Resistance In Mexico Research Articles

Bacterial resistance status in a level 2 hospital in Northwest Mexico in 2016

Bacterial infections can be serious and require antibiotic treatment. However, the overuse of antibiotics has led to the development of antibacterial resistance, which can make infections more difficult to treat. This is a serious problem in Mexico, where published research on antibiotic resistance is limited. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of antibiotic resistance in bacterial infections at the Hospital General del Estado in Hermosillo, Mexico. Information was collected from 2,205 biological samples registered in logs belonging to the hospital microbiology area, on bacterial cultures with antibiograms from patient samples. These data were obtained from the VITEK system, which provided information for the identification of the bacteria, their resistance, and sensitivity to antibiotics. Escherichia coli (28.8 %), Staphylococcus aureus (11.5 %), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.8 %) were the most isolated bacteria. The highest prevalence of resistance was found against beta-lactam antibiotics. This study revealed that antibiotic resistance is a serious problem at the Hospital General del Estado. These findings highlight the need for further research and publishing information on antibiotic resistance in Mexico to design or redesign strategies to prevent and control this problem.

Genomic Regions Associated with Resistance to Three Rusts in CIMMYT Wheat Line "Mokue#1".

Understanding the genetic basis of rust resistance in elite CIMMYT wheat germplasm enhances breeding and deployment of durable resistance globally. "Mokue#1", released in 2023 in Pakistan as TARNAB Gandum-1, has exhibited high levels of resistance to stripe rust, leaf rust, and stem rust pathotypes present at multiple environments in Mexico and Kenya at different times. To determine the genetic basis of resistance, a F5 recombinant inbred line (RIL) mapping population consisting of 261 lines was developed and phenotyped for multiple years at field sites in Mexico and Kenya under the conditions of artificially created rust epidemics. DArTSeq genotyping was performed, and a linkage map was constructed using 7892 informative polymorphic markers. Composite interval mapping identified three significant and consistent loci contributed by Mokue: QLrYr.cim-1BL and QLrYr.cim-2AS on chromosome 1BL and 2AS, respectively associated with stripe rust and leaf rust resistance, and QLrSr.cim-2DS on chromosome 2DS for leaf rust and stem rust resistance. The QTL on 1BL was confirmed to be the Lr46/Yr29 locus, whereas the QTL on 2AS represented the Yr17/Lr37 region on the 2NS/2AS translocation. The QTL on 2DS was a unique locus conferring leaf rust resistance in Mexico and stem rust resistance in Kenya. In addition to these pleiotropic loci, four minor QTLs were also identified on chromosomes 2DL and 6BS associated with stripe rust, and 3AL and 6AS for stem rust, respectively, using the Kenya disease severity data. Significant decreases in disease severities were also demonstrated due to additive effects of QTLs when present in combinations.

Antibiotic usage and resistance in Mexico: an update after a decade of change.

Ten years ago, a review on the status of resistance in Mexico was bleak: with antibiotics freely sold over the counter and poor regulation of generic drugs, among other conditions, resistance among relevant pathogens often ranked top, either among Latin American countries, or even worldwide. Since then, there have been some regulatory changes, along a decline in antibiotics usage: antibiotics are (supposedly) no longer sold without prescription, generic drugs (supposedly) have to demonstrate bioequivalence, and antibiotic usage has drop, from about 13 defined daily doses per 1,000 inhabitants per day, to 7. While these changes may sound encouraging, an analysis show that regulatory changes are incomplete at best, and usage decline may be the consequence of factors such as growing poverty. The assessment of resistance continues to be haphazard, without an organized network of laboratories providing a coherent picture. However, judging from a few nationwide reports, it appears that resistance among some nosocomial pathogens (MRSA, enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) is declining, as it is among pneumococci and enteropathogens; but it is rising among community-acquired, uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Resistance to colistin is slowly increasing; and worrisome resistance determinants, such as blaNDM-1 and mcr-1, appeared in Mexico shortly after their first report elsewhere. After four years from the United Nations General Assembly high-level meeting on antibiotic resistance, Mexico is yet to deploy the basic measures to assess and control antibiotic resistance. As such, and despite the regulatory changes, the 2010-2020 period looks like a "lost decade".

