Residues Of Flubendiamide Research Articles

Effectiveness and Biochemical Impact of Flubendiamide and Flonicamid Insecticides against Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and Residue Dissipation in Cherry Tomato Plants and Soil under Greenhouse Conditions

Abstract We investigated the effectiveness and biochemical impact of the insecticides flubendiamide and flonicamid compared with azadirachtin and acetamiprid against the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Grennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) infesting cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme L.) grown under greenhouse conditions. The dissipation of both insecticides in the plants and in the soil also was determined using the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) and liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry methods. Both insecticides were more effective for reducing B. tabaci populations than were either acetamiprid or azadirachtin. Biochemical analysis revealed that esterase may play an important role in whitefly adaptation to flubendiamide and flonicamid. The QuEChERS method was determined suitable for quickly detecting residues of flubendiamide and flonicamid in complex matrices. The recovery rates on tomato fruit samples were 92.8–106.0%, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) range of 0.46–2.65%. For soil samples, the recovery rates were 81.3–95.7% with RSDs of 1.20–3.86%. We further determined that flubendiamide had dissipation half-lives of 3.13, 3.63, and 3.68 d in tomato fruit, tomato leaves, and soil, respectively. Flonicamid had half-lives of 4.25, 3.54, and 2.60 d in fruit, leaves, and soil, respectively. These results suggest that preharvest intervals of 3 and 7 d are appropriate for flubendiamide and flonicamid, respectively, in cherry tomato production. The risk quotient was >1 by the day 5 after application; however, that value declined to <1 on day 7 after application, indicating little long-term risk to human health.

Residual Pattern of Chlorantraniliprole, Thiamethoxam, Flubendiamide and Deltamethrin in Tomato Fruit and Soil.

Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum L. is grown widely as an important day-to-day demand vegetable. The crop is attacked by various polyphagous insect pests like tomato fruit borer, stink bug, cabbage looper, flea beetle, aphids, whitefly, two-spotted spider mite, etc., and oligophagous insects like leaf-miner, five-spotted hawkmoth, etc. To combat the damage and yield loss, various chemical insecticides were sprayed on tomatoes under field conditions. The residual pattern of insecticides like chlorantraniliprole, thiamethoxam, flubendiamide, and deltamethrin residues was studied following applications of chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC (Coragen) @ 30g a.i./ha, thiamethoxam 25% WG (Actara) @ 50g a.i./ha, flubendiamide 39.35M/M SC (Fame) @ 48g a.i./ha and deltamethrin 2.8% EC (Decis 100) @ 12.5g a.i./ha using Reverse Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC). Fruit samples were collected at 0 (1h after application), 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 days and at harvest time. All the residues of insecticides such as chlorantraniliprole (0.09mg kg- 1), thiamethoxam (0.03mg kg- 1), flubendiamide (0.02mg kg- 1), and deltamethrin (0.01mg kg- 1) were persisted up to 5th day. There were no residues found at harvest time. The residues of chlorantraniliprole and deltamethrin persisted up to 3rd day of spraying whereas the residues of flubendiamide and thiamethoxam were not detected on the same day in the soil.

Development and validation of integrated pest management modules against spotted pod borer Maruca vitrata Fabricius on garden bean Lablab purpureus var. typicus (L.)

To reduce the detrimental effect of insecticides, an effective Integrated Pest Management (IPM) module is necessary for the eco-friendly management of Maruca vitrata in garden bean ecosystem. Two field trials were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of different insecticides and botanicals against M. vitrata on Lablab purpureus var. typicus. Two seasons field evaluation of insecticides revealed that chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC was the most effective treatment to control the pest recorded 0.11 and 0.36 larva/plant in two seasons, respectively after two rounds of spray followed by flubendiamide 20 WG (0.46 and 0.92 larva/ plant) and emamectin benzoate 5 SG (0.50 and 0.95 larva/plant). Among botanicals tested, commercial neem formulation and 5% Ageratina adenophora recorded the least larval count of 1.64 & 1.05 larva/plant and 2.24 & 1.45 larva/plant in two seasons, respectively. IPM modules were developed with three effective insecticides (chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC, flubendiamide 20 WG and emamectin benzoate 5 SG), two effective botanicals (commercial neem formulation 1500 ppm and 5% A. adenophora) along with the pheromone trap for validation. All the IPM modules were equally effective in managing M. vitrata population on L. purpureus and recorded a significantly (at 5 %) lower larval population than the farmer’s practice. The residues of chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide and emamectin benzoate reached below the detectable level at the time of harvest. The population reduction of predatory coccinellids and spiders was also lower in IPM modules than in farmer’s practice. An increased benefit cost (1.95 to 1.99) ratio was observed in IPM modules.

Review of the existing maximum residue levels for flubendiamide according to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005.

According to Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, EFSA has reviewed the maximum residue levels (MRLs) currently established at European level for the pesticide active substance flubendiamide. To assess the occurrence of flubendiamide residues in plants, processed commodities, rotational crops and livestock, EFSA considered the conclusions derived in the framework of Commission Regulation (EU) No 188/2011, the MRLs established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission as well as the import tolerances (including the supporting residues data). No European authorisation was reported by Member States. Based on the assessment of the available data, MRL proposals were derived and a consumer risk assessment was carried out. Some information required by the regulatory framework was missing and a possible acute risk to consumers was identified. Hence, the consumer risk assessment is considered indicative only, some MRL proposals derived by EFSA still requires further consideration by risk managers and measures for reduction of the consumer exposure should also be considered.

Trace analysis of flubendiamide in bee pollen using enhanced matrix removal-lipid sorbent clean-up and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

In this work, a new method has been proposed with the aim of determining flubendiamide, a recently commercialized insecticide, in bee pollen by using liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. For this purpose, a novel sample treatment has been proposed that has proven efficient in terms of recovery (average analyte recoveries were between 90% and 102%) and absence of matrix effect, and one which is effective, fast and selective. This involved a solvent extraction using an acetonitrile and water mixture, and a clean-up stage where, in addition to freezing, an enhanced matrix removal-lipid sorbent was successfully used for the first time with this matrix and analyte. The chromatographic conditions were also optimized, by selecting a C18 based column (Gemini® C18) and acetic acid (1 mM) in water and methanol as mobile phase components, allowing elution of flubendiamide in <4 min, with a total analysis time of 14 min. Validation was carried out, with the result that all the parameters studied complied with existing European legislation. It should be noted that the sensitivity of the method was excellent, with a quantification limit (4 μg/kg) well below the maximum residue level established for this insecticide in bee products (50 μg/kg). Finally, several bee pollen samples were analyzed, and flubendiamide residues were not found in any of the cases.

Method Validation, Dissipation and Decontamination of Flubendiamide Residues in Lettuce using LC/MS/MS

A method for determining flubendiamide residues in lettuce using LCMS/MS with negative electron spray ionization was developed and used for its residue analysis. Samples were extracted in acetonitrile and cleaned up by dispersive solid phase extraction with recovery of 70 to 120 per cent at RSD < 20 per cent. The residues dissipated on 25 and 30 d of application of flubendiamide at 24 and 48 g a.i. ha−1 respectively on lettuce. Tamarind water washing was found very effective for decontamination of flubendiamide residues from iceberg lettuce. It removed 91.62 and 82.11 per cent of residues at the recommended and double the recommended doses.

Survey on Pests and Pesticides Usage Pattern and Studies on Flubendiamide Residues in Market Samples of Exotic Vegetables

Survey on Pests and Pesticides Usage Pattern and Studies on Flubendiamide Residues in Market Samples of Exotic Vegetables

Persistence, dissipation and consumer risk assessment of a combination formulation of flubendiamide and deltamethrin on cucumber

ABSTRACTMulti-location supervised field trials were conducted in India at four locations of the All India Network Project (AINP) on Pesticide Residues to study the persistence, dissipation and risk assessment of flubendiamide and deltamethrin on cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Residues of flubendiamide and deltamethrin on cucumber resulting from three spray applications of a combination formulation (flubendiamide 90% + deltamethrin 60%, 150 SC) at recommended (22.5 + 15 g a.i./ha) and double the recommended (45 + 30 g a.i./ha) dose were analysed. On the basis of persistence and dissipation studies, the half- life (T1/2) of flubendiamide on cucumber varied from 1.40 to 2.98 (recommended dose) and 1.55 to 2.76 days (double the recommended dose), while that of deltamethrin ranged from 2.5 to 4.9 (recommended dose) and 2.7 to 3.9 days (double the recommended dose) at the four locations. On the basis of supervised field trial data and using OECD calculator, MRLs in the combination product of 3 mg kg−1 for flubendiamide and 1.5 mg kg−1 for deltamethrin has been proposed for consideration by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI). Codex, EU and EPA have fixed MRL of 0.2 mg kg−1 for flubendiamide and deltamethrin.

Setting of import tolerances for flubendiamide in apricots, peaches, nectarines, plums and soya beans.

In accordance with Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the applicant Bayer CropScience AG submitted a request to the competent national authority in Greece to set import tolerances for the active substance flubendiamide in apricots, peaches, nectarines, plums and soya beans. The data submitted in support of the request were found to be sufficient to derive maximum residue level (MRL) proposals for apricots, peaches/nectarines, plums. For soya beans, further risk management considerations are required to decide the import tolerance to be set. Adequate analytical methods for enforcement are available to control the residues of flubendiamide in plant matrices. Based on the risk assessment results, EFSA concluded that the short‐term and long‐term intake of residues resulting from the use of flubendiamide according to the reported agricultural practices is unlikely to present a risk to consumer health.

Bioefficacy, phytotoxicity, safety to natural enemies and residues of flubendiamide in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. L.) under field conditions

Sugarcane early shoot borer, Chilo infuscatellus Snellen is a major menace and cause of considerable damage to sugarcane crops in India. The incidence of early shoot borer has been increasing for the last few years. A new insecticide flubendiamide was evaluated in the field to assess its bioefficacy against sugarcane early shoot borer during February to December 2013 and August 2013 to July 2014. Two rounds of foliar application of flubendiamide 20 WG at 60 and 50 g a.i. ha−1 significantly reduced the early shoot borer in both experiments. Foliar application of flubendiamide 20 WG (50, 100 and 200 g a.i. ha−1) in sugarcane did not cause any phytotoxic symptoms. Flubendiamide 20 WG test doses were found to be safe to natural enemies including spiders and coccinellids in the field. Though there was a short term decline in the natural enemy population, it started increasing gradually within a fortnight after treatment. The sugarcane yield increased over the control in the flubendiamide 20 WG (60 g a.i. ha−1) treated plots by 32.7 and 31.5% in the two seasons, respectively. The residues of flubendiamide at 50 and 100 g a.i. ha−1 were below detectable levels in sugarcane leaf, juice and soil at harvest.

