Resilience Scale For Chinese Adolescents Research Articles

The association between expressive suppression and anxiety in Chinese left-behind children in middle school: serial mediation roles of psychological resilience and self-esteem

BackgroundLeft-behind children (LBC) have become a special population to be concerned due to the negative consequences of parental absence during their physical and psychological development in China. Expressive suppression (ES) is a response-focused emotion regulation and may be frequently used by LBC to suppress their emotions resulting in different forms of internalizing problems. The objective of the present study was to investigate the role of ES as an emotion regulation strategy on anxiety in Chinese left-behind children in middle school (LBC-MS) by considering the mediating role(s) of psychological resilience and self-esteem.Methods820 middle school students aged between 12 and 17 years from a middle school in Xiangtan, Hunan Province, participated in the study. Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents (RSCA), and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES) were administered. Variables measured using the above scales in left-behind children in middle school (LBC-MS) and non-left-behind children in middle school (non-LBC-MS) were compared, and descriptive statistics were used to present the overall characteristics. Then the PROCESS macro of SPSS was used to conduct regression-based statistical mediation for the data of 211 left-behind children.ResultsThis study revealed that LBC-MS had higher anxiety and ES scores and lower psychological resilience and self-esteem scores than non-LBC-MS (Ps < 0.01). ES was found positively associated with anxiety in LBC-MS and negatively associated with psychological resilience and self-esteem (Ps < 0.05 − 0.01). Specifically, both psychological resilience and self-esteem significantly mediated the association between ES and anxiety, accounting for 7.50% and 10.68%, respectively, of the total associations. Moreover, psychological resilience and self-esteem had a chain mediating effect between ES and anxiety in LBC-MS.ConclusionThe findings indicated that LBC-MS in China may frequently engage in the use of ES which correlated with higher level of anxiety. Psychological interventions should be dedicated to this underserved group. Intervention approaches that improve emotion regulation strategies (i.e., decrease the use of ES) and increase psychological resilience and self-esteem may help to alleviate anxiety in LBC-MS.

Preadolescents' executive functions and resilience development: A cascade model of resilience resources and resilient functioning.

Executive functions (EF), encompassing inhibition, updating, and shifting, are widely acknowledged as cognitive factors that promote resilience. However, prior research examining the association between EF and resilience has been hampered by inconsistent conceptualizations of resilience and an overreliance on cross-sectional designs. We embraced a process-oriented conceptualization of resilience and employed a longitudinal approach to investigate how EF components interplay with the dynamic processes of resilience resources and resilient functioning. A total of 144 Chinese preadolescents (aged 10-12, 53.5% male) completed computer-based EF assessments at baseline and self-reported their resilience at three intervals during 2019-2020. The resilience evaluations encompassed resilience resources at individual, familial, and social levels, as measured by the Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents, and resilient functioning, operationalized as the residuals of socioemotional difficulties after accounting for stressful life events. The findings emphasized the dynamic nature of resilience, unveiling a developmental cascade from resilience resources to resilient functioning and back to resilience resources. Furthermore, distinct effects of EF components on resilience development were found. Specifically, inhibition was associated with both concurrent and long-term resilience resources and functioning, while updating predicted long-term resilience resources, and shifting predicted long-term resilient functioning. These results underscored the pivotal role of EF as a cognitive foundation in comprehending the dynamic resilience processes during preadolescence.

Resilience mediates the prediction of alienation towards parents on subjective well-being in rural left-behind children: a 12-month longitudinal study.

Parent-child relationship is critical for children's well-being. In China, the large number of left-behind children (LBC, one or both parents leaving for work for at least 6 months) raises public concern. Although LBC often report poor mental health status and higher alienation towards parents, the dynamic trend of subjective well-being in this population, as well as the prediction of alienation towards parents on LBC's subjective well-being, remain unrevealed. This study aimed to examine the dynamic trend of subjective well-being in Chinese LBC and further explore the predictional influence of alienation towards parents, with resilience as a potential mediator. We recruited 916 rural LBC in China and investigated them at five waves (baseline, and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months later) using Inventory of Alienation towards Parents (IAP), Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents (RSCA) and Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS). We used hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) for analysis. At baseline, no significant differences were found in the scores of alienation towards parents, resilience, and subjective well-being on gender, grade, or type of LBC. A significant correlation existed between the scores of alienation towards parents, resilience, and subjective well-being. HLM showed a linear increase in the subjective well-being of rural LBC. Alienation toward both mother and father negatively predicted the developmental trajectory of children's subjective well-being over 12 months. Moreover, resilience partially mediated this prediction. This study is among the first to reveal that alienation towards parents predicts the developmental trajectory of later LBC's subjective well-being, with resilience as a mediator. These findings warrant the necessity of paying attention to alienation toward parents to ensure the mental health of LBC, giving valuable guidance to parents, schools and governments.

Correlation Analysis of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Behavior with Childhood Abuse, Peer Victimization, and Psychological Resilience in Adolescents with Depression.

In recent years, the number of adolescents with depression has been increasing annually, with individuals often exhibiting non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) behavior. The purpose of this study is to investigate the family (childhood abuse), school (peer victimization), and individual (psychological resilience) factors of adolescents with depression with or without NSSI (the Chinese version of the Functional Assessment of Self-Mutilation [C-FASM] scale), and to analyze the correlation between the above psychological and social factors and the frequency of NSSI, to provide a basis for NSSI prevention and intervention in adolescents with depression. We recruited 355 adolescents with depressive symptoms to participate in this study and divided them into Group NSSI (N = 227) and Group no-NSSI (n-NSSI) (N = 128) based on the C-FASM scale. The Short-Form Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF), Multidimensional Peer Visualization Scale (MPVS), and Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents (RISC) scores were compared between two groups of adolescents. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze the correlation between NSSI frequency and the above scores. Emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect, and total CTQ-SF score in Group NSSI were significantly higher than those in Group n-NSSI (all p < 0.001). Physical victimization, verbal victimization, social manipulation, attacks on property, and total MPVS score in Group NSSI were significantly higher than those in Group n-NSSI (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.009, p < 0.001, p < 0.001). Goal concentration, emotion regulation, positive perception, family support, interpersonal assistance, and total RISC score in Group NSSI were significantly lower than those in Group n-NSSI (all p < 0.001). The frequency of NSSI was significantly positively correlated with emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect, and total CTQ-SF score (r = 0.366, p < 0.001; r = 0.411, p < 0.001; r = 0.554, p < 0.001; r = 0.220, p = 0.001; r = 0.255, p < 0.001; r = 0.673, p < 0.001). The frequency of NSSI was significantly positively correlated with physical victimization, verbal victimization, social manipulation, attacks on property, and total MPVS score (r = 0.418, p < 0.001; r = 0.455, p < 0.001; r = 0.447, p < 0.001; r = 0.555, p = 0.001; r = 0.704, p < 0.001). The frequency of NSSI was significantly negatively correlated with goal concentration, emotion regulation, positive perception, family support, interpersonal assistance, and total RISC score (r = -0.393, p < 0.001; r = -0.341, p < 0.001; r = -0.465, p < 0.001; r = -0.272, p = 0.001; r = -0.160, p = 0.016; r = -0.540, p < 0.001). Our findings highlight the importance of family (childhood abuse), school (peer victimization), and individual (psychological resilience) factors for NSSI in depressed adolescents, and these factors are closely related to NSSI frequency. Maintaining a good family environment, solving the problem of peer victimization at school, and developing corresponding measures to improve psychological resilience are of great significance for improving the mental health of depressed adolescents and reducing the risk of NSSI.

大学生情绪智力对压力知觉的影响: 心理韧性与积极应对方式的中介作用

In order to investigate the impact of emotional intelligence on perceived stress and their inner-effect mechanism, A total of 543 college students were assessed with Emotional Intelligence Scale, Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents, Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire and Perceived Stress Scale. The results show that: (1) Emotional intelligence can significantly negatively predict perceived stress. (2) Resilience and positive coping style respectively play a mediating role between emotional intelligence and perceived stress. (3) Emotional intelligence can also influence perceived stress through the chain mediation of resilience and positive coping style. The research reveals the action mechanism between emotional intelligence and perceived stress, and provides a certain level of guidance for the psychological health education work in colleges and universities in the postpandemic era.

Trait mindfulness's effect on junior high school students' social anxiety: psychological resilience acts as a mediation factor

The current research studied one's connection between trait mindfulness and social anxiety in junior high school students using mental resilience as an intermediary variable. The Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents (RSCA), the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, and the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A) were used for providing a survey to 276 Chinese junior high school students. The key findings were as follows: 1) Social anxiety, psychological resilience, and trait mindfulness were found to be significantly correlated; 2) Psychological resilience acted as a partial mediating factor in establishing a link between trait mindfulness and social anxiety among junior high school students. Thus, the more trait mindfulness junior high school children have, the less social anxiety they experience, with psychological resilience serving as a partly mediation role. All things considered, this results explain this process by which trait mindfulness impacts social anxiety in this age range, providing guidance for interventions aimed at reducing social anxiety in junior high school kids.

Effect of online modified mindfulness-based stress reduction training on the resilience of nursing interns in China.

This study aimed to adopt online mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) training to increase the resilience of nursing interns and help them to achieve a smooth transition. A one-group pretest-posttest study design was used. A total of 119 college nursing interns were recruited from 12 tertiary hospitals in Beijing on Feb.20, 2021. The MBSR training was organized into 4 weeks of courses, conducted online using Tencent Meeting and taught by a certified teacher at the Oxford Mindfulness Centre. Resilience was assessed before and 2 weeks after the training, respectively, using Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents via an online questionnaire tool. Seventy-nine college nursing interns finished both of the resilience questionnaire surveys. The mean resilience values before and after the training were 98.7 ± 13.69 and 104.57 ± 16.64 respectively. The 4-week online MBSR training considerably increased the resilience of nursing interns. This can be an effective measure to maintain a balanced state among nursing interns and help them smoothly transition from school to clinical practice. No Patient or Public Contribution.

The effect of life events, resilience, self-esteem, and coping styles on aggressive behavior among left-behind adolescents: Structural equation modeling.

Without parental support, left-behind adolescents are more likely than their peers to experience negative emotions and demonstrate aggressive behavior in the same frustrating situation. However, research on this subject has been sparse. To fill this gap and identify potential targets for intervention, this study sought to examine the relationships among factors influencing left-behind adolescents' aggressive behavior. A total of 751 left-behind adolescents were enrolled in a cross-sectional survey, with data collected using the Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Checklist, Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Coping Style Questionnaire, and Buss-Warren Aggression Questionnaire. The structural equation model was used for data analysis. The results showed that left-behind adolescents reported higher levels of aggression. Further, the factors found to have a direct or indirect effect on aggressive behavior included life events, resilience, self-esteem, positive coping, negative coping, and household income. The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated goodness of fit. In the face of negative life events, left-behind adolescents with high resilience, self-esteem, and positive coping were less likely to exhibit aggressive behavior (P < 0.05). Left-behind adolescents can reduce their aggressive behavior by assuaging the adverse effects of life events via increased resilience and self-esteem as well as the adoption of positive coping strategies.

