Resolution Of Reflux Research Articles

Is Postoperative VCUG Routinely Indicated Following Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Ureteral Reimplantation (RALUR) in Children: Time to Define the New Standards?

ObjectiveTo examine the need to routinely obtain VCUG to confirm vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) following robotic-assisted laparoscopic ureteral reimplantation (RALUR) in children. MethodsA single-center prospectively maintained database was reviewed for patients <18 years old who underwent RALUR for VUR. Patient charts were reviewed for baseline characteristics and surgical details. Patients were routinely followed up by renal bladder ultrasound at 6-8 weeks and VCUG at 3 months postoperatively. The primary endpoint was radiological success defined as the absence of VUR on postoperative VCUG. The secondary endpoints were clinical success, defined as the absence of postoperative febrile UTI, postoperative urinary retention, and reoperation for persistent VUR or RALUR complications. ResultsBetween 2018-2023, 42 children (48 refluxing ureters) underwent extravesical RALUR at the study institution at a mean age of 70.4+23.7 months. A majority of 81% were females and 85.7% had associated bladder and bowel dysfunction. Six patients (14.3%) had bilateral RALUR. Of the ureters, 83.4%(40/48) had grade III or higher VUR and 20.8%(10/48) had duplex kidneys. Postoperative VCUG was completed in 36(85.7%) patients. Radiological reflux resolution was confirmed in 87.5%(35/40) of ureters. The remaining 5 ureters had VUR downgrading to grade I or II; all remained asymptomatic and none required reoperation. One patient required ureteral stenting for 6 weeks for an unidentified unilateral ureteral injury without long-term consequences. Postoperative urine retention requiring short-term catheterization occurred in 3 patients. The clinical success rate was 97.6%. ConclusionAfter bypassing the learning curve, VCUG is not routinely indicated following RALUR for VUR.

Predictors of reflux persistence after endoscopic dextranomer/hyaluronic Acid copolymer injection in pediatric patients with Vesicoureteral reflux: short-term results

This study aims to investigate the factors effective in predicting the persistence of reflux after the first subureteric transurethral injection (STING) of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid copolymer in pediatric patients with vesicoureteral reflux. The data of patients without a previous history of surgery to treat vesicoureteral reflux and who underwent STING for the first time between September 2011 and November 2020 were investigated retrospectively. After considering exclusion criteria, of 199 patients, 127 patients and 180 renal units were suitable for inclusion. A renal unit-based evaluation was made. Age < 61 months (univariate: p = 0.001, multivariate: p = 0.015, HR: 2.352 (1.181–4.686), OR (95% CI)), moderate reflux level (grade 3) (univariate: p < 0.001, multivariate: p = 0.019, HR: 2.703 (1.177–6.209), OR (95% CI)), DRF (differential renal function) < 45 (univariate: p = 0.020, multivariate: p = 0.047, HR: 1.992 (1.009–3.935), OR (95% CI)), and UDR (ureteral diameter ratio) > 0.15 (univariate: p < 0.001, multivariate: p = 0.005, HR: 2.786 (1.368–5.672), OR (95% CI)) were found predictors of reflux persistence after STING surgery both univariate and multivariate analysis. High reflux level (grade 4–5) was statistically significant in univariate analysis (p < 0.001) but not statistically significant in multivariate analysis (p = 0.215). In our study, UDR and DRF were found to be factors affecting reflux persistence. UDR and DRF should be considered in order to predict reflux resolution in patients who will undergo STING.

Banded Versus Non-banded Sleeve Gastrectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Standard bariatric surgeries include biliopancreatic diversion (BPD), sleeve gastrectomy (SG), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), and adjustable gastric banding (AGB). Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is currently favored due to safety, efficacy, and shorter operation time. However, previous literature shows 75.6% weight regain post LSG. Introducing Laparoscopic band sleeve gastrectomy (LBSG) to maintain pouch size is proposed to improve outcomes and reduce weight regain. This study aims to compare the safety and efficacy of LSG vs. LBSG in obese patients. A comprehensive search strategy was executed to identify pertinent literature comparing LBSGand LSGin obese patients. Eligible studies underwent independent screening, and pertinent data were systematically extracted. The analysis employed pooled risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous outcomes and mean differences (MD) for continuous variables, each accompanied by their respective 95% confidence intervals (CI). Our systematic review and meta-analysis included 15 studies encompassing 3929 patients. Regarding body mass index (BMI), at six, 12, and 24 months, no substantial differences were found between LBSG and LSG groups (p < 0.05). Still, at 36 months, LBSG exhibited significantly lower BMI than LSG (MD = -2.07 [-3.84, -0.29], p = 0.02). Excess Weight Loss (EWL) favored LBSG at 12, 24, and 36 months with MD of 3.30 [0.42, 6.18], 4.13 [1.44, 6.81], and 18.43 [9.44, 27.42], p = 0.02, 0.003, < 0.00001, respectively). Operative time did not significantly differ between the procedures (MD = 2.95, 95%CI [-0.06, 5.95], p = 0.05). Resolution of comorbidities, overall complications, post-operative bleeding, reflux, and early complications did not significantly differ between LBSG and LSG. However, LBSG showed higher post-operative regurgitation than LSG (RR = 2.38, 95%CI [1.25, 4.54], p = 0.008).LBSG showed a substantial decrease in BMI at three-year follow-up and higher EWL at one, two, and three years. However, LBSG procedures exhibited a higher incidence of post-operative regurgitation symptoms than LSG. No substantial differences were noted in BMI at six, 12, or 24 months, EWL at six months, operative time, bleeding, reflux, or overall complications.

An evaluation of ureteral diameter ratio and vesicoureteral reflux index in the treatment of primary vesicoureteral reflux

ObjectiveVesicoureteral reflux (VUR) index is a simple, validated tool that reliably predicts significant improvement and spontaneous resolution of primary reflux in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the ureter diameter ratio (UDR) and VUR index (VURx) of patients treated with endoscopic injection (EI) and ureteroneocystostomy (UNC) methods in the pediatric age group due to primary VUR. MethodsPatients under the age of 18 years old who underwent EI and UNC with the diagnosis of primary VUR between January 2011 and September 2021 were determined as the participants. The UDR was assessed using voiding cystourethrography, and the VURx score was determined prior to treatment based on hospital records included in the study. ResultsA total of 255 patients, 60 (23.5%) boys and 195 (76.5%) girls, with a mean age of 76.5 (range 13.0–204.0) months, were included in the study. EI was applied to 130 (51.0%) patients and UNC was applied to 125 (49.0%) patients due to primary VUR. The optimum cut-off for the distal UDR was obtained as 0.17 with sensitivity and specificity of 73.0% and 63.0%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 66.0% and 70.0%, respectively. ConclusionWhen the UDR and VURx score are evaluated together for the surgical treatment of primary VUR in the pediatric age group, it is thought that it may be useful in predicting the clinical course of the disease and evaluating surgical treatment options.

The correlation between ureteric orifice morphology and primary vesicoureteral reflux grade and the impact on the effectiveness of endoscopic reflux correction

Early diagnosis and treatment of primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) are essential for preserving renal function. The study explored whether preoperative cystoscopic grading of refluxing ureteric orifices (UO) correlated with their shape in an institution with non-performance of hydrodistention of the UO in the diagnosis and grading of VUR. We also assessed the relationship between the UO shape and VUR grade with the effectiveness of endoscopic correction of primary VUR in children. This retrospective study included consecutive patients ≤15 years treated for primary VUR. The reflux grade was based on the results of preoperative voiding cystourethrography as mild, moderate, or severe. Fifty-one patients with 77 renal refluxing units (RRU) underwent endoscopic treatment with Deflux®. VUR was bilateral in 51% of patients. VUR was mild in 13%, moderate in 53%, and severe in 34% of cases. The patients with mild and moderate VUR had stadium-shaped UOs in 60% and 54% RRUs, respectively. Horseshoe-shaped UOs constituted 42% of UOs in patients with severe VUR, followed by 31% of golf-hole UOs. The reflux resolution rate after the first endoscopic injection was 84%. The preoperative VUR grade correlated with UOs shape (p<0.001). No significant correlation between UOs configuration and the outcome of endoscopic treatment was seen (p=0.452). The preoperative VUR grade negatively correlated with a favorable endoscopic treatment (p=0.043). Our data indicate ureteral orifice shapes are closely related to preoperative VUR grade. There was no correlation between the UO configuration and the success rate of endoscopic treatment of VUR, in contrast to the significant negative correlation between the VUR grade and the success rate of endoscopic treatment.

Endoscopic closure versus surgical revision in the management of gastro-gastric fistula following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.

Background and study aims Gastro-gastric fistulae (GGF) occur in 1.3 % to 6 % of Rouxy-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) patients and can be associated with abdominal pain, reflux, weight regain and onset of diabetes. Endoscopic and surgical treatments are available without prior comparisons. The study aim was to compare endoscopic and surgical treatment methods in RYGB patients with GGF. Patients and methods A retrospective matched cohort study of RYGB patients who underwent endoscopic closure (ENDO) or surgical revision (SURG) for GGF. One-to-one matching was performed based on age, sex, body mass index and weight regain. Patient demographics, GGF size, procedural details, symptoms and treatment-related adverse events (AEs) were collected. A comparison of symptom improvement and treatment-related AEs was performed. Fisher's Exact, t -test and Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests were performed. Results Ninety RYGB patients with GGF (45 ENDO, 45 matched SURG) were included. GGF symptoms included weight regain (80 %), gastroesophageal reflux disease (71 %) and abdominal pain (67 %). At 6 months, the ENDO and SURG groups experienced 0.59 % and 5.5 % total weight loss (TWL) ( P = 0.0002). At 12 months, the ENDO and SURG groups experienced 1.9 % and 6.2 % TWL ( P = 0.007). Abdominal pain improved in 12 (52.2 %) ENDO and 5 (15.2 %) SURG patients at 12 months ( P = 0.007). Diabetes and reflux resolution rates were similar between groups. Treatment-related AEs occurred in four (8.9 %) ENDO and 16 (35.6 %) SURG patients ( P = 0.005), of which none and eight (17.8%), respectively, were serious ( P = 0.006). Conclusions Endoscopic GGF treatment produces greater improvement in abdominal pain and fewer overall and serious treatment-related AEs. However, surgical revision appears to yield greater weight loss.

Efficacy of Sleeve Gastrectomy with Concomitant Hiatal Hernia Repair versus Sleeve-Fundoplication on Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Resolution: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

(1) Background: There is still disagreement over how sleeve gastrectomy (SG) affects gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The debate regarding the best option for patients undergoing bariatric surgery who are also affected by GERD and/or hiatal hernia continues to divide the community of bariatric surgeons. While concomitant hiatal hernia repair (SG + HHR) has been proposed as a means of reducing the risk of GERD following SG with varying degrees of success, the addition of a fundoplication (SG + FP) has been suggested in recent years as a way to improve the lower esophageal sphincter's competency. The aim of this study is to systematically review and meta-analyze the efficacy of SG + HHR versus SG + FP on GERD remission in patients with obesity. (2) Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted, and studies analyzing the effects of SG + HHR versus SG + FP on postoperative GERD were included. The methodological quality of included trials was evaluated. The primary outcome was postoperative GERD rate, erosive esophagitis, and 12-month weight loss. Secondary outcomes included postoperative complications and mortality. The PRISMA guidelines were used to carry out the present systematic review (PROSPERO Registration Number: CRD42023405600). (3) Results: Fifteen articles with a total of 1164 patients were included in the meta-analysis; 554 patients underwent SG + HHR while 610 underwent SG + FP. In the SG + HHR group, 58.5 ± 28.9% of subjects presented clinical GERD symptoms compared to 20.4 ± 17.5% postoperatively (p < 0.001). In the SG + FP group, 64.8 ± 39.4% were affected by GERD preoperatively compared to only 5 ± 8.1% postoperatively (p < 0.001). SG + FP patients had a significantly greater GERD remission compared to SG + HHR (p < 0.001). Weight loss was similar between groups (p = 0.125). The rate of leaks was 0.18% and 0.33% in the SG + HHR and SG + FP, respectively (p = 0.657), while perforations were significantly higher after SG + FP compared to the SG + HHR group (3.1% versus 0%, p = 0.002). The mortality rate was significantly greater in the SG + FP group (0.5% versus 0%, p = 0.002). (4) Conclusions: This study revealed that both SG with concomitant HHR and sleeve-fundoplication are effective in terms of reflux resolution and weight outcomes, with superiority of SG + FP in terms of GERD control, despite a greater overall complication rate. Both strategies can therefore be suggested as a suitable alternative variant to a conventional SG in subjects with obesity and concomitant hiatal hernia and/or GERD. Studies with extended follow-up and direct comparisons of these surgical approaches to conventional SG are warranted.