Flubendiamide: Residues and Risk Assessment in Tomato Solanum lycopersicum

Flubendiamide belongs to a new chemical class, the phthalic acid diamides, widely used on tomato in India for the management of fruit borers. Flubendiamide is registered for use in India on tomato, but Maximum Residue Limits are not available as per Food Safety and Standards Authority of India. A research project was taken to study the dissipation pattern of flubendiamide on tomato cv. Nirupama in both open fields and poly-houses, when applied twice @ 48 g a.i. ha−1, first spray was given 50 days after planting (fruit initiation) followed by the second spray at 10 days interval as per the farmers practice. Flubendiamide residues were quantified through regular sampling till the residues are below the determination level (BDL) of 0.05 mg kg−1 following the validated QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) method. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of flubendiamide were performed on HPLC-PDA and LC-MS/MS. Initial deposits of 1.23 mg kg−1 were detected in the tomato samples collected from poly-house, which dissipated to BDL at the 10th day with half-life of 6.18 days. In open fields, deposits of 0.90 mg kg−1dissipated to BDL at the 7th day with half-life of 6.07 days, and indicated that dissipation was slow in poly-house when compared to the open fields due to various factors. MRL of 3 mg kg−1in polyhouse tomato and 2 mg kg−1 in open field tomato is recommended based on the OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) calculator and chronic hazard exposure assessment taking into consideration of average body weight, national per capita tomato consumption and acceptable daily intake (ADI) of flubendiamide. Among the various decontamination methods tested, veggy wash was found very effective in removing flubendiamide residues to the extent of 65.39% which can be recommended as risk mitigation method for food safety, followed by 4%acetic acid solution (61.63%) and tap water wash was least effective (17.71%) in removing flubendiamide residues from tomato.

Estimation and risk assessment of flubendiamide on fodder berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) by QuEChERS methodology and LC-MS/MS.

The residues of flubendiamide from berseem were extracted and cleaned up by the QuEChERS approach and analysed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The dissipation studies on berseem were carried out by application of flubendiamide at five different dosages i.e. 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96g a.i. ha(-1). The residues reached below determination limit (BDL) of 0.01mgkg(-1) in 7, 10, 10, 15 and 15days for 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96g.a.i. ha(-1)dosages, respectively. Half-life (t1/2) of flubendiamide on berseem was observed to be 1.08, 1.88, 1.94, 2.26 and 2.27days, respectively, at 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96g a.i. ha(-1). Theoretical maximum residue contributions (TMRC) values reached below the maximum permissible limit (MPI) for 3, 5 and 7days in treatments at 24, 36 and 48g.a.i. ha(-1), respectively, whereas in case of higher dose treatments i.e. 72 and 96g a.i. ha(-1), the residues of flubendiamide reached below MPI after 10days of treatment. These data could provide guidance for the proper and safe use of this pesticide on berseem in India.

Dissipation pattern of flubendiamide residues on capsicum fruit (Capsicum annuum L.) under field and controlled environmental conditions

ABSTRACTThis investigation was undertaken to compare the dissipation pattern of flubendiamide in capsicum fruits under poly-house and open field after giving spray applications at the recommended and double doses of 48 g a.i. ha−1 and 96 g a.i. ha−1. Extraction and purification of capsicum fruit samples were carried out by the QuEChERS method. Residues of flubendiamide and its metabolite, des-iodo flubendiamide, were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array, and confirmed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Limit of quantification of the method was 0.05 mg kg−1, and recovery of the insecticides was in the range of 89.6–104.3%, with relative standard deviation being 4.5–11.5%. The measurement uncertainty of the analytical method was in the range of 10.7–15.7%. Initial residue deposits of flubendiamide on capsicum fruits grown under poly-house conditions were (0.977 and 1.834 mg kg−1) higher than that grown in the field (0.665 and 1.545 mg kg−1). Flubendiamide residues persisted for 15 days in field-grown and for 25 days in poly-house-grown capsicum fruits. The residues were degraded with the half-lives of 4.3–4.7 and 5.6–6.6 days in field and poly-house respectively. Des-iodo flubendiamide was not detected in capsicum fruits or soil. The residues of flubendiamide degraded to below the maximum residue limit notified by Codex Alimentarius Commission (FAO/WHO) after 1 and 6 days in open field, and 3 and 10 days in poly-house. The results of the study indicated that flubendiamide applied to capsicum under controlled environmental conditions required longer pre-harvest interval to allow its residues to dissipate to the safe level.

Reclamation of Water Polluted with Flubendiamide Residues by Photocatalytic Treatment with Semiconductor Oxides.

The photodegradation of flubendiamide (benzenedicarboxamide insecticide), a relatively new insecticide was investigated in aqueous suspensions binary (ZnO of and TiO2 ) and ternary (Zn2 TiO4 and ZnTiO3 ) oxides under artificial light (300-460nm) irradiation. Photocatalytic experiments showed that the addition of semiconductors, especially ZnO and TiO2 , in tandem with an electron acceptor (Na2 S2 O8 ) enhances the degradation rate of this compound in comparison with those carried out with catalyst alone and photolytic tests. The photocatalytical degradation of flubendiamide using ZnO/Na2 S2 O8 and TiO2 /Na2 S2 O8 followed first-order kinetics. In addition, desiodo-flubendiamide was identified during the degradation of flubendiamide. Finally, application of these reaction systems in different waters (tap, leaching and watercourse) showed the validity of the treatments, which allowed the removal of flubendiamide residues in these drinking and environmental water samples.

Dissipation pattern and risk assessment of flubendiamide on chili at different agro-climatic conditions in India.

Dissipation pattern and risk assessment of flubendiamide and its metabolite (desiodo flubendiamide) on chili were studied at four different agro-climatic locations of India at the standard and double dose at 60 and 120ga.i. ha(-1) at 10days interval. Quantification of residues was done on a high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC) with a photo diode array detector. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of this method was found to be 0.01mgkg(-1) while limit of detection (LOD) being 0.003mgkg(-1). Residues of flubendiamide were found to be below the determination limit in 15days at both the dosages in all locations. Half-life of flubendiamide when applied at 60 and 120ga.i. ha(-1) ranged from 0.85 to 1.80 and from 0.95 to 2.79days, respectively. On the basis of data generated under the All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, a preharvest interval (PHI) of 1day has been recommended and the flubendiamide 480 SC has been registered for use on chili in India by the Central Insecticide Board and Registration Committee, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. The maximum residue limit (MRL) of flubendiamide on chili has been fixed by the Food Safety Standard Authority of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, as 0.02μgg(-1) after its risk assessment.

Determination of flubendiamide residues and its safety evaluation for usage in cardamom by liquid chromatography

Cardamom is a major export oriented commodity in the world and it is susceptible to infestation by various pests which cause considerable economic loss. It is necessary to adopt new chemical insecticides with novel modes of action which control pest infestations. Flubendiamide fits into integrated pest management programmes in a variety of crops and is widely used in crops like tomato, cabbage and brinjal for controlling Lepidoptera pests and it is effective when used for cardamom. The major concern is ensuring residue free pods and safe harvest of cardamom for human consumption to prevent any health hazard. The present study investigates the behaviour of flubendiamide in cardamom in the humid subtropical conditions of India. A rapid, simple and selective method has been developed to determine residues of flubendiamide and desiodo flubendiamide in green cardamom, cured cardamom capsule, cured cardamom black seed and soil. The flubendiamide residues were extracted using the QuEChERS principle with acetonit...

Residual behavior and risk assessment of flubendiamide on tomato at different agro-climatic conditions in India.

Supervised field trials were conducted at four different agro-climatic zones in India to evaluate the dissipation pattern and risk assessment of flubendiamide on tomato. Flubendiamide 480 SC was sprayed on tomato at 48 and 96gactive ingredient (a.i.) ha(-1). Samples of tomato fruits were drawn at 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, and 20days after treatment. Quantification of residues was done on a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) device with a photo diode array detector. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of this method was found to be 0.01mgkg(-1) while limit of detection (LOD) being 0.003mgkg(-1). Residues of flubendiamide were found below the determination limit of 0.01mgkg(-1) in 20days at both the dosages in all the locations. The half-life of flubendiamide at an application rate of 48ga.i. ha(-1) varied from 0.33 to 3.28days and at 48-g a.i. ranged from 1.21 to 3.00days. On the basis of data generated under the All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, a preharvest interval (PHI) of 1day has been recommended, and the flubendiamide 480 SC has been registered for its use on tomato by the Central Insecticide Board and Registration Committee, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. The maximum residue limit (MRL) of flubendiamide on tomato has been fixed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India under Food Safety Standard Authority of India, as 0.07μgg(-1) after its risk assessment.