School climate and depressive symptoms of disciplinary alternative school students: Resilience as a mediator

We examined the relationships among school climate, resilience, and depressive symptoms of 153 students at disciplinary alternative schools in China, focusing on the mediating effect of resilience and its two components of individual power and supportive power in the association between school climate and students' depressive symptoms. Participants completed the Perceived School Climate Inventory-Middle School, the Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Results indicated that the students' perception of school climate and their depressive symptoms were significantly and negatively correlated, and resilience and depressive symptoms were also significantly and negatively correlated. In addition, resilience significantly mediated the effect of school climate on the students' depressive symptoms. Finally, the effect of individual power in mediation of the relationship between school climate and depressive symptoms was greater than that of supportive power. The findings provide implications for school policy makers and mental health professionals by highlighting the need for promoting both a positive school climate and students' resilience and its component of individual power.

Adolescent resilience and mobile phone addiction in Henan Province of China: Impacts of chain mediating, coping style.

As mobile phone use grows, so it brings benefits and risks. As an important part of adolescents healthy growth, resilience plays an indispensable role. Thus, it is important to identify when mobile phone use of an adolescent becomes an addiction. This study proposed to explore the effects of adolescent resilience on mobile phone addiction, and tested the mediating role of coping style and depression, anxiety, and stress (DASS) on phone addiction among 2,268 adolescents in the Henan province, China. The adolescents were surveyed via an online questionnaire, a mobile phone addiction index (MPAI), a depression, anxiety, and stress scale with 21 items (DASS-21), the Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents (RSCA), and the Simplified coping style questionnaire (SCSQ), and we used structural equation modeling to examine the correlations and moderation effects. All data analyses were performed using SPSS 26.0 and Amos 23.0. The results show that adolescences resilience were negatively related to negative coping, DASS, and mobile phone addiction; both coping style and DASS could mediate the relationship between adolescent resilience and mobile phone addiction among Chinese adolescents. The relationship between adolescent resilience and mobile phone addiction in Chinese adolescents was mediated by the chain of coping styles and DASS. There is a negative relationship which exists between resilience and mobile phone addiction in this population. In addition, stress, anxiety, depression, and coping style significantly influence the risk of adolescent mobile phone addiction and play an intermediary role in Chinese adolescent resilience and mobile phone addiction.

Resilience mediates parenting style associated school bullying victimization in Chinese children and adolescents

BackgroundExisting evidence has shown that negative parenting style elevates the risk of school bullying victimization in children and adolescents. Resilience may play as a mediating factor in this association. However, this hypothesis has not been investigated.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, a total of 4582 Chinese children and adolescents had been surveyed by self-administered questionnaire. The Chinese version of Egna Minnen av. Barndoms Uppfostra (s-EMBU-C), the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire (OBVQ) and the Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents (RSCA) were used to collect relevant information. Univariate and multiple logistic regression models were used to estimate the crude and adjusted associations between parenting style, resilience, and bullying victimization. Path analysis was used to estimate the mediation via resilience in the association between parenting style and bullying victimization.ResultsAfter adjustment for possible covariates, the results of multivariate binary logistic regression model suggested that among all dimensions of parenting style, mother’s and father’s rejection were significantly associated with school bullying victimization. Path analysis revealed a statistically significant mediation of resilience in the association between parental rejection and bullying victimization, and among the five dimensions of resilience, emotion regulation, family support and interpersonal assistance accounted for the highest proportions of mediation.ConclusionsFor children and adolescents who suffered from parental rejection, building up resilience, especially those measures aiming at improving emotion regulation ability and consolidating family and peer support, might be effective in reducing risk of school bullying victimization.

The relationship between negative life events and quality of life in adolescents: Mediated by resilience and social support.

BackgroundQuality of life has become an important indicator for assessing the health care of adolescents. This study aimed to explore the relationship between negative life events and quality of life in adolescents and the potential mediating roles of resilience and social support.MethodsA stratified cluster sampling technique was used to select 3,860 adolescents as study participants. The Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Checklist, the Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents, the Social Support Rating Scale, and the Adolescent Quality of Life Scale were used by participants to rate their negative life events, resilience, social support, quality of life, respectively. The correlations between study variables were analyzed by the Pearson correlation analyses. The AMOS 26.0 software was used to explore the mediating roles of resilience and social support in negative life events and quality of life.ResultsThere was a negative correlation between negative life events and quality of life (β=-0.745, P < 0.05); resilience and social support played an important mediating role in the relationship between negative life events and quality of life (βResilience = −0.287, P < 0.05; βSocial support = −0.124, P < 0.05). The emotional adjustment dimension of resilience (β = −0.285, P < 0.05) and the subjective support dimension of social support (β = −0.100, P < 0.05) played the largest mediating roles, respectively.ConclusionNegative life events were negatively correlated with adolescents' quality of life. Strengthening resilience and social support is expected to weaken and reduce the adverse effects of negative life events on adolescents and further maintain and improve their quality of life.

Moderating Role of Resilience Between Depression and Stress Response of Vocational Middle School Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

ObjectIn this study, we aimed to explore the influences of stress responses and psychological resilience on depression of vocational middle school students during the initial COVID-19 outbreak in China.MethodsAn online questionnaire survey on the students of a medical school in Jiangxi Province, China, and obtained 3,532 valid questionnaires. A self-compiled general situation questionnaire, Stress Response of COVID-19 Questionnaire, the Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) were used. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to explore the regulatory role of psychological resilience between stress response and depression.Results(1) There were significant differences in gender between vocational middle school students' evaluation (t = 3.07, P = 0.002) and defense (t = 3.28, P = 0.001) of the pandemic. Males had higher cognitive evaluation of the pandemic than females, and females had more defense against the pandemic than males. (2) There is a significant difference between vocational middle school students from different grades in depression level (F = 3.62, P = 0.03), pneumonia defense (F = 13.65, P < 0.001) and pneumonia panic (F = 3.10, P = 0.045). (3) Depression level (F = 7.17, P < 0.001), pneumonia evaluation (F = 2.78, P = 0.04) and pneumonia panic (F = 3.32, P = 0.02) of the students concerning the spatial distance of the pandemic. (4) The severity of urban pandemic affects the evaluation of pneumonia among vocational middle school students. (5) Depression was negatively correlated with psychological resilience and pneumonia evaluation, and positively correlated with pneumonia panic. Psychological resilience was positively correlated with pneumonia evaluation and pneumonia defense, and negatively correlated with pneumonia panic. (6) Psychological resilience could reduce the level of depression caused by pneumonia evaluation and pneumonia panic.ConclusionThere were significant differences in depression level and stress responses in grades, gender and spatial distance of pandemic. Resilience has a significant negative moderator effect on the relationship between pandemic panic and depression. Resilience has a significant positive moderator effect on the relationship between pandemic evaluation and depression.

The mediating role of coping in the relationship between family function and resilience in adolescents and young adults who have a parent with lung cancer.

PurposeResilience plays an important role in helping individuals to adapt to adversity and improve their psychosocial outcomes. This study aims to examine the mediating role of coping in the relationship between family function and resilience in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) who have a parent with lung cancer.MethodA total of 135 AYAs with a lung cancer parent were recruited from a tertiary grade A cancer center in southern China, and investigated using a self-designed general information questionnaire, the Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents, the Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire, and the Family Adaptation, Partnership, Growth, Affection, Resolve index.ResultsThe mean score of AYAs’ resilience was (3.61 ± 0.49), and its influencing factors included AYAs’ years in work, family function, and positive coping. The total effect of family function on resilience was significant (total effect = 0.38, 95% CI [0.048–0.115]), and a positive indirect effect was identified for family function on resilience via positive coping (indirect effect = 0.10, 95% CI [0.005–0.043]).ConclusionFamily functioning can facilitate resilience either directly or by promoting positive coping. This study suggests that individualized interventions can be made to improve resilience by promoting family function, or by enhancing positive coping in AYAs with a lung cancer parent.

The effect of peer education based on adolescent health education on the resilience of children and adolescents: A cluster randomized controlled trial.

BackgroundAn increasing number of children and adolescents have reported mental health problems, and resilience is a protective factor against these problems. Therefore, the aim of the study is to verify the effect of peer education based on adolescent health education on adolescent resilience.MethodA cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted including 1,613 students who were divided into an intervention group (19 classes, 732 participants) and a control group (24 classes, 881 participants). One-year peer education was performed in the intervention group, and the control group had no interventions. The Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents by Yueqin Hu and a self-designed basic information questionnaire were used to collect data. Chi-square test and rank-sum test were used to compare the differences of demographic characteristics between the two groups. A linear mixed model was used to compare the changes of resilience between the two groups after intervention, and the intra-cluster correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated. A generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was used to verify the effect of peer education on adolescent resilience. The significance was set at P < 0.05.ResultsAfter intervention, compared with the control group, the intervention group showed significant improvement in target focus, emotion adjustment, interpersonal assistance and total resilience (P < 0.05). The ICC range was 0.003 to 0.034. The GLMM results indicated that peer education based on adolescent health education had significant effects on adolescents’ target focus (β = 0.893, P = 0.002), emotional adjustment (β = 1.766, P < 0.001), interpersonal assistance (β = 1.722, P = 0.016) and total mental resilience (β = 5.391, P < 0.001), and the effect was greater for boys than for girls.ConclusionsPeer education based on adolescent health education is effective for improving adolescents’ target focus, emotional adjustment, interpersonal assistance, and total resilience, especially for males. Future research should devote more attention to positive cognition and family support as well as gender differences.

Resilience mediates the association between impulsivity and self-harm in Chinese adolescents

ObjectiveExisting literature is supportive for the positive connection between impulsivity and self-harm (SH), nevertheless, less is known regarding to the role of resilience in this association. This research primarily explored potential mediation of resilience in the association between impulsivity and SH in a large sample of Chinese adolescents. MethodA population-based cross-sectional survey of 4552 adolescents was conducted in southwest China. A self-administered questionnaire was adopted for data collection from all subjects. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS), the Modified version of Adolescents Self-Harm Scale (MASHS) and the Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents (RSCA) were used to measure impulsivity, SH, and resilience, respectively. The associations between impulsivity, resilience, and SH were estimated by using stepwise multivariate Logistic regression models. Mediation of resilience in impulsivity and SH association was evaluated by using path model. ResultsThe prevalence of SH was 39.1% (95% CI: 34.0%-45.0%) for surveyed adolescents. Impulsivity and resilience were significantly associated with the prevalence of SH. Prominent dose-response association between impulsivity and SH prevalence was further confirmed. Resilience was a salient mediator which accounted for 42.90% of the total impulsivity-SH association. Among all the five dimensions of resilience, goal concentration (23.98%) and emotion regulation (21.94%) showed the strongest mediation. ConclusionsThe findings suggest that resilience building intervention strategies, particularly those focusing on improving goal concentration, emotion regulation, and positive perception, could be effective in reducing impulsivity related SH risk among Chinses adolescents.

Childhood maltreatment and self-harm in Chinese adolescents: moderation and mediation via resilience

BackgroundPublished studies examining the association between childhood maltreatment (CM) and self-harm (SH) among adolescents have been accumulated. It is possible that resilience serves as a moderator or mediator in CM-SH association, nevertheless, this topic has never been thoroughly investigated.MethodsIn this population-based cross-sectional study, we surveyed 3146 students aged 10–17 in southwest China. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Modified version of Adolescents Self-Harm Scale (MASHS), and the Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents (RSCA) were used to measure CM, SH, and resilience. Correlational analyses, hierarchical multivariate linear regression, and structural equation modeling (SEM) were performed to test the moderation and mediation of resilience in CM-SH association.ResultsFindings revealed that, resilience with its five dimensions, CM, and SH were significantly correlated with each other. Resilience partially moderated and mediated the association between CM and SH. Besides, among all dimensions of resilience, emotion regulation, interpersonal assistance, and family support presented the strongest mediation in CM-SH association.ConclusionsOur results highlight the importance of resilience in CM related SH among Chinese teenagers. Resilience-oriented intervention could be considered in SH intervention measures for adolescents who had experienced CM.

Childhood maltreatment and suicidal ideation in Chinese children and adolescents: the mediation of resilience.

BackgroundChildhood maltreatment could increase the risk of suicidal ideation (SI) in adolescents. However, the mediation of resilience in this association remains unclear.MethodsA population-based cross-sectional study has been done among 3,146 Chinese adolescents. We collected relevant information from the study participants by using self-administered questionnaire. Chinese version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents (RSCA), and the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSSI) were used to measure childhood maltreatment, resilience, and SI, respectively. Univariate and multivariate binary Logistic regression models were employed to estimate crude and adjusted associations between childhood maltreatment, resilience, and SI. Path analysis has subsequently been performed to measure the mediation of resilience in this association.ResultsMultivariate Logistic regression models revealed that compared to non-abused counterparts, adolescents who had ever experienced any type of childhood maltreatment was 1.74 times likely to report SI. Among the specific types of childhood maltreatment, emotional abuse showed the strongest association with SI (adjusted OR = 3.01, 95% CI [2.37–3.82]). Path model suggested that over one-third (39.8%) of the total association between childhood maltreatment and SI was mediated via resilience. Emotion regulation and interpersonal assistance were the most prominent mediators among all dimensions of resilience.ConclusionsResilience played as a significant mediator in the association between childhood maltreatment and SI. Resilience-oriented intervention measures could be considered for suicidal risk prevention among abused Chinese adolescents.

The association of physical fitness with mental health in children: A serial multiple mediation model.

There is growing interest in the association between physical fitness and mental health. This study aimed to extend current knowledge by investigating the potential mediating roles of resilience and anxiety in the association between physical fitness and mental health in children. A total of 269 children were selected by stratified random sampling from three primary schools in China. Physical fitness was scored using the Chinese National Student Physical Fitness Standard. Resilience, anxiety, and mental health data were collected using the following questionnaires: Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents, Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children, and the Mental Health Test. The PROCESS macro developed by Hayes was used to conduct serial multiple mediation analysis. We found that physical fitness, resilience, anxiety, and mental health were significantly correlated. Children with higher physical fitness had lower mental health problems; however, this statistical significance was not detectable after controlling for resilience and anxiety. Serial multiple mediation analysis revealed that the association of physical fitness with mental health was partially mediated by resilience and anxiety. These results indicate that the positive association of physical fitness with mental health in children may be changed through resilience and anxiety, which appear to play serial multiple mediating roles in this association. These findings contribute to deeper understanding of the associations between these factors and suggest that promoting physical fitness independent of considering resilience and anxiety may be insufficient to achieve good mental health in children.

Measuring resilience in children: a review of recent literature and recommendations for future research.

Understanding variability in developmental outcomes following exposure to early life adversity (ELA) has been an area of increasing interest in psychiatry, as resilient outcomes are just as prevalent as negative ones. However, resilient individuals are understudied in most cohorts and even when studied, resilience is typically defined as an absence of psychopathology. This review examines current approaches to resilience and proposes more comprehensive and objective ways of defining resilience. Of the 36 studies reviewed, the most commonly used measure was the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (n = 6), followed by the Child Behavior Checklist (n = 5), the Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents (n = 5), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (n = 4), and the Child and Youth Resilience Scale (n = 3). This review reveals that studies tend to rely on self-report methods to capture resilience which poses some challenges. We propose a complementary measure of child resilience that relies on more proactive behavioral and observational indicators; some of our preliminary findings are presented. Additionally, concerns about the way ELA is characterized as well as the influence of genetics on resilient outcomes prompts further considerations about how to proceed with resiliency research.