Residues In Milk Research Articles

Is it possible to change milk secretion of drugs with soy enriched diets in lactating ruminants?

Soy is the most commonly used protein supplement in beef and dairy diets. Soy, which is also used as a common protein source in animal feed, is palatable and has a good amino acid balance and high bioavailability. In vivo and in vitro interaction of flavonoids, including isoflavones such as genistein and daidzein, with several ABC transporters, including breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2), has been demonstrated. BCRP presence in ruminants could affect the efflux of hydrophobic toxins and drugs, including their active secretion to milk and a reduction in the withdrawal time of the drug milk residues. As a result of inhibition of efflux transporters such as BCRP, changes in drug pharmacokinetics and drug transfer into milk have been observed. In this respect, the use of forage supplemented with BCRP inhibitors may be beneficial to control drug accumulation in milk and prevent undesirable contamination of milk. It is aimed to reduce the drug withdrawal periods for dairy animals with the procedure in question. In this review, it is aimed to give information about the importance of soy-enriched diets in the nutrition of ruminants during the lactation period and the effect of transport proteins on the transfer of drugs into milk.

INVESTIGATIONS ON THE DURATION OF ELIMINATION OF CERTAIN MEDICATIONS IN THE MILK OF COWS TREATED WITH MEDICATIONS

The highest frequency is on day 1 (after treatment) after which it gradually decreases. It should be noted that no antibiotic residues were detected in the collected milk samples prior to treatment. Antibiotic residues may be detected in the milk of recently calved animals due to intramammary treatments during the dry period (chronic mastitis). If the period after treatment is less than 15 days until calving, the frequency of detecting residues in milk after calving is high. As noted, there were two (10%) positive results, after the expiration of the waiting period, one in intramammary treated animals and one in intramuscular treated animals on the fourth day, the first day after the waiting period. The somatic cell count in the positive sample from intramammary treated animals was 2850000 cells/ml and 337000 cells/ml in the sample from intramuscular treated animals. The antibiotic residue test was influenced by the components of the milk with mastitis. From the analysis of the treatment register, it was found that the intramuscularly treated cow received an overdose of penicillin. This overdose resulted in a massive accumulation of penicillin in the animal’s body resulting in an extension of the elimination period by one more day.

DETERMINATION OF ANTIBIOTIC RESIDUES IN COW MILK BY HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD

Antibiotics are used as growth boosters, illness prevention and treatment in animal agriculture. The majority of cattle farmers take advantage of the system and do not adhere to the withdrawal periods. These antibiotics are identified as residues in ready-to-eat meat, causing negative consequences in human beings. The majority of the study on determining antibiotic residues in ready-to-eat meat relied on thorough research and paid little attention to animal products such as cow milk. The goal of this study was to use a method that could be used on a regular basis to determine the amounts of antibiotic residues in cow milk marketed to the general population in Ibadan. These antibiotics residues (chloramphenicol and erythromycin) were extracted from cow milk by centrifugation and liquid-liquid extraction using acetonitrile. Vacuum-liquid chromatography was used to clean the extracts, and 10mL of a 1:1:1 v/v mixture of n-hexane, chloroform, and methanol was used. After that, a high-resolution liquid chromatography analysis was performed on the extracts. All of the samples included residues of chloramphenicol (CAP), with mean values ranging from 91.4610.89 to 692.6616.74 ng/g, while erythromycin (ERY) was not observed. All of the samples contained chloramphenicol, proving that cow farmers had been abusing it.

Antimicrobial detection from antimicrobial residues in raw milk from dairy farms in western Santa Catarina

Milk is a food rich in nutrients, which makes it widely consumed in Brazil. Its quality is vital for the safety of consumers. Antimicrobial residues may be present in milk if proper management is not performed in administering veterinary drugs to treat dairy cattle, thus representing a risk to human health and generating losses in manufacturing dairy products. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the presence of antimicrobials in in natura milk samples from rural properties located western Santa Catarina State using Delvotest® T. Milk samples were collected from October to December 2021. Of the 55 samples collected, 9.1% tested positive for antimicrobial residues, pointing to the need for greater control in the process of antimicrobial administration and control of the waiting period and periodic laboratory analysis. The study allowed one to detect antimicrobial contamination in the sampled milk and emphasized the importance of monitoring and controlling the use of these antimicrobials in rural properties to ensure food safety.

Antibiotic residues in milk and milk products: A momentous challenge for the pharmaceutical industry and medicine

Antibiotic residues in milk and milk products: A momentous challenge for the pharmaceutical industry and medicine

Multiple Drug Resistance Salmonella and Antibiotic Residues in Egyptian Animal Products

Food of animal origin is considered a primary source of foodborne diseases. The misuse of antibiotics to treat and control many bacterial diseases in farm animals has led to multiple antibiotic-resistant pathogens in contaminated food that can seriously threaten public health. The present study aimed to highlight the impact of antimicrobial misuse in Egyptian beef meat, poultry, and dairy farms on the emergence of multiple antibiotic resistance Salmonella and the detection of antibiotic residues in milk. A total of 1050 samples were collected randomly from poultry (liver, intestinal content, and bone marrow), meat, and milk products from different Egyptian governorates. Salmonellae were isolated from the collected samples and subjected to antimicrobial sensitivity testing through disk diffusion test using the most commonly used seven antibiotics in veterinary fields (cefradine, ciprofloxacin, oxytetracycline, erythromycin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, and streptomycin). The detection of oxytetracycline residue in milk samples was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Most isolated Salmonellae were multiple drug resistant with an incidence rate of 8.6%, 15.4%, and 4% from poultry, meat-associated products, and milk-associated products, respectively, from different governorates. Antibiogram test showed that the isolated Salmonella from poultry, meat, and milk samples were resistant to oxytetracycline at 100%, 31.4%, and 43%, to amoxicillin at 73.3%, 31%, and 50%, and to ampicillin 66.6%, 50%, and 57%, respectively. No resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected in Salmonella isolates from all samples. Using HPLC, oxytetracycline residues were detected in milk samples. In conclusion, more attention should be paid to the connection between the widespread emergence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella in Egypt and the overuse of antimicrobials in poultry, dairy, and meat farms. This connection affects consumer health and increases the likelihood of resistance genes spreading between different bacterial species.

Investigation of Beta-lactam Group Antibiotics Residue in Raw Cow Milk in Sivas Province

In this study, beta-lactam group antibiotic residues were investigated in raw cow's milk. For this purpose, a total of 86 raw milk samples were used as material. Samples were collected periodically from farms in various outlets and surrounding villages in the province of Sivas. Beta-lactam group antibiotic levels in raw cow's milk were determined by ELISA method with commercial test kit. According to the analysis results, beta-lactam levels were between 0.35-0.70 ng/mL in 64 (74.4%) and between 0.71-3.7 ng/mL in 22 samples (25.6%) determined of 86 raw cow milk samples. The residue levels detected in the samples are in accordance with the legal limits declared by the European Union (EU) commission and Turkish Food Codex Communique.

Coupled Gold Nanoparticles with Aptamers Colorimetry for Detection of Amoxicillin in Human Breast Milk Based on Image Preprocessing and BP-ANN.

Antibiotic residues in breast milk can have an impact on the intestinal flora and health of babies. Amoxicillin, as one of the most used antibiotics, affects the abundance of some intestinal bacteria. In this study, we developed a convenient and rapid process that used a combination of colorimetric methods and artificial intelligence image preprocessing, and back propagation-artificial neural network (BP-ANN) analysis to detect amoxicillin in breast milk. The colorimetric method derived from the reaction of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was coupled to aptamers (ssDNA) with different concentrations of amoxicillin to produce different color results. The color image was captured by a portable image acquisition device, and image preprocessing was implemented in three steps: segmentation, filtering, and cropping. We decided on a range of detection from 0 µM to 3.9 µM based on the physiological concentration of amoxicillin in breast milk and the detection effect. The segmentation and filtering steps were conducted by Hough circle detection and Gaussian filtering, respectively. The segmented results were analyzed by linear regression and BP-ANN, and good linear correlations between the colorimetric image value and concentration of target amoxicillin were obtained. The R2 and MSE of the training set were 0.9551 and 0.0696, respectively, and those of the test set were 0.9276 and 0.1142, respectively. In prepared breast milk sample detection, the recoveries were 111.00%, 98.00%, and 100.20%, and RSDs were 6.42%, 4.27%, and 1.11%. The result suggests that the colorimetric process combined with artificial intelligence image preprocessing and BP-ANN provides an accurate, rapid, and convenient way to achieve the detection of amoxicillin in breast milk.

THE VALIDATION OF THE METHOD FOR QUINOLONES RESIDUES DETERMINATION IN SAMPLES OF MILK, EGG POWDER, TISSUES, BLOOD PLASMA OF ANIMALS USING THE METHOD OF ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY

The article presents the results of validation of screening method for the determination of quinolone antibiotics residues (enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, marbofloxacin, danofloxacin) in tissue samples, egg powder, milk and blood plasma using RIDASCREEN®Chinolone/Quinolones test kits from R-Biopharm (Germany). According to the information provided by the manufacturer of the kit, the quantitative determination of quinolones content of can be carried out in the following matrices: shrimp, fish, eggs, meat. In accordance with European Commission Decision 2002/657/EC, the methods proposed by the manufacturer were validated taking into account the maximum permissible levels (MRLs), and the results of the development of sample preparation techniques for the assay of liver, milk and blood plasma for various representatives of antibiotics of quinolone group and the corresponding validation results were presented.
 The suitability of the technique was confirmed on the basis of establishing of main validation parameters for screening methods (technical threshold and cut-off factor) using control (blank) samples (muscle and parenchymal tissues of poultry and animals, cow’s milk, blood plasma of broiler chickens and egg powder) and spiked with quinolones standard solutions at the level of ½ MRL according to the "added-found" criterion. The main advantages of the developed method are the simplicity of performance, rapidity and economic efficