms of thermodynamics. However, this approach may fall into a stagnant situation where the development of SIBs consistently lags behind that of LIBs due to the larger ionic radius of Na+. Accordingly, it is crucial to establish a dedicated selection rule specifically tailored for SIB electrodes to overcome this challenge. Herein, a screening method is proposed for SIB materials, where an ideal candidate shall form a stable intermediate transition phase with Na+. This phase acts as an important bridge that can regulate the insertion/extraction of charge carriers. Atomically resolved transmission electron microscopy demonstrates that KCu7S4 can react with Na+ to form a stable intermediate phase (Na3Cu4S4). Na3Cu4S4 can undergo reversible conversion reactions, contribute capacity, stabilize the tunnel structure and enhance the migration/diffusion of Na+. In contrast, Li+ can't form a stable intermediate phase in KCu7S4 during lithiation/delithiation, thus losing the ability to effectively regulate Li+ insertion/extraction. These findings provide valuable insights for the development of suitable electrode materials for SIBs, emphasizing the importance of stable intermediate phases in regulating charge carrier insertion/extraction and improving overall battery performance.

Evaluation of single particle morphological characteristics and human health risks in different functional areas

Purpose This study aims to better understand the morphological characteristics of single particle and the health risk characteristics of heavy metals in PM2.5 in different functional areas of Handan City. Design/methodology/approach High resolution transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the aerosol samples collected from different functional areas of Handan City. The morphology and size distribution of the particles collected on hazy and clear days were compared. The health risk evaluation model was applied to evaluate the hazardous effects of particles on human health in different functional areas on hazy days. Findings The results show that the particulate matter in different functional areas is dominated by spherical particles in different weather conditions. In particular, the proportion of spherical particles exceeds 70% on the haze day, and the percentage of soot aggregates increases significantly on the clear day. The percentage of each type of particle in the teaching and living areas varied less under different weather conditions. Except for the industrial area, the size distribution of each type of particle in haze samples is larger than that on the clear day. Spherical particles contribute more to the small particle size segment. Soot aggregate and other shaped particles contribute more to the large size segment. The mass concentrations of hazardous elements (HEs) in PM2.5 in different functional areas on consecutive haze pollution days were illustrated as industrial area > traffic area > living area > teaching area. Compared with the other functional areas, the teaching area had the lowest noncarcinogenic risk of HEs. The lifetime carcinogenic risk values of Cr and As elements in each functional area have exceeded residents’ threshold levels and are at high risk of carcinogenicity. Among the four functional areas, the industrial area has the highest carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks. But the effects of HEs on human health in the other functional areas should also be taken seriously and continuously controlled. Originality/value The significance of the study is to further understand the morphological characteristics of single particles and the health risks of heavy metals in different functional areas of Handan City. the authors hope to provide a reference for other coal-burning industrial cities to develop plans to improve air quality and human respiratory health.

Synthesis, characterization and dielectric relaxation studies of graphene quantum dots prepared by hydrothermal treatment method

Zero dimensional graphene quantum dots (GQDs) exhibit fascinating chemical and physical properties discovered by Pan et al., in 2010, due to the quantum confinement and edge effect. GQDs have been synthesized by hydrothermal treatment method from graphite powder as low cost, easy process, and large amount with high production yield. The functional groups of GQDs on the surface sites of carbon atoms have been studied through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of GQDs shows the broad diffraction at 2 θ = 24.47 ° with 0.36 nm an interlayer distance confirming the formation of the GQDs. Raman analysis reveals that GQDs show both D and G bands mostly the armchair edges. UV–visible spectra show absorption peak at 287 and 330 nm credited to π → π * and n → π * transitions due to the presence of conjugated carbon–carbon bonds and carbonyl groups. The particle size of GQDs is found below 5 nm from high- resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) image. Scanning electron microscopy shows the surface morphology of GQDs are crumpled and aggregated thin sheets. Dielectric properties of synthesized GQDs have been studied in the range frequency between 0.01 and 105 Hz at different temperatures (25, 50, 75, and 100 °C). The dielectric relaxation mechanism is explained in the framework of dielectric loss tangent (tanδ), permittivity and electrical conductivity. The dielectric loss tangent increases with frequency and maximum peak decreases with frequency at all different temperatures due to present of polar groups in GQDs. Dielectric permittivity decreases with frequency at all different temperatures due to charge orientation and rotation of dipole moments. The electrical conductivity increases with frequency at all different temperature due to the GQDs is highly conductive nature. So synthesized GQDs can be used in electrical and electronic materials.

Atomic-scale imaging of electron sensitive zeolites with aberration corrected transmission electron microscopy

The spatial resolution of transmission electron microscopes (TEMs) and scanning transmission electron microscopes (STEMs) has been drastically improved by introducing aberration correction. However, observable range in electron sensitive zeolites are still limited due to electron irradiation damages. Nevertheless, atomic resolution imaging of some zeolites is currently being realized by various developments in electron microscopic hardware, such as high sensitivity cameras. On the other hand, surveying the status of TEM and STEM imaging is very important for further progress in the structural analysis of zeolites. Here, we demonstrate and compare the high-resolution imaging of zeolites with several kinds of imaging modes.

Transmission electron microscopy of thick polymer and biological specimens

We explore the properties of elastic and inelastic scattering in a thick organic specimen, together with the mechanisms that provide contrast in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning-transmission electron microscope (STEM). Experimental data recorded from amorphous carbon are used to predict the bright-field image intensity, mass-thickness contrast and dose-limited resolution as a function of thickness, objective-aperture size, and primary-electron energy E0. Combining this information with estimates of chromatic aberration, objective-aperture diffraction and beam broadening in the specimen, we calculate the achievable TEM and STEM resolution to be around 4 nm at E0 = 300 keV (or below 3 nm at MeV energies) for a 10 µm-diameter objective aperture and 1 – 2 µm thickness of hydrated biological tissue. The 3 MeV resolution for a 10-μm tissue sample is probably closer to 10 nm. We also comment on the error involved in quadrature addition of resolution factors, when one or more of the point-spread functions are non-Gaussian.

透射电子显微镜空间分辨率综述

Transmission electron microscope (TEM) is one of the most important research tools in a wide range of research fields such as chemistry, materials science, physics, and biological science. There are many factors affect the spatial resolution of TEM, including not only the construction of electron microscope and imaging mechanism, but also the nature of the sample and other reasons. In order to systematically and comprehensively understand the meaning, principle and application of TEM spatial resolution, this paper firstly briefly describes the history of TEM spatial resolution advancement, and then theoretically clarifies the concept, physical meaning, influencing factors and application scope of TEM spatial resolution, then outlines the influence of TEM electron gun, magnetic lens, image detector and internal and external environment on the resolution, the development of monochromator, aberration corrector and new image detector from the perspective of electron microscope device. Finally, from the perspective of practical applications, the mechanism of resolution degradation due to thickness, electron beam sensitivity, carbon accumulation and atomic vibrations and the corresponding solutions are highlighted.

Temporal resolution in transmission electron microscopy using a photoemission electron source.

Temporal resolution in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has progressed to the sub-picosecond level with the stroboscopic method using a photoemission mechanism with an ultrafast laser for the electron gun. Time-resolved TEM in conjunction with a photocathode (PC)-type electron source pumped by a pulsed laser has been actively developed to exceed sub-nanosecond time resolution. Here, we provide an overview of the trends in this field and discuss the measurement targets that can be obtained by time-resolved measurements. Furthermore, we consider the types and characteristics of PC materials and their related physical quantities for evaluation of electron beam properties. Experimental results obtained by time-resolved TEM using a semiconductor PC that has a surface with a negative electron affinity are presented, and application results based on quantum mechanics are given. We also describe new techniques for improving the time resolution and new applications of pulsed electron beams in electron microscopy and discuss the measurement targets that are expected for time-resolved electron microscopy.

