Resilient Elements Research Articles

Advancing Element Identification for Web and Mobile Automation

Element identification is a cornerstone of automation testing, directly influencing the reliability, scalability, and efficiency of test scripts. With the rapid evolution of web and mobile applications, traditional element identification methods—such as XPath, CSS Selectors, and static attributes—are increasingly challenged by dynamic DOM structures, shadow DOMs, virtual DOMs, and hybrid frameworks. These challenges are further amplified in mobile environments, where gestures, native elements, and platform-specific attributes add layers of complexity. This paper explores the advancements in element identification techniques that address these challenges for both web and mobile automation testing. It presents a comparative analysis of traditional methods and emerging solutions, highlighting their limitations in modern application scenarios. The study introduces hybrid strategies, including context-aware locators, heuristic-based identification, and early implementations of adaptive and self-healing locators. It also examines the role of cross-platform tools like Selenium, Appium, and Cypress in tackling identification issues. Furthermore, the paper emphasizes the importance of unified approaches that bridge web and mobile testing, particularly in hybrid applications with embedded web views. Future trends, such as collaborative tagging standards between development and testing teams, are discussed to provide a forward-looking perspective on overcoming element identification bottlenecks. By addressing key pain points and proposing innovative techniques, this paper aims to guide testers, developers, and tool creators in adopting resilient, scalable, and adaptable element identification strategies that meet the demands of modern software applications.

Healthy Placemaking in the Public Space in Sana'a City: A Case Study (The Main Square of Qaa Al-Olfi)

The public space with its components (streets and public parks) occupied an important place in the history of urban design and community health, as they are the determinants and resilient elements of health within cities. Modern concepts and design methods have been developed in response to urban health pandemics, including the creation of a healthy placemaking that achieves the health of the population within the urban context; Due to the lack of applications by principles healthy placemaking in streets and public parks in Sanaa, it has negatively impacted the daily health activities of residents, The research problem is that Sanaa's streets and public parks do not have any urban design to promote the health of Yemenis in the face of the pandemics; he study object is to create guided design models for the streets and public park in the study area, which simulate the applications of healthy placemaking to help planners provide solutions to face the spread of diseases and pandemics in urban areas, The importance of this research comes in the form of the first Yemeni urban study that deals exclusively with the issue of healthy placemaking in the streets and public parks during of urban health pandemics. The research followed the descriptive inductive approach in studying the theoretical concepts and the practical approach in creating design models the applications of the health placemaking during health pandemics on the study area.

The Chessboard Toghrās of Safavid Royal Decrees

Abstract One of the most characteristic and resilient elements of state documents promulgated by the chancelleries of medieval and early modern Turkic Islamic empires is the toghrā, or calligraphic signature of rulers. In the administrative history of Iran, the chessboard toghrā constitutes a short and lesser-known variant. This royal emblem appeared during the Safavid period as the result of several administrative reforms. In this paper, I outline the development of the toghrā in medieval Iran on the basis of surviving documents and fragments and then offer a detailed portrait of the birth and brief life of the chessboard toghrā. Furthermore, the conspicuous similarity between this form and the toghrās of Mughal emperors precipitates a comparison and close analysis of their different elements and characteristics. Drawing on both published and unpublished royal decrees, this article explores the possible dimension of interrelation and provides insights into their similarities and differences in use and content.

Measurement, Modeling, and Analysis of the Dynamic Properties of Resilient Elements Used for Vibration Isolation

Abstract Resilient elements are widely applied for vibration and noise control in many areas of engineering. Their complex dynamic stiffness gives fundamental information to describe their dynamic performance and is required for predicting structure-borne sound and vibration using dynamic modeling. Many laboratory measurement methods have been developed to determine the dynamic properties of resilient elements. This paper presents a review of recent developments in the measurement methods from the perspective of force–displacement relations of the resilient element assembly rather than of their material properties. To provide context, the review begins with an introduction to modeling methods for resilient elements, especially for rubber and rubber-like isolators, and three standardized measurement methods are introduced. Recent developments are then discussed including methods to extend the frequency range, which are mainly developments of the indirect method. Mobility methods, modal-based methods, recent active frequency-based substructuring (FBS), and inverse substructuring (IS) methods to study the dynamic properties of resilient elements are also described. Laboratory test rigs and the corresponding identification methods are outlined. Methods to evaluate nonlinear dynamic properties of resilient elements by laboratory measurements are also discussed. Finally, the review is concluded by discussing the advantages and limitations of the existing methods and giving suggestions for future research.

Перспективи розвитку накопичувальної складової пенсійної системи України під впливом шоків збройної агресії

The author demonstrates the assessment of the current state of the Ukrainian pension system and the analysis of the possibilities and prospects for launching the secondary (state) and development of the tertiary (non-state) levels of the accumulative component of the pension system of Ukraine under the conditions of the active phase of military aggression by Russia. The urgency of the work is due to the critical state of the pension system in Ukraine, which today not only cannot perform its functions regarding the pension provision of citizens in the medium and long term but is bankrupt. The research is also relevant given the repeated unsuccessful attempts to launch the state accumulative component of the pension system and reform the non-state pension provision system. This necessitates a scientific understanding of the possibilities of building an accumulative resilient element of the pension system in current conditions, which involves a clear understanding of the challenges and threats to the viability of such a system. Thanks to this, timely awareness and construction of such a model of the pension component of the accumulation system is possible, which will minimize political (low-quality state policy in this area) and material losses for the pension system participants. The purpose of the article is to analyze and evaluate the use of institutional tools to build a resilient accumulative component of the pension system of Ukraine. The novelty of the research lies in the identification of institutional mechanisms for building a resilient model for the launch of the second and transformation of the third accumulative levels of the pension system of Ukraine, which will allow for solving a complex of current and strategic issues: from reducing the burden on the Pension Fund of Ukraine in the current conditions to forming the prerequisites for obtaining a decent pension for citizens of our countries in the future. The research methodology in the article is based on the use of information from open sources, assumptions, expert opinions and assessments, the experience of building the accumulative component in different countries, etc. The choice of such a methodology is conditioned by the impact of Russia’s military aggression on all elements of life in our country, particularly the acquisition and formation of operational and reliable statistical information.

Measuring the Social, Economic and Environmental Resilience – A Case Study of the Hungarian Cities

Abstract Subject and purpose of the work: The COVID-19 and 2021-2022 energy crises shed new light on urban resilience. Cities face many more challenges and external shocks. This study aims to measure urban resilience. Materials and methods: For this purpose, a composite indicator was developed, composed of three (social, economic and environmental) resilience components called the Complex Resilience Index. It is applied to study Hungarian settlements in selected years (2000, 2006, 2012, 2018). Based on the results further analysis was conducted. The spatial structure of urban resilience is studied in two ways. First, the spatial differences between cities in the four selected years was examined using the relative range index, which is the difference between the highest and lowest city values relative to the average. Second, spatial patterns were mapped using one of the most commonly used indicators of spatial autocorrelation, the so-called Local Moran I indicator. The next step is to create five clusters to highlight the differences between groups in terms of population and per capita income in the selected years and to analyse the role of resilience in changing these indicators. Results: The identification of these groups provides important information for spatial planning and policy. Hungarian settlements were also ranked based on the Complex Resilience Index. The results show that urban resilience can be measured with a composite indicator (Complex Resilience Index) and that the social, economic and environmental resilience components provide further insights. In the Hungarian urban network, the most resilient elements are Budapest, some regional centres, some county capitals, the metropolitan area of Budapest, and the most developed small and medium-sized cities in the Transdanubian region. Conclusions: The difference in the Complex Resilience Index between cities increases over time, and as a result, the Local Moran I clusters become narrower. The rate of change in the specific income and its relative spread has the opposite sign to resilience. As resilience increases, the average change in income and its relative spread decreases, and as a result of that, stability increases.

Seismic collapse assessment of hybrid self-centering piston-based braced frames equipped with SMA bars and friction springs

Hybrid Self-centering Piston-Based Bracing (SC-PBB) is a cutting-edge, resilient earthquake-resistant element that comprises friction springs (FSs) and super-elastic shape memory alloy (SMA) bars. This innovative bracing component is specifically devised to attain a full self-centering response under a design-level earthquake, effectively mitigating the need for post-earthquake repairs and downtime. Nevertheless, concerns surrounding the potential collapse of Self-centering Piston Based Braced Frames (SC-PBBFs) during severe seismic motion have highlighted the necessity for a comprehensive collapse assessment. This paper evaluates the seismic collapse of SC-PBBFs by utilizing the FEMA P695 methodology. A set of buildings ranging from low- to high-rise archetypes is designed with a proposed response modification coefficient of R = 8. Incremental dynamic analyses (IDA) are conducted under 44 far-field ground motions to evaluate Adjusted Collapse Margin Ratios (ACMRs). Additionally, the collapse risk of the archetypes is measured under the influence of system-level uncertainty. The outcomes indicate that the proposed design procedure ensures an adequate margin of safety against collapse for SC-PBBFs.

Nature of Romantic Relationship in Committed Emerging Adults: Exploring Challenges and Resilience

Among Indian urban youth, individualism and autonomy are growing and there are fewer restrictive social norms and more visibility of non-arranged romantic relationships in contemporary India (Gala and Kapadia in Psychol Dev Soc 26:115–141, 2014). Establishing and maintaining relationships, accompanied by the goal of finding a long-term partner, are pivotal aspects during the stage of emerging adulthood (Mayseless and Keren in Emerg Adulthood 2:63–73, 2014). This necessitates understanding aspects that contribute to longevity, despite the challenges that come in the lives of young adults. The present phenomenological study sought to explore the nature and development, challenges experienced and resilient elements of romantic relationships in committed emerging adults. In-depth interviews were conducted with seven couples individually (7 men, 7 women) in the age range of 21–25 years, residing in New Delhi belonging to the middle and upper middle class. The data analysis included transcription of interviews and thematic coding of transcripts, within-case analysis for each couple and a cross-case analysis to highlight the emerging themes across the profiles. The findings revealed three main categories: couples who were ambiguous about their relationship, couples who experienced stability in their relationship and a couple whose relationship culminated in marriage. Several cross-couple themes emerged. Finally, alongside Sibley’s theory of resilient commitment (Exploring the theory of resilient commitment in emerging adulthood: A qualitative inquiry. (Publication no. 3708489) [Doctoral dissertation, Kansas State University]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2015), other elements of resilience emerged: contribution of partner to personal growth, willingness to engage in self-work, learnings from the past relationship and notions of other relationships. In conclusion, the study captured the voices of young adults, their challenges and hopes regarding their romantic relationships contributing to Indian literature.

Re-reading Culture within the Framework of the Frankfurt School and the British Approach to Cultural Studies

Kültür, Frankfurt Okulu tarafından elitist ve dar bir çerçeve içerisinde olumlanırken, İngiliz Kültürel Çalışmalar Okulu kavramı öznelerin tüm yapıp etmelerini içerecek şekilde çok daha geniş bir bağlamda ele alır. Özellikle bir müzikolog olarak Theodor Adorno’nun metinlerinde, caz ve Stravinsky tarzı klasik müzik gibi türler değersizleştirilirken, beste içerisinde notaların çeşitliliğine vurgu yapan atonal müzik olumlanır. Öte yandan İngiliz Kültürel Çalışmalar Okulu, üyelerinin köklerini oluşturan işçi sınıfı kültürünün itibarını iade edecek şekilde, kültürün daha sıradan formlarını önemser ve popüler kültürde direnişçi bir unsur bulur. İşçi sınıfından bir öznenin Frankfurt Okulu’nun yücelttiği yüksek kültürel formlara erişme, erişse bile bu formları çözümleme ve kültürel tüketim faaliyetleri içerisinde etkin bir şekilde kullanma şansı olmayacaktır. Bu çalışma, Eleştirel İletişim Çalışmaları içerisinde yer alan Frankfurt Okulu ve İngiliz Kültürel Çalışmaları’nın kültüre yönelik yaklaşımlarındaki bu karşıtlığı değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Öznelerin direnişlerinin, Frankfurt Okulu’nun iddia ettiği gibi kültürün daha yüksek formları içerisinde sınırlanmasının gerekli olup olmadığını sorgulayacaktır. Karşıt bir perspektifle, yapının içerisinde var olma çabasının Kültürel Çalışmaların savunduğu gibi daha gündelik ve popüler formları aracılığıyla gerçekleştirilebilmesinin olasılığını sorgulayacaktır. Keskin bir şekilde Frankfurt Okulu veya İngiliz Kültürel Çalışmaları’ndan yana bir duruştan beslenmeyen bu çalışma, her iki yaklaşımın tezlerini öznelerin gündelik yaşam ve kültürel üretim-tüketim faaliyetleri üzerinden değerlendirmeyi hedeflemektedir.

Structure-borne noise of marine diesel engines: Dynamic characterization of resilient mounts

This paper presents an experimental procedure to measure the dynamic properties of resilient mounting elements, commonly used in the marine industry to isolate the marine diesel engine from the supporting structure. First, the transfer mobility function of the isolator is measured experimentally. A numerical model, simulating the modal response with a finite-element model is then created. Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), the frequency-dependent values of the damping ratio of the numerical model are optimized in order to maximize the fit to the experimental transfer function. This analysis, performed on two resilient mounting elements for marine applications, with different shape and size, is used to outline an experimental methodology for the dynamic characterization of a vibration isolator. The analysis presented in this paper builds upon the outcome of a previous work, where the coefficients of the hyperelastic constitutive relationship of the rubber material of the isolator, used in this paper, are estimated with RSM.

Revisiting Urban Resilience: A Review on Resilience of Spatial Structure in Urban Refugee Neighborhoods Facing Demographic Changes

Providing a durable and sustainable approach based on urban resilience is essential for solving many spatial challenges in neighborhoods with sudden refugee influxes. As refugees settle in different locations in host cities, many of these neighborhoods have high urbanization, poor infrastructure, and over-population and their conditions impact their urban stability, livability, and quality of life. Hence, this study will review the urban resilience literature focusing on a set of resilient spatial elements of a neighborhood to support the design and planning of refugee settings. First, the theories of urban resilience are reviewed to identify the characteristics of resilience and classify the reviewed literature by different focused categories of spatial resilience. Second, the resiliency of spatial structure are explored focusing on the links between resilient characteristics and urban form attributes at the neighborhood scale. The review summarizes a set of resilient spatial measurements that use urban form indicators of resilient characteristics facilitated by geospatial technologies. Further, a framework of resilient spatial structure for refugee neighborhoods is proposed using existing urban resilience frameworks. The proposed framework includes factors of urban form attributes at the neighborhood scales (e.g., blocks, plots, and building scale), resilience in refugee contexts, and urban resilience mechanisms. The study is not limited to providing an operative resilience knowledge. It provides spatial strategies for humanitarian organizations and inter-governmental agencies to improve the vulnerable spatial structures of refugee settings and to broaden opportunities for the assessment, profiling, communication, monitoring, and planning of resilient refugee neighborhoods.

Natural resources volatility, renewable energy, R&D resources and environment: Evidence from selected developed countries

Natural resource abundance has long been one of the most resilient elements of output, having a contrary relationship with economic growth known as the resource curse. From the exploitation of natural resources through their eventual usage, developed counties have been facing a number of environmental concerns at various phases. Hence, limiting rising CO2 emissions due to resource exploitation is unavoidable. In this sense, fiscal decentralization and institutional quality can lessen the hostile effect of natural resource volatility on the environment through effective policies. Therefore, it is crucial to investigate other factors' role in the nexus between TNR and CO2 emissions. This endeavor explores the impact of natural resources volatility, fiscal decentralization, renewable energy (RE) R&D and institutional quality in affecting CO2 emissions for seven selected developed countries. This study broadens the scope of future research by establishing detailed environmental factors. Using CS-ARDL approach, we found a positive impact of income (GDP), total natural resources rent and a negative impact of fiscal decentralization, institutional quality and renewable energy R&D on CO2 emissions. Moreover, we found that fiscal decentralization and institutional quality affect CO2 emissions complementary to natural resource rent. This study suggests that countries could effectively adopt strategies aimed at improving environmental quality by improving governance and empowering the lower layer of government.

Hybrid control technique applied to an aero-servo-viscoelastic simplified wing model

Considering that flutter represents a potential catastrophic event in the context of aerospace structures, numerous studies have evaluated a number of strategies to avoid and/or control this kind of aeroelastic phenomenon. Currently, both active and passive control have been investigated to prevent instabilities induced by the interaction between aerodynamic and structural forces. It is also important to highlight the successful cases in which passive control techniques using viscoelastic materials have been useful to mitigate several types of vibration problems. However, there are still opportunities to explore the potential of control using viscoelastic material in the scope of aeroelasticity, especially when involving its combination with other control techniques. Therefore, this work presents a strategy involving a hybrid approach to aeroelastic control of a simplified unswept and untapered wing, using a combination of passive and active techniques. Passive control is achieved by the use of viscoelastic materials inserted as resilient elements in the aeroelastic model, while active control is performed by means of the deflections of a flap-like aerodynamic control surface, governed by a proportional-derivative control law. The results show that the application of the passive control alone causes an increase of up to 25.4% in critical flutter speed. In addition, the association of passive and active controls lead to higher control performance and the critical speed is increased by a further 6.8%, thus providing a broader safe flight speed range. Hence, the investigation indicates that the hybrid control approach exploring viscoelastic materials can be advantageous in practical applications.

Определение собственных частот колебаний элементов железнодорожного пути под поездной нагрузкой и выбор упругих амортизаторов

Objective: To outline the theoretical and methodological foundations of the railway track oscillation frequency analysis. To justify the need to assess the level of vibrodynamic impact of rolling stock on the elements of the track superstructure and the roadbed. To provide a methodology for calculating the oscillation parameters. To evaluate the effectiveness of the use of shock-absorbing elements. Methods: The modeling of the oscillatory process of the railway track elements and the analysis of physical models of oscillations were used. Results: The applicability of assessing the level of vibrodynamic impact of rolling stock on the elements of the track superstructure and the roadbed has been confirmed. A physical model of the vibrodynamic force impact of railway rolling stock and the responses of track infrastructure elements is described. The procedure for calculating the natural frequencies of the elements of the track superstructure and the roadbed and the characteristics of the shock-absorbing elements is given. Practical importance: The presented methods for calculating the natural frequencies of the elements of the track superstructure and the roadbed, as well as the characteristics of resilient shock-absorbing elements – rail shock pads and sleeper pads – make it possible to evaluate the effectiveness of their use to reduce the level of vibrodynamic impacts, to protect against resonance, and ensure the train traffic safety.

Resilient Elements Used by Students from Vasco de Quiroga Rural Normal School (Michoacán Mexico) in their Movement

The aim of this paper is to describe the resilient resources that the students of Escuela Normal Rural Vasco de Quiroga, Michoacán, México use in their student/social movement and in their professional training. This research was carried out through a qualitative methodology, of the phenomenological kind, with the participation of 40 male students, using the focus group technique in 4 groups of 10 members each. The findings show the presence of such resilient elements as a positive attitude and the perception of personal growth and learning achievement from the student movement. This allows us to conclude that this type of movement generates positive aspects in students, which points to the importance of carrying out research emphasizing the knowledge of these phenomena not only as social or political movements but as promoters of psychological resources and human potential.

Аппроксимация физического сплайна с большими прогибами

Physical spline is a resilient element whose cross-sectional dimensions are very small compared to its axis’s length and radius of curvature. Such a resilient element, passing through given points, acquires a "nature-like" form, having a minimum energy of internal stresses, and, as a consequence, a minimum of average curvature. For example, a flexible metal ruler, previously used to construct smooth curves passing through given coplanar points, can be considered as a physical spline. The theoretical search for the equation of physical spline’s axis is a complex mathematical problem with no elementary solution. However, the form of a physical spline passing through given points can be obtained experimentally without much difficulty. In this paper polynomial and parametric methods for approximation of experimentally produced physical spline with large deflections are considered. As known, in the case of small deflections it is possible to obtain a good approximation to a real elastic line by a set of cubic polynomials ("cubic spline"). But as deflections increase, the polynomial model begins to differ markedly from the experimental physical spline, that limits the application of polynomial approximation. High precision approximation of an elastic line with large deflections is achieved by using a parameterized description based on Ferguson or Bézier curves. At the same time, not only the basic points, but also the tangents to the elastic line of the real physical spline should be given as boundary conditions. In such a case it has been shown that standard cubic Bézier curves have a significant computational advantage over Ferguson ones. Examples for modelling of physical splines with free and clamped ends have been considered. For a free spline an error of parametric approximation is equal to 0.4 %. For a spline with clamped ends an error of less than 1.5 % has been obtained. The calculations have been performed with SMath Studio computer graphics system.

Аппроксимация физического сплайна с большими прогибами

Physical spline is a resilient element whose cross-sectional dimensions are very small compared to its axis’s length and radius of curvature. Such a resilient element, passing through given points, acquires a "nature-like" form, having a minimum energy of internal stresses, and, as a consequence, a minimum of average curvature. For example, a flexible metal ruler, previously used to construct smooth curves passing through given coplanar points, can be considered as a physical spline. The theoretical search for the equation of physical spline’s axis is a complex mathematical problem with no elementary solution. However, the form of a physical spline passing through given points can be obtained experimentally without much difficulty. In this paper polynomial and parametric methods for approximation of experimentally produced physical spline with large deflections are considered. As known, in the case of small deflections it is possible to obtain a good approximation to a real elastic line by a set of cubic polynomials ("cubic spline"). But as deflections increase, the polynomial model begins to differ markedly from the experimental physical spline, that limits the application of polynomial approximation. High precision approximation of an elastic line with large deflections is achieved by using a parameterized description based on Ferguson or Bézier curves. At the same time, not only the basic points, but also the tangents to the elastic line of the real physical spline should be given as boundary conditions. In such a case it has been shown that standard cubic Bézier curves have a significant computational advantage over Ferguson ones. Examples for modelling of physical splines with free and clamped ends have been considered. For a free spline an error of parametric approximation is equal to 0.4 %. For a spline with clamped ends an error of less than 1.5 % has been obtained. The calculations have been performed with SMath Studio computer graphics system.

Effect of specific retention biomaterials for ball attachment on the biomechanical response of single implant-supported overdenture: A finite element analysis

The purpose of this finite element analysis (FEA) was to evaluate the effect of specific retention biomaterials with different elastic modulus on the biomechanical response to the axial and off-axial biting loads of a mandibular midline single implant-supported overdenture (SIO) model. Five 3-dimensional (3D) finite element models of an edentulous mandible with SIO were designed as follows: model M with a titanium retentive element for ball attachment, model P with a PEEK retentive element, model S with a silicone resilient liner retentive element, model T with a thermoplastic acrylic resin retentive element made from a CAD-CAM material, and model A with a polyacetal resin retentive element. Posterior bilateral vertical load (PV) at the 1st molar areas and anterior oblique load (AO) at the incisal edge of the mandibular central incisors at a 30-degree angle of 100N were applied. Stress values were recorded. Stress values were higher for all models under (AO) loading than under (PV) loading. Model M recorded the highest stress values on the implant, its components, cortical, and cancellous bone under both loading conditions. Under (AO) loading condition, the ball abutment von Mises stress value in model S was almost 7 times lower than that of model M (19 and 130MPa respectively) and the other 3 models (P, T, and A) (119, 121, and 120MPa respectively). However, model S recorded the highest value of denture base stress at the attachment area. The elastic modulus of retention materials can affect stresses generated on the implant overdenture components and supporting structures.

Sensitive Elements of High Temperature Pressure Sensors Formed from a Doped Polycrystalline Diamond

The need to create highly accurate pressure sensors that capable operate under extreme conditions in aviation, rocket and space equipment increases and becomes more relevant. The unique properties of diamond make it a promising material for microelectronic sensors. Sensitive elements of pressure sensors were developed where a resilient element is formed from silicon but resistance strain gauges are formed from a boron-doped polycrystalline diamond film.

Analysis of the Influence of Fatigue Strength of Prototype Under Ballast Mats (UBMs) on the Effectiveness of Protection against Vibration Caused by Railway Traffic.

The present paper focuses on laboratory tests of fatigue strength of prototype under ballast mats (UBMs), carried out according to the procedure described in the new European standard EN 17282, which was released in October 2020. The mineral wool-based mat revealed significant differences in the values of static and dynamic characteristics, measured before and after the fatigue tests. The elastomeric mats based on recycled materials (SBR granulate and fibers) turned out to have had sufficient durability and effectiveness of protection against vibration caused by railway traffic. The values of static and dynamic bedding moduli, determined before and after the fatigue tests, were used to develop a viscoelastic rheological model of the vibration isolator with the use of fractional derivatives. Using this original model of the ballasted track system with four degrees of freedom, a significant influence of cyclic loading on the level of vibration suppression (insertion loss factor) was demonstrated. The analytical model confirmed that the mats with variations of bedding moduli exceeding 10% should not be used as resilient elements.