Shifting Tides of Informal Worker Resistance in Mexico: A Domestic Work‐Construction Contrast

Informal workers in Mexico, the majority of the country's workforce, have organised to demand rights, but with varying results. In this article, we contrast recent organising by Mexico's domestic workers and informal construction workers. Household worker movements have succeeded in institutionalising significant new organisations and raising public awareness. Construction workers, despite earlier militant counterexamples, have remained trapped by corporatist structures, and their organising capacity has atrophied. We place these outcomes in the context of the overall decline of labour, suggesting conclusions for the limits and possibilities of contemporary Mexican labour mobilisation.

The Evolution of Antimicrobial Resistance in Mexico During the Last Decade: Results from the INVIFAR Group.

Background: Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) requires an international approach with national and local strategies. Our aim was to summarize a retrospective 10-year report of antibiotic resistance of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in Mexico. Methods: A total of 46 centers from 22 states of Mexico participated. Databases of AMR from January 2009 to December 2018 were included for most species. The 10-year period was divided into five 2-year periods. Results: For Staphylococcus aureus, a decrease in resistance in all specimens was observed for erythromycin and oxacillin (p < 0.0001 for each). For Enterobacter spp., resistance to meropenem increased for urine specimens (p = 0.0042). For Klebsiella spp., increased drug resistance in specimens collected from blood was observed for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin, tobramycin (p < 0.0001 for each), meropenem (p = 0.0014), and aztreonam (p = 0.0030). For Acinetobacter baumannii complex, high drug resistance was detected for almost all antibiotics, including carbapenems, except for tobramycin, which showed decreased resistance for urine, respiratory, and blood isolates (p < 0.0001 for each), and for amikacin, which showed a decrease in resistance in urine specimens (p = 0.0002). An increase in resistance to cefepime was found for urine, respiratory, and blood specimens (p < 0.0001 for each). For Pseudomonas aeruginosa, aztreonam resistance increased for isolates recovered from blood (p = 0.0001). Conclusion: This laboratory-based surveillance of antibiotic resistance shows that resistance is increasing for some antibiotics in different bacterial species in Mexico and highlights the need for continuous monitoring of antibiotic resistance.

Victimization, Offending and Resistance in Mexico: Toward Critical Discourse and Grounded Methodologies in Organized Crime Research

In the transnational organized crime pantheon, the notion of Mexico looms large. The discourse that depicts the country as inherently violent and crime-ridden, and the accompanying policy and enfor...

Racial Transmittances: Hemispheric Viralities of Anti-Asian Racism and Resistance in Mexico

Racial Transmittances: Hemispheric Viralities of Anti-Asian Racism and Resistance in Mexico

Cultures of Authoritarianism and Resistance in Mexico and Brazil

This essay reviews the following works: Securing Sex: Morality and Repression in the Making of Cold War Brazil. By Benjamin A. Cowan. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016. Pp. ix + 311. $34.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781469627502. Contracultura: Alternative Arts and Social Transformation in Authoritarian Brazil. By Christopher Dunn. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016. Pp. xi + 251. $29.95 paperback. ISBN: 9781469628516. Hotel Mexico: Dwelling on the ’68 Movement. By George F. Flaherty. Oakland: University of California Press, 2016. Pp. ix + 299. $34.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780520291072. Speaking of Flowers: Student Movements and the Making and Remembering of 1968 in Military Brazil. By Victoria Langland. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2013. Pp. ix + 307. $28.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780822353126. Rebel Mexico: Student Unrest and Authoritarian Political Culture during the Long Sixties. By Jaime M. Pensado. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2013. Pp. xi + 213. $32.00 paperback. ISBN: 9780804797252. A Persistent Revolution: History, Nationalism, and Politics in Mexico since 1968. By Randal Sheppard. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2016. Pp. vii + 359. $39.95 paperback. ISBN: 9780826358370.

A snapshot of antimicrobial resistance in Mexico. Results from 47 centers from 20 states during a six-month period.

AimWe aimed to assess the resistance rates of antimicrobial-resistant, in bacterial pathogens of epidemiological importance in 47 Mexican centers.Material and methodsIn this retrospective study, we included a stratified sample of 47 centers, covering 20 Mexican states. Selected isolates considered as potential causatives of disease collected over a 6-month period were included. Laboratories employed their usual methods to perform microbiological studies. The results were deposited into a database and analyzed with the WHONET 5.6 software.ResultsIn this 6-month study, a total of 22,943 strains were included. Regarding Gram-negatives, carbapenem resistance was detected in ≤ 3% in Escherichia coli, 12.5% in Klebsiella sp. and Enterobacter sp., and up to 40% in Pseudomonas aeruginosa; in the latter, the resistance rate for piperacillin-tazobactam (TZP) was as high as 19.1%. In Acinetobacter sp., resistance rates for cefepime, ciprofloxacin, meropenem, and TZP were higher than 50%. Regarding Gram-positives, methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was as high as 21.4%, and vancomycin (VAN) resistance reached up to 21% in Enterococcus faecium. Acinetobacter sp. presented the highest multidrug resistance (53%) followed by Klebsiella sp. (22.6%) and E. coli (19.4%).ConclusionThe multidrug resistance of Acinetobacter sp., Klebsiella sp. and E. coli and the carbapenem resistance in specific groups of enterobacteria deserve special attention in Mexico. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and MRSA are common in our hospitals. Our results present valuable information for the implementation of measures to control drug resistance.

Resistance in Mexico - In the Lands of Fire and Sun: Resistance and Accommodation in the Huichol Sierra, 1723–1930. By Michele McArdle Stephens. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2018. Pp. 222. $50.00 cloth.

Resistance in Mexico - In the Lands of Fire and Sun: Resistance and Accommodation in the Huichol Sierra, 1723–1930. By Michele McArdle Stephens. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2018. Pp. 222. $50.00 cloth.

Primitive accumulation in indigenous Mexico

This paper analyses the transformation of the Maya solar in relation to the contested Marxian theory of primitive accumulation. The Maya of Yucatán are part of the Maya indigenous populations of south-east Mexico and Central America. Their solar, a house and garden plot that has historically supported an intricate indigenous system of land, livelihoods and identities, is today under threat along with the way of life it once sustained. The paper argues that a spatial–temporal reworking of primitive accumulation that draws on both a decoloniality perspective and critical geography can help us better understand both the historical and contemporary significance of the solar’s plight. Using this theoretical framework, the paper shows how the solar has in fact been historically constructed through different cycles of enclosure, dispossession and resistance in Mexico. The Spanish colonial period (1542–1821) enforced its ‘rationalisation’ in ways that disrupted space and time of native populations; the hacienda period, before and after independence (1821), constrained the solar within the accumulation of Maya land and labour by oligarchic powers; the post-revolution (1910) period saw its strengthening alongside land (re)distribution policies that were nevertheless bound up in forms of primitive accumulation; and most recently, the neo-liberal turn under the North American Free Trade Agreement (1994) has directly undermined it through politically imposed processes of marketisation and commodification at every scale. Through this same historical lens, the paper also shows how Maya populations in Yucatán have been able to, following Bayat (2000. ‘From “Dangerous Classes” to “Quiet Rebels”: Politics of the Urban Subaltern in the Global South.’ International Sociology 15 (3): 533–557), ‘quietly’ resist primitive accumulation by re-encroaching on their solares and reconstituting forms of commons to support their way of life. In this perspective, the same dialectic of dispossession and re-creation of commons can be detected amidst the extensive and ongoing commodification of Maya land, livelihoods and identities taking place under neo-liberal globalisation processes today.

Strawberry germplasm response to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae under greenhouse conditions, and identification of sources for resistance in Mexico

Strawberry germplasm response to <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>fragariae</i> under greenhouse conditions, and identification of sources for resistance in Mexico

Pretreatment HIV-drug resistance in Mexico and its impact on the effectiveness of first-line antiretroviral therapy: a nationally representative 2015 WHO survey

WHO has developed a global HIV-drug resistance surveillance strategy, including assessment of pretreatment HIV-drug resistance. We aimed to do a nationally representative survey of pretreatment HIV-drug resistance in Mexico using WHO-recommended methods. Among 161 Ministry of Health antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinics in Mexico, the largest, including 90% of ART initiators within the Ministry of Health (66 in total), were eligible for the survey. We used a probability-proportional-to-size design method to sample 25 clinics throughout the country. Consecutive ART-naive patients with HIV about to initiate treatment were invited to participate in the survey; individuals with previous exposure to ART were excluded. We assessed pretreatment HIV-drug resistance by Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing of viruses from plasma specimens from eligible participants with Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database methods. We obtained follow-up data for a median of 9·4 months (range 6-12) after enrolment. We investigated possible relations between demographic variables and pretreatment drug resistance with univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Between Feb 3 and July 30, 2015, we screened 288 patients in 25 clinics, from whom 264 provided successfully sequenced viruses with no evidence of current exposure to antiretroviral drugs. With the Sanger method, of these 264 participants, 41 (15·5%, 95% CI 11·4-20·5) had pretreatment resistance to any antiretroviral drug and 28 (10·6%, 7·2-15·0) had pretreatment resistance to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). At least low-level pretreatment resistance (Stanford penalty score ≥15) was noted in 13 (4 · 9%) of participants to efavirenz and in 23 (8·7%) to the combination tenofovir plus emtricitabine plus efavirenz. With next-generation sequencing, of 264 participants, 38 (14·4%, 95% CI 10·4-19·2) had pretreatment resistance to any antiretroviral drug and 26 (9·8%, 6·5-14·1) had pretreatment resistance to NNRTIs. After median follow-up of 8 months (IQR 6·5-9·4, range 5-11) after ART initiation, 97 (72%) of 135 NNRTI initiators achieved viral suppression (<50 copies per mL) compared with ten (40%) of 25 individuals who started with protease inhibitor-based regimens (p=0·0045). After multivariate regression considering pretreatment resistance and initial ART regimen as composite variables, people starting NNRTIs with pretreatment drug resistance achieved significantly lower viral suppression (odds ratio 0·24, 95% CI 0·07-0·74; p=0·014) than patients without NNRTI resistance. High levels of pretreatment drug resistance were noted in Mexico, and NNRTI pretreatment drug resistance significantly reduced the effectiveness of first-line ART regimens based on these drugs. Baseline HIV-drug resistance testing for initial ART follow-up and decision making should be considered. The Mexican Government and Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología.

Jesuit Student Groups, the Universidad Iberoamericana, and Political Resistance in Mexico, 1913–1979

Jesuit Student Groups, the Universidad Iberoamericana, and Political Resistance in Mexico, 1913–1979

Jesuit Student Groups, the Universidad Iberoamericana, and Political Resistance in Mexico, 1913–1979 by David Espinosa (review)

Jesuit Student Groups, the Universidad Iberoamericana, and Political Resistance in Mexico, 1913–1979 by David Espinosa (review)

Jesuit Student Groups, the Universidad Iberoamericana, and Political Resistance in Mexico, 1913–1979, written by David Espinosa

Jesuit Student Groups, the Universidad Iberoamericana, and Political Resistance in Mexico, 1913–1979, written by David Espinosa

A collaborative initiative for the containment of antimicrobial resistance in Mexico.