Highly Reversible Solid‐State Lithium‐Oxygen Batteries by Size‐Matching Between Fe‐Fe Cluster and Li2‐xO2

AbstractSolid‐state lithium‐oxygen batteries (SSLOBs) offer high energy density with enhanced safety. However, the challenge of energy loss induced by the high polarization of the solid‐state air electrode has become a major bottleneck for its further development. Here, a homonuclear Fe‐Fe catalyst (Fe2‐N‐C) matched to reactants (Li2‐xO2, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2) size to alleviate the redox polarization in solid‐state electrodes is designed. Atomically resolved transmission electron microscopy reveals that the spatial size of Fe‐Fe clusters (1.5–2 Å) is commensurate with Li2‐xO2 (1.2–2.2 Å), which can overcome the challenges associated with catalyst/reactant size mismatch. In‐depth theoretical analyses show that orbital coupling and spin state jumping between Fe‐Fe sites allows the Fe centers to exhibit d‐orbital delocalization and high electronic spin states. These features enhance the activation of paramagnetic oxygen species, optimize the binding strength to LiO2 and reduce the charge/discharge voltage gap. Meanwhile, the size‐matching effect induces the ductile growth of the discharge product into a highly reversible film‐like morphology. The Fe2‐N‐C cathode with low overpotential exhibits significantly improved round‐trip efficiency (84.9%). The concept of this work opens up new opportunities for designing high‐performance SSLOBs.

CoFe2O4-APTES nanocomposite for the selective determination of tacrolimus in dosage forms: Perspectives from computational studies

An innovative and cost effective electrochemical sensor was fabricated to determine tacrolimus (TAC) in pharmaceutical samples. In the present study, cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CFO) were synthesized hydrothermally using chitosan as the template and were further functionalized using (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES). The synthesized CFO were characterized using various analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry and high- resolution transmission electron microscopy. The CFO and CFO-APTES were further drop-casted on to the glassy carbon electrode (CFO-NH2/GCE) for the electrochemical determination of TAC. Under the optimum conditions, the CFO-NH2/GCE showed a very low detection limit of 0.03 nM with a high sensitivity of 21,448 μAμM−1cm−2 and a wide linear TAC concentration range of 0.14 nM – 75.83 nM. The proposed sensor showed good sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility and stability for the sensing of TAC and this has been demonstrated by analysing TAC in different dosage forms. This is the first study to report the interaction of CFO-TAC and CFO-NH2-TAC at the electrode/electrolyte interface. To support the experimental findings qualitatively, extensive density functional theory simulations were carried out to study the interaction at the interface. Hence the proposed sensor is very selective and sensitive towards the detection of TAC.

Automated calculations for computing the sample-limited spatial resolution in (scanning) transmission electron microscopy

MATLAB scripts were designed to compute the sample-limited spatial resolution in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning TEM (STEM) as a function of different microscopy parameters including the electron dose eD, sample geometry, and materials parameters. The scripts can be used to select the optimum microscopy modality and optimize the experimental conditions to achieve the best possible resolution considering the limitations set by both the electron optics and the examined sample. The resolution can be computed as function of the objective opening semi-angle α for TEM and detector opening semi-angle β for STEM. Optional code for computing a range over the sample thickness t or eD are provided as well, whereby the opening angle is optimized for each data point. The spatial resolution depends on the type of material of the nanoscale object (for example, gold or carbon nanoparticles), the type of matrix holding the objects (for example, water or ice), the depth of the nanoscale object inside the matrix, and eD. The optimization is consistent with the typical situation that carbon nanoparticles are best examined with TEM embedded in a thin matrix (t = 0.1 µm), while STEM is better suited for high atomic number objects such as gold nanoparticles in water, irrespective of t. The script also calculates the reduction of beam broadening in thick samples (t > 1 µm) using bright field STEM.

Atomic-Scale Tracking of Dynamic Nucleation and Growth of an Interfacial Lead Nanodroplet.

Revealing the evolutional pathway of the nucleation and crystallization of nanostructures at the atomic scale is crucial for understanding the complex growth mechanisms at the early stage of new substances and spices. Real-time discrimination of the atomic mechanism of a nanodroplet transition is still a formidable challenge. Here, taking advantage of the high temporal and spatial resolution of transmission electron microscopy, the detailed growth pathway of Pb nanodroplets at the early stage of nucleation was directly observed by employing electron beams to induce the nucleation, growth, and fusion process of Pb nanodroplets based on PbTiO3 nanowires. Before the nucleation of Pb nanoparticles, the atoms began to precipitate when they were irradiated by electrons, forming a local crystal structure, and then rapidly and completely crystallized. Small nanodroplets maintain high activity and high density and gradually grow and merge into stable crystals. The whole process was recorded and imaged by HRTEM in real time. The growth of Pb nanodroplets advanced through the classical path and instantaneous droplet coalescence. These results provide an atomic-scale insight on the dynamic process of solid/solid interface, which has implications in thin-film growth and advanced nanomanufacturing.

How innovations in methodology offer new prospects for volume electron microscopy

Detailed knowledge of biological structure has been key in understanding biology at several levels of organisation, from organs to cells and proteins. Volume electron microscopy (volume EM) provides high resolution 3D structural information about tissues on the nanometre scale. However, the throughput rate of conventional electron microscopes has limited the volume size and number of samples that can be imaged. Recent improvements in methodology are currently driving a revolution in volume EM, making possible the structural imaging of whole organs and small organisms. In turn, these recent developments in image acquisition have created or stressed bottlenecks in other parts of the pipeline, like sample preparation, image analysis and data management. While the progress in image analysis is stunning due to the advent of automatic segmentation and server‐based annotation tools, several challenges remain. Here we discuss recent trends in volume EM, emerging methods for increasing throughput and implications for sample preparation, image analysis and data management.

Single-step green synthesis of gold conjugated polyphenol nanoparticle using extracts of Saudi’s myrrh: Their characterization, molecular docking and essential biological applications

The progress in the innovative nanocrystal synthesis process by using environmentally benign and low-priced nontoxic chemicals, solvents, and renewable sources remains a challenging task for researchers worldwide. The majority of the existing synthesis techniques engage in the potentially dangerous, for either human health or the environment. Current investigation has been centered on green synthesis processes to create novel nanomaterials, which are eco-friendly as well as safer for sustainable marketable feasibility. The current work provides the green synthesis method for gold nanoparticle (GNPs) synthesis using Commiphora myrrh (C.myrrh) extract. This simple method includes 6 ml of HAuCl4·3H2O treated with 4 ml C.myrrh extract having pH 4.5 after 80 min at 25 °C temperature. In this novel method, green synthesized GNPs characterized by UV–Vis, X_ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), zeta potential, fourier transform infrared (FT_IR), high_resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR_TEM), energy dispersive X_ray spectroscopy (EDXA), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). During the development successful antioxidant assay, the DPPH assay was applied. The cell toxicity of green synthesized GNPs was evaluated following an MTT assay against HCT-116 (colon cancer) and MCF-7 (breast cancer).Besides molecular docking in the δ-elemene for inhibitor to VEGFR‐2 domain revealed more negative docking score (−3.976) which is an excellent binding affinity to the C.myrrh@GNP. The synthesized GNPs showed antidiabetic, antibiotic, and antibacterial properties and anti_inflammatory inhibition against inhibiting COX-1, and COX-2 enzymes. In addition, molecular docking by Lindestrene (−3.806) and Furanoeudesma-1,3-dien (−3.912) against COX1 and COX2 respectively showed strong binding affinity. The molecular docking study evidenced the anti-inflammatory and cell toxicity study.