Safety evaluation of flubendiamide and its metabolites on cabbage and persistence in soil in different agroclimatic zones of India

Supervised field trials following good agricultural practices were conducted at the research farms of four agricultural universities located at four different agroclimatic zones of India to evaluate the persistence and dissipation of flubendiamide and its metabolite, des-iodo flubendiamide, on cabbage. Two spray applications of flubendiamide 480 SC of standard and double dose at the rate of 24 and 48 g a.i. ha(-1) were given to the crop at a 15-day interval, and the residues of flubendiamide 2 h after spray were found in the range of 0.107-0.33 and 0.20-0.49 mg kg(-1) at respective doses. Residue of des-iodo flubendiamide was not detected in any cabbage sample during study period. No residues were found in the soil samples collected from all treated fields after 15 days of application. On the basis of data generated under All India Network Project on Pesticide Residues, a preharvest interval (PHI) of 10 days has been recommended, and the flubendiamide 480 SC has been registered for its use on cabbage by Central Insecticide Board and Registration Committee, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. The maximum residue limit (MRL) of flubendiamide on cabbage has been fixed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, under Food Safety Standard Authority of India as 0.05 μg/g after its risk assessment.

Influence of microbial community on degradation of flubendiamide in two Indian soils

Degradation of flubendiamide as affected by microbial population count in two Indian soils (red and alluvial) varying in physicochemical properties was studied under sterile and non-sterile conditions. Recovery of flubendiamide in soil was in the range of 94.7-95.9 % at 0.5 and 1.0 μg g(-1), respectively. The DT50 of flubendiamide at the level of 10 μg g(-1) in red soil under sterile and non-sterile conditions was found to be 140.3 and 93.7 days, respectively, and in alluvial soil under sterile and non-sterile condition was 181.1 and 158.4 days, respectively. Residues of flubendiamide dissipated faster in red soil (non-sterile followed by sterile) as compared to alluvial (non-sterile soil followed by sterile soil). A wide difference in half-life of red and alluvial soil under sterile and non-sterile conditions indicated that the variation in physicochemical properties of red and alluvial soil as well as the presence of microbes play a great role for degradation of flubendiamide. The results revealed that slower-degrading alluvial soil possessed microbes with degradative capacity. The degradation rate in this soil was significantly reduced by some of its physicochemical characteristics, despite sterile and non-sterile conditions, which was faster in red soil.

Degradation Dynamics and Residue Analysis of Flubendiamide in Cabbage and Soil by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction

To formulate a scientific basis for a reasonable spray dose and safe interval period of 20% flubendiamide water dispersible granule (WDG) on controlling vegetable pests, degradation dynamics of flubendiamide in cabbage and soil was analyzed in this study. Dissipation and residue of flubendiamide in 20% flubendiamide WDG in cabbage and soil under field conditions were investigated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with dispersive solid phase extraction. Results showed that the degradation dynamic equations of flubendiamide in cabbage and soil were based on the first-order reaction dynamic equations. The half-lives of the degradation of flubendiamide were 3.51 d to 3.96 d and 3.43 d to 3.87 d in the cabbage of Yangzhou and Jingzhou, respectively, and 4.42 d to 5.13 d and 4.37 d to 4.99 d in the soil of Yangzhou and Jingzhou, respectively. The terminal residues of flubendiamide in the cabbage of Yangzhou and Jingzhou were 0.0247 mg&middotkg-1 to 0.0393 mg&middotkg-1 and 0.0225 mg&middotkg-1 to 0.0273 mg&middotkg-1, respectively, when 20% flubendiamide WDG was applied at a dose of0.050g&middotm-2. Flubendiamide is safe to be applied in cabbage fields at the recommended dose.