Redo fundoplication vs. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass conversion for failed anti-reflux surgery: which is better?

Different techniques have been proposed for reoperation after failed anti-reflux surgery. However, there is no consensus on which should be preferred. We aim to report and compare the outcomes of different revisional techniques for failed anti-reflux surgery. We performed a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent redo fundoplication (RF) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) conversion after a failed fundoplication at our institution between 2016 and 2021. The primary outcome was long-term presence of reflux or dysphagia following revisional surgery. Secondary outcomes included 30-day perioperative complications as well as long-term use of anti-reflux medication and radiographic recurrence of hiatal hernia (HH). A total of 165 (median age 63years, 73.9% female) patients were included. RF was performed in 120 (73 Toupet and 47 Nissen), RYGB in 38, and 7 patients had fundoplication takedown alone. The RYGB group had a significantly higher BMI, and more prior revisional surgeries compared to the other groups. Median operative time and length of stay were longer for RYGB. Twenty (12.1%) patients experienced postoperative complications, with the highest incidence in the RYGB group. Reflux and dysphagia improved significantly for the whole cohort, with the greatest improvement noted with reflux in the RYGB group (89.5% with preoperative reflux vs. 10.5% with postoperative reflux, p = < .001). On multivariable regression we found that prior re-operative surgery was associated with persistent reflux and dysphagia, whereas RYGB conversion was protective against reflux. Conversion to RYGB may offer superior resolution of reflux than RF, especially for obese patients.

Spontaneous vesicoureteral reflux resolution curves based on ureteral diameter ratio

Various factors influence the clinical course of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in the pediatric population. Distal ureteral diameter ratio (UDR) is an objective measure reflective of ureterovesical junction anatomy that has been shown to independently predict both spontaneous resolution and breakthrough febrile urinary tract infection (UTI) in children with primary reflux. UDR resolution curves were created, hypothesizing that a UDR value existed at which spontaneous resolution was unlikely to occur. UDR was computed by measuring largest ureteral diameter within the pelvis and dividing by the distance between L1-L3 vertebral bodies. Recursive partitioning with 10-fold cross validation methodology for time to event data, utilizing martingale residuals was used to create high and low risk groups based on UDR, and stratified by age at diagnosis and laterality. Three hundred and four patients (226 female, 78 male) were analyzed with a mean age at diagnosis of 1.55±1.98 years. Unilateral reflux (p=0.02), VUR grades 1-3 (p<0.001), and lower UDR (p<0.001) were associated with spontaneous resolution on univariate analysis. UDR values were categorized into risk groups based on recursive partitioning. Low risk patients (those with UDR <0.30) achieved VUR resolution faster and with a continuing rate compared to the high-risk group (≥0.30), which had persistent reflux after 3 years [Summary Figure]. When the 0.30 cutoff was applied randomly to patients in test group, the cutoff significantly discriminated between low and high-risk patients (log rank test p=0.02). Primary VUR is often a self-limiting diagnosis, with conservative management favored in low-risk children, UDR may be used to help distinguish those children who may benefit from intervention. Unlike traditional VUR grading where children with any grade of reflux may spontaneously resolve, there appears to be a consistent UDR cutoff whereby patients are very unlikely to spontaneously resolve, regardless of length of follow-up. Therefore, parents of children with a UDR above the 0.3 cutoff, regardless of VUR grade, may be counselled that VUR is very unlikely to resolve over time - thereby reducing the number of VCUGs and length of time these patients are on prophylactic antibiotic prior to surgical intervention. Children with primary VUR and a UDR of greater than 0.30 are significantly less likely to spontaneously resolve regardless of length of follow-up, and resolution after 3 years was rare. UDR provides objective prognostic information facilitating individualized patient management.

The role of height and weight growth in spontaneous resolution of vesicoureteral reflux.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of height and weight growth in the resolution of primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). We retrospectively evaluated the data of 74 males and 135 females who were diagnosed with primary VUR. According to the vesicoureteral reflux resolution, patients were divided into two groups. Patients with complete or partial resolution of VUR were included in Group 1 and patients with no resolution of VUR were included in Group 2. Patients were evaluated for weight Z-score, height Z-score and body mass index at the diagnosis and in the follow-up. In addition, age, sex, grade of reflux and laterality were recorded. There were no significant differences between the two groups, according to height Z-score, weight Z-score and body mass index at the diagnosis, in the follow-up and also annual changes of these parameters. In addition, the same parameters did not significantly differ in Groups 1 and 2, between the initial and final evaluations. However, when we evaluate the patients older than 12 months old, weight Z-scores were significantly higher at the final evaluation than at the diagnosis, in Group 1. This significant difference was not detected in Group 2 at the same age. Although we could not detect the hectic pace of height growth as being important in the prediction of long-term outcomes of VUR, weight growth should be considered to predict the resolution of VUR.

Cutoff Value of Ureteral Diameter Ratio for Predicting Spontaneous Resolution of Vesicoureteral Reflux

Purpose: The five-grade international scale for vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) has been the mainstay for describing VUR severity. The concept of the distal ureteral diameter to the L1–L3 vertebral body distance ratio has been validated. We validated the ureteral diameter ratio (UDR) for predicting VUR outcomes and determined the cutoff value for spontaneous resolution. Materials and Methods: This retrospective review included children with primary VUR and detailed serial voiding cystourethrograms (VCUGs) between March 2005 and December 2016. Patient characteristics, VUR grade, laterality, UDR, laboratory data, and follow-up results were collected. UDR was estimated as the largest distal ureteral diameter within the pelvis divided by the distance of the L1–L3 vertebral bodies. The primary outcome was the prediction of spontaneous VUR resolution. The secondary outcome was the determination of the cutoff value of UDR in the present cohort. Results: We recruited 101 children (59 boys and 42 girls) diagnosed as having primary VUR based on VCUGs at a mean age of 23.48 months. VUR resolved spontaneously in 31 (30.7%) children, 40 (39.6%) children had persistent disease, and 30 (29.7%) received surgical correction. In univariate analysis, laterality, VUR grade, and UDR were significantly associated with spontaneous resolution (P = 0.017, P = 0.026, and P = 0.001, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed UDR as the prognostic factor for spontaneous VUR resolution (odds ratio, 4.167; P = 0.023). The area under the curve of UDR indicates that the prediction accuracy was 0.74. The optimal cutoff value for UDR in this study was 0.264 (sensitivity, 0.81 and specificity, 0.63). Conclusion: UDR is superior to the VUR grade for predicting spontaneous VUR resolution. Our findings add significant prognostic value for children with primary VUR. A cutoff value of 0.264 may assist with clinical assessment and future management.

Laparoscopic vs Open Extravesical Ureteral Reimplantation in Pediatric Population: A Single-Center Experience.

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of conventional laparoscopic vs open Lich-Gregoir ureteral reimplantation in pediatric vesicoureteral reflux. A retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital. Patients with vesicoureteral reflux who underwent open or laparoscopic Lich-Gregoir ureteral reimplantation from 2013-2020 were included. The primary outcome was resolution of reflux. Complications and perioperative characteristics were evaluated. The outcomes between open and laparoscopic surgery were analyzed. A total of 110 patients and 150 ureters were included. The mean age was 4.5 years ± 3.4 and 73.6% were females. A total of 125 ureters (83.3%) underwent laparoscopic and 25 (16.6%) open Lich-Gregoir vesicoureteral reimplantation (5:1 Ratio). Resolution was reported in 112 (89.6%) for laparoscopy and 21 (84%) for open surgery (P = .42). Mean surgical time for laparoscopy and open surgery were 142.4 min ± 64.4 and 153 min ± 40, respectively (P =.29). Mean bleeding (9.5 mL ± 11.2 vs 29.6 mL ± 22.8) and length of hospital stay (2.4 days ± 2.3 vs 5.05 ± 3.1) were significantly higher with open surgery (P < .001). No significant difference in complications was reported between open surgery (32%) and laparoscopic approach (22.4%) (P = .305). Conventional laparoscopic vesicoureteral reimplantation with the Lich-Gregoir technique has an acceptable success rate comparable with open surgery, with shorter hospital stay, less bleeding, and less need of transfusion.

Long-term improvement of limb reflux prevalence and severity after iliac vein stent placement

BackgroundThe effect of iliac vein stenting on ipsilateral limb reflux is unknown and has remained a matter of speculation. It has been suggested that the propensity for reflux might worsen when proximal stenosis is corrected. This could allow for retrograde flow with coughing and the Valsalva maneuver, stressing the valve. We examined this hypothesis by an analysis of the long-term effects of iliac vein stenting on limb reflux using a single-center, retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data. MethodsReflux data from duplex ultrasound of 1387 limbs in 1228 patients who had undergone iliac vein stenting from 1997 to 2018 were analyzed. Of the 1387 limbs, 632 (46%) had had ipsilateral duplex ultrasound-determined valve reflux before stenting, and 747 limbs (54%) had not had reflux; data were missing for 8 limbs. Reflux status before and after stenting was available for seven individual segments for each limb in the database for analysis (total, 9653 segments). The stented patients were examined for reflux at least annually during the follow-up period (range, 1-26 years). Segmental reflux prevalence was detected using duplex ultrasound. We have referred to this as “duplex reflux” or simply “reflux.” Reflux severity was graded using (1) a reflux segmental score, assigning one point each for refluxing segments in the limb; (2) air plethysmography (venous filling index [VFI90]); and (3) ambulatory venous pressure (venous filling time [VFT]). ResultsPrestent duplex reflux was present in a combination of superficial, deep, and perforator segments. Reflux prevalence ranged from 7% of deep femoral segments to 51% at the popliteal segment. Post-stent reflux resolution varied from 21% at the femoral vein segment to 58% at the perforator segments. Reflux had completely resolved in 23% of the limbs. New-onset reflux was rare, with a median incidence of 7% for all segments at risk, with cumulative improvement (Kaplan-Meier curve) in reflux severity (segment score, VFI90, and VFT) for most limbs. These metrics were unimproved, with residual reflux in only 18%, 11%, and 6% (segment score, VFI90, and VFT, respectively) of the limbs at long-term follow-up. ConclusionsLong-term follow-up of limbs after iliac vein stenting has shown that the associated ipsilateral reflux prevalence and severity will improve in most limbs over time.

Efficacy of Bladder Ultrasound in Prediction of Resolution of Vesicoureteral Reflux After Endoscopic Subureteral Hyaluronic Acid/Dextranomer (Deflux) Injection

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy of bladder ultrasound (US) in predicting the resolution of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) after subureteral endoscopic Deflux injection in low-grade vs high-grade VUR patients. Materials and MethodsBetween 2014 and 2020, 160 children (220 ureters) were administered subureteral Deflux injection for treatment of primary VUR. The mean age at surgery was 72 months. Low-grade reflux (grades II-III) was observed in 190 ureters and high-grade reflux (grades IV-V) was observed in 30 ureters. Bilateral surgery was performed in 60 patients. All patients had follow-up using bladder US and voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) at 3 months and 12 months. Outcome included identification of Deflux mounds by bladder US and correlation of Deflux mounds identified with radiographic success rates of VUR on VCUG. ResultsSingle Deflux injection showed radiographic success rates in 98% of low grade reflux patients and 26.7% of high grade reflux patients at last follow-up. Bladder US was able to detect Deflux mounds in 89% of low grade reflux and 43.3% of high grade reflux patients at last follow up. Our study demonstrated higher sensitivity, Positive predictive value and accuracy in Deflux detection by bladder US in low grade reflux vs high grade reflux patients. ConclusionBladder-US was highly sensitive for detection of Deflux implants. Bladder-US could be adjusted in follow-up of patients with low-grade reflux treated by Deflux injection, while VCUG could be preserved for follow-up of high-grade reflux, this will lead to reduction of unnecessary radiation exposure during VCUG for children with low grade reflux.

Failed fundoplication with delayed gastric emptying: efficacy of subtotal gastrectomy.

The management of patients with gastroparesis and recurrent reflux after previous fundoplication is challenging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of subtotal gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y reconstruction as a remedial procedure in this select patient population. Retrospective analysis of a prospectively populated database identified all patients that underwent subtotal gastrectomy with Roux-en-Y reconstruction (SGRNY) due to reflux symptoms and delayed gastric emptying (DGE). Demographic, intra-operative and post-operative data including pre and post-operative modified reflux aspiration scintigraphy studies were evaluated. Standardized questionnaires were used to assess symptomatic outcomes. From 2018 SGRNY has been selectively performed in 13 patients. Preoperative workup confirmed DGE and severe symptomatic reflux in all patients. The median number of previous fundoplication and or hiatal hernia operations was two (range 1-3). The mean hospital length of stay was 10± 6 days. Post-operative morbidity was experienced in three patients (23%). Seven patients (64%) had significant improvement or complete resolution of reflux on post-operative scintigraphy. Symptom improvement was reported in 92% of patients. In a select patient cohort with post-fundoplication reflux and DGE symptoms, SGRNY is a moderately safe and effective salvage option.

Correlation between Restless Leg Syndrome and Superficial Venous Reflux.

Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is a common cause of lower extremity discomfort. We hypothesized that patients with RLS symptoms have higher rates of deep and superficial venous reflux (SVR). Retrospective review of patients ≥18 years of age evaluated in a venous center from December 2018 to February 2019. Differences in rates of RLS symptoms, demographics, comorbidities, and clinical and radiologic presence of venous disease were analyzed. Overall, 207 patients were analyzed; 140 (67.6%) reported RLS symptoms ( n = 25 with prior RLS diagnosis). RLS symptoms were more common with superficial or combined superficial and deep venous reflux (DVR) compared with those without reflux ( p < 0.001). Patients with RLS symptoms as opposed to those without had similar demographics and comorbidities (all p > 0.05) but increased rates of venous pain, phlebitis, family history of venous disease, lower extremity swelling and SVR, and combined SVR and DVR (all p < 0.05). Our multivariable logistic regression found presence of SVR, and family history of venous reflux was associated with RLS symptomatology (all p < 0.001). Ninety-nine patients with RLS underwent ablation; of them, 93 had duplex-proven reflux resolution of which 81 (87%) reported RLS symptom improvement. This included 13 of 16 (81.3%) with prior RLS diagnosis. SVR is associated with increased rates of RLS symptoms in a vein center population. Therefore, RLS symptoms should trigger a targeted venous evaluation. Our results suggest that venous ablation may lead to resolution of RLS symptoms in patients with SVR, but randomized prospective trials with strict RLS definition criteria are warranted to confirm these outcomes.

Ureteroneocystostomy without ureteral remodeling for grade III–V vesicoureteral reflux treatment

Ureteral remodeling (tapering or tailoring) is often performed alongside ureteroneocystostomy (ureteric reimplantation) procedures despite limited evidence on its role in promoting reflux resolution. To investigate the efficacy of ureteroneocystostomy in the absence of adjuvant ureteral remodeling for promoting reflux resolution in grade III-V vesicoureteral reflux. A retrospective analysis identified pediatric patients who underwent open or robotic assisted ureteroneocystostomy (OUN and RAUN, respectively) without ureteral remodeling (tailoring or tapering) at a single tertiary care center. The primary endpoint of reflux resolution was defined as no reflux on latest follow up postoperative voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG). Ureteral dilation was analyzed using the ureteral diameter ratio (UDR), which normalized for image characteristics. Inclusion criteria was as follows: grade III-V reflux, accessible postoperative VCUG scan, RAUN after June 2013 following technique optimization, and no other structural urologic abnormality or associated neurogenic bladder. A total of 68 ureters were analyzed (Grade III=28, Grade IV=27, Grade V=13, OUN=23, RAUN=45). Complete reflux resolution was achieved postoperatively in 96% (27/28) of grade III, 100% (27/27) of grade IV and 100% (13/13) grade V cases, for a combined resolution rate of 99%. In the one failed case, the preoperative UDR was in the second quartile and postoperatively, reflux diminished from grade III to grade I. Notably, no cases with UDRs in the largest quartile required tapering/tailoring for complete reflux resolution. Ureteral tapering and tailoring were unnecessary to achieve reflux resolution in grade III-V VUR by both OUN and RAUN. Additionally, the unsuccessful case was classified as grade III with a UDR value in the second quartile, suggesting that high grade reflux (IV-V) can be repaired without tapering with equal success rates to that of grade III VUR repair, which is classically not tapered. Tapering was unnecessary for complete reflux resolution in the cases with the largest ureteral diameter ratios (UDR). These findings are limited by the single center retrospective nature of the study. This study demonstrates that vesicoureteral reimplantation for resolution of grade III-V reflux is successful in the absence of ureteral remodeling techniques.

Effects of oxybutynin in children with posterior urethral valves post fulguration: Report in a select cohort of children

Objectives:Posterior urethral valves (PUV) is the commonest obstructive uropathy with varied consequences. Though valve fulguration is the treatment of choice, appropriate bladder management modifies outcome and includes rational use of anticholinergics. Here, we aim to evaluate the effects of oxybutynin on the bladder and urinary tract morphology and function. Concurrently, we document adverse effects encountered, patient compliance, and medication adherence.Methods:A retrospective study of children below 5 years of age (2012–2017) post fulguration and on oxybutynin for at least 6 months. Patient demographics, clinical features, renal ultrasound, micturating cystourethrogram, dimercaptosuccinic acid scan, adverse effects, and pill count for medication adherence were collated.Results:48 children below the age of 5 years were included, and 12 were excluded either due to the presence of concomitant problems or were not on oxybutynin. Of the 36, four were lost to follow-up and one had died due to an unrelated condition. Thus, a total of 31 children were analyzed. At follow-up, 28/31 patients were asymptomatic, two had daytime incontinence, and one had recurrent urinary tract infection. All patients except one have preserved renal function tests. On ultrasonography, hydroureteronephrosis worsened in only 1/25 children and two showed significant post void residues. The resolution of vesicoureteral reflux was noted in almost 50%. 4/31 renal units had progressive scars. Only two parents defaulted medication. Urodynamic study done in half of these children showed stable bladder pressures except in two.Conclusion:Oxybutynin therapy following adequate valve fulguration aids upper tracts preservation by stabilizing deranged bladder dynamics. The medication is well tolerated with minimal or no side effects.

Conversion of One-Anastomosis Gastric Bypass (OAGB) to Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) is Effective in Dealing with Late Complications of OAGB: Experience from a Tertiary Bariatric Center and Literature Review.

Both primary and revisional bariatric surgery are on the rise due to global obesity pandemic. This study aimed to assess the indications for revision after one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) and the outcomes after laparoscopic conversion of OAGB to roux-en-y gastric bypass (RYGB). Retrospective review on patients that had undergone conversion of OAGB to RYGB between June 2007-June 2019 in a tertiary bariatric center, followed by literature review. Out of 386 revisional bariatric surgery, a total of 14 patients underwent laparoscopic conversion of OAGB to RYGB. The mean age was 44.7 with 71% female. The mean pre-revision BMI was 29.2 kg/m2. The primary indications for revision were bile reflux (n=7), marginal ulcer (n=3), inadequate weight loss or weight regain (IWL/WR) (n=3) and protein-calorie malnutrition (n=1). Conversion of OAGB to RYGB was completed laparoscopically in all cases. The mean length of stay was 4.1 days. There was no intraoperative or early post-operative complication. The mean total weight loss (rTWL%) after revision at year one, year three and year five post-revision were 11.5%, 18.1% and 29.1%, respectively. All patients achieved resolution of bile reflux and marginal ulcer. There was no mortality in this cohort. Bile reflux, marginal ulcer, IWL/WR and malnutrition were the main indications for revision after OAGB in this study. In concordance with the available evidence, laparoscopic conversion of OAGB to RYGB was safe and effective in dealing with late complications of OAGB.

Endoscopic Injection Treatment of Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children: Meeting with the Factors Involved in the Success Rate.

The challenges and controversies in vesicoureteral reflux intervention guidelines resulted in a more individualized treatment planning. Endoscopic injection therapy is now widely used and is considered preferable, but still remains less successful than ureteral reimplantation. Τhe endoscopic vesicoureteral reflux approach should be risk-adapted to current knowledge, so more experience and longer-term follow-up are needed. The precise of preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors that affecting endoscopic injection therapy success rates and outcome have not yet been clearly determined. The aim of this study was to investigate these associated factors. Although the reflux grade is the most well-known factor that can affect the success of the procedure, there is no agreement on which factors are the most influential for the efficacy of endoscopic reflux treatment. So, we carried out a broad review of published papers on this topic, and we presented all the potential predictive variables of endoscopic reflux resolution in children.