Effect of cyclic ageing on the early-stage clustering in Al–Zn–Mg(-Cu) alloys

The cyclic application of mechanical stress to aluminum alloys at room temperature, referred to as cyclic ageing, continuously injects vacancies, enabling dynamic precipitation of a fine distribution of solute clusters. These are uniformly distributed throughout the bulk and are responsible for enhancing the mechanical properties to comparable values as T6 conditions obtained by conventional artificial aging. The atomic structure of the clusters in two Al–Zn–Mg (-Cu) alloys is studied using atomically resolved transmission electron microscopy, and their size, volume density and chemistry are investigated using atom probe tomography. It was found that cyclic ageing yields a high number density of solute clusters exhibiting structural similarities to the GPI zones commonly observed after low temperature ageing in such alloys. A subsequent 10-day natural ageing allows both cluster nucleation and further cluster growth, without altering their atomic structure. As compared to natural ageing, the strengthening caused by the solute clusters is accelerated during cyclic ageing, due to dynamic precipitation. The copper containing alloy also had higher amounts of Mg and Zn. Still, a slightly lower number density of smaller clusters with lower Zn/Mg ratio formed in this alloy, both after cyclic aging and after natural aging. The higher strength of this alloy is attributed to a higher strength contribution from each cluster.

Synthesis of nanocubic lithium cobalt ferrite toward high-performance lithium-ion battery

The synthesis of Li1.1Co0.3Fe2.1O4 ferrite nanoparticles has been successfully fabricated by the citrate auto combustion technique. Numerous characterization techniques as X-ray Diffraction (XRD), High- Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and Raman Spectroscopy are achieved. The homogeneous formation of the cubic phase is ratified through HRTEM. Five Raman-active modes A1g, 3F2g, Eg. are detected for the examined samples. In addition, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is carried out to identify the various ions existing in samples and their oxidation states. The investigated ferrite nanoparticles manifest large capacity (until 1150 mAh g−1), stellar coulombic efficiency, and superb cycle stability (443 mAh g−1 after 50 cycles). Finally, the cheap and non-toxic Li1.1Co0.3Fe2.1O4 has been employed as an anode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), demonstrating superior electrochemical in terms of specific capacity, cycle performance, and rate capability.

Dislocation loop evolution in Kr‐irradiated ThO2

AbstractThe early stage of microstructural evolution of ThO2, under krypton irradiation at 600, 800, and 1000°C, was investigated using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Dislocation loops grew faster, whereas their number density decreased with increasing irradiation temperature. Loop density was found to decrease with ion dose. Interstitial dislocation loops, including Frank loops with Burgers vector of a/3〈111〉 and perfect loops with Burgers vector of a/2〈110〉, were determined by traditional TEM and atomic resolution–scanning TEM techniques. Atomistic and mesoscale level modeling are performed to interpret experimental observations. The migration energy barriers of defects in ThO2 were calculated using density‐functional theory. The energetics of different dislocation loop types were studied using molecular dynamics simulations. Loop density and diameter were analyzed using a kinetic rate theory model that considers stoichiometric loop evolution. This analysis reveals that loop growth is governed by the mobility of cation interstitials, whereas loop nucleation is determined by the mobility of anion defects. Lastly, a rate theory model was used to extract the diffusion coefficients of thorium interstitials, oxygen interstitials, and vacancies.

Ferroelectric Proximity Effect and Topological Hall Effect in SrRuO3/BiFeO3 Multilayers.

Interfaces between complex oxides provide a unique opportunity to discover novel interfacial physics and functionalities. Here, we fabricate the multilayers of itinerant ferromagnet SrRuO3 (SRO) and multiferroic BiFeO3 (BFO) with atomically sharp interfaces. Atomically resolved transmission electron microscopy reveals that a large ionic displacement in BFO can penetrate into SRO layers near the BFO/SRO interfaces to a depth of 2-3 unit cells, indicating the ferroelectric proximity effect. A topological Hall effect is indicated by hump-like anomalies in the Hall measurements of the multilayer with a moderate thickness of the SRO layer. With magnetic measurements, it can be further confirmed that each SRO layer in the multilayers can be divided into interfacial and middle regions, which possess different magnetic ground states. Our work highlights the key role of functional heterointerfaces in exotic properties and provides an important guideline to design spintronic devices based on magnetic skyrmions.

Novel pathway for the sonochemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles with near-spherical shape and high stability in aqueous media

The present study shows the development of a novel sonochemical synthesis pathway of sub-15 nm silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with quasi-spherical shape and high stability in aqueous suspension. Different analytical techniques such as on-line UV–Vis spectroscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) were complementarily used to characterize the evolution of the properties of AgNPs synthesized with this new route. Furthermore, different centrifugation conditions were studied to establish a practical, simple and straightforward purification method. Particle size was determined by TEM employing two different deposition methods, showing that purified AgNPs have a size of 8.1 nm ± 2.4 nm with a narrow dispersion of the size distribution (95% coverage interval from 3.4 to 13 nm). Critical information of the shape and crystalline structure of these sub-15 nm AgNPs, provided by shape descriptors (circularity and roundness) using TEM and high resolution (HR)-TEM measurements, confirmed the generation of AgNPs with quasi-spherical shapes with certain twin-fault particles promoted by the high energy of the ultrasonic treatment. Elemental analysis by TEM-EDS confirmed the high purity of the sub-15 nm AgNPs, consisting solely of Ag. At the optical level, these AgNPs showed a bandgap energy of (2.795 ± 0.002) eV. Finally, the evaluation of the effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVC: 254 nm and UVA: 365 nm) and storage temperature on the spectral stability revealed high stability of the optical properties and subsequently dimensional properties of sub-15 nm AgNPs in the short-term (600 min) and long-term (24 weeks).

Direct Observations of Twin Formation Dynamics in Binary Semiconductors.

With the increased demand for controlled deterministic growth of III-V semiconductors at the nanoscale, the impact and interest of understanding defect formation and crystal structure switching becomes increasingly important. Vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth of semiconductor nanocrystals is an important mechanism for controlling and studying the formation of individual crystal layers and stacking defects. Using in situ studies, combining atomic resolution of transmission electron microscopy and controlled VLS crystal growth using metal organic chemical vapor deposition, we investigate the simplest achievable change in atomic layer stacking-single twinned layers formed in GaAs. Using Au-assisted GaAs nanowires of various diameters, we study the formation of individual layers with atomic resolution to reveal the growth difference in forming a twin defect. We determine that the formation of a twinned layer occurs significantly more slowly than that of a normal crystal layer. To understand this, we conduct thermodynamic modeling and determine that the propagation of a twin is limited by the energy cost of forming the twin interface. Finally, we determine that the slower propagation of twinned layers increases the probability of additional layers nucleating, such that multiple layers grow simultaneously. This observation challenges the current understanding that continuous uniform epitaxial growth, especially in the case of liquid-metal assisted nanowires, proceeds one single layer at a time and that its progression is limited by the nucleation rate.

Morphological evolution and its correlation with optical and field emission properties in pulsed laser deposited ZnO nanostructures

The present report illustrates the effect of growth temperature on the morphological features, optical, and field emission properties (FE) of ZnO thin films deposited on Si substrate (100) through the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. The as-deposited films have been characterized by employing various characterizations tools particularly X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), High- resolution TEM, etc., and confirms the successful deposition of the films. It demonstrates that as the growth temperature increases from ∼ 5000C to ∼ 8000C during 30 min, the spherical particle-like nanostructures transform into the truncated nanocones. Further, at a fixed deposition temperature of ∼ 8000C, and with enhancement in the growth time from ∼10 to 30 min, the nanoparticles get transformed into nanocones. Henceforth, the substrate temperature and growth time have been identified as determinant factors for the formation of these ZnO nanocones. XRD and TEM analysis suggest that the majority of nanocones have been aligned epitaxially with a preferred c-axis orientation on the Si substrates. Optical measurements reveal that the optical band gap of ZnO films exhibits a decreasing tendency from ∼3.26 to 3.22 eV with an increase in substrate temperature from ∼ 500 to 8000C. Subsequently, the field emission (FE) measurement of these aligned ZnO nanocones signifies a stable field emission with a low threshold field (2.40 V/μm) and a high field enhancement factor (∼2786). Their tapered morphologies and small tip diameters suggest as-deposited samples to be highly reproducible and henceforth as-deposited ZnO nanocones bearing excellent FE properties, through high-pressure PLD growth method without using any catalyst offer usage in various futuristic electronic applications.