Antimicrobial resistance exacts worldwide an increasingly significant clinical and economic toll. Despite the international calls for urgent action, antimicrobial use and resistance have been low on the Mexican government's policy agenda. In early 2010, a multidisciplinary group of experts launched a national initiative for containment of antimicrobial resistance that was endorsed by major medical, veterinary and public health institutions. The initiative called for seven priority actions including the creation of an ad hoc intersectoral advisory group, a requirement that human and veterinary antibiotics be dispensed only with prescription, and the establishment of effective surveillance systems. A consensus document was disseminated among key decision-makers at the ministries of Health and Agriculture and the legislature. The Ministry of Health (MoH) enacted a decree effective as of August 2010, which enforced the regulations that required medical prescriptions for the sale of human antibiotics. While the information disseminated by the MoH did focus on the dangers of self-medication, it failed to highlight the inherent perils of antibiotic resistance or the consequences of antibiotic use in food-animals. Following the decree, there was a surge of medical offices controlled by retail pharmacies. In the veterinary sector, voluntary guidelines were developed for good husbandry practices, including antibiotic use in food animals; five antimicrobials for use in food-animals were banned. No intersectoral advisory group or surveillance systems were established. This study describes a bottom-top approach in Mexico for the development of a national strategy to improve antibiotic use and contain antimicrobial resistance. Its experiences suggest that, in countries such as Mexico that lack strong regulatory systems and surveillance capacities, a more systemic approach is warranted. Future efforts should begin with early involvement of key stakeholders and informing policy makers, professionals and the population at large about the critical importance of antibiotic resistance.

Drug resistance in Mexico: results from the National Survey on Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis

To present estimations obtained from a population-level survey conducted in Mexico of prevalence rates of mono-, poly- and multidrug-resistant strains among newly diagnosed cases of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), as well as the main factors associated with multidrug resistance (combined resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin). Study data came from the National Survey on TB Drug Resistance (ENTB-2008), a nationally representative survey conducted during 2008-2009 in nine states with a stratified cluster sampling design. Samples were obtained for all newly diagnosed cases of pulmonary TB in selected sites. Drug susceptibility testing (DST) was performed for anti-tuberculosis drugs. DST results were obtained for 75% of the cases. Of these, 82.2% (95%CI 79.5-84.7) were susceptible to all drugs. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) was estimated at 2.8% (95%CI 1.9-4.0). MDR-TB was associated with previous treatment (OR 3.3, 95%CI 1.1-9.4). The prevalence of drug resistance is relatively low in Mexico. ENTB-2008 can be used as a baseline for future follow-up of drug resistance.

Correction: National Prevalence and Trends of HIV Transmitted Drug Resistance in Mexico

Correction: National Prevalence and Trends of HIV Transmitted Drug Resistance in Mexico

National Prevalence and Trends of HIV Transmitted Drug Resistance in Mexico

BackgroundTransmitted drug resistance (TDR) remains an important concern for the management of HIV infection, especially in countries that have recently scaled-up antiretroviral treatment (ART) access.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe designed a study to assess HIV diversity and transmitted drug resistance (TDR) prevalence and trends in Mexico. 1655 ART-naïve patients from 12 Mexican states were enrolled from 2005 to 2010. TDR was assessed from plasma HIV pol sequences using Stanford scores and the WHO TDR surveillance mutation list. TDR prevalence fluctuations over back-projected dates of infection were tested. HIV subtype B was highly prevalent in Mexico (99.9%). TDR prevalence (Stanford score>15) in the country for the study period was 7.4% (95% CI, 6.2∶8.8) and 6.8% (95% CI, 5.7∶8.2) based on the WHO TDR surveillance mutation list. NRTI TDR was the highest (4.2%), followed by NNRTI (2.5%) and PI (1.7%) TDR. Increasing trends for NNRTI (p = 0.0456) and PI (p = 0.0061) major TDR mutations were observed at the national level. Clustering of viruses containing minor TDR mutations was observed with some apparent transmission pairs and geographical effects.ConclusionsTDR prevalence in Mexico remains at the intermediate level and is slightly lower than that observed in industrialized countries. Whether regional variations in TDR trends are associated with differences in antiretroviral drug usage/ART efficacy or with local features of viral evolution remains to be further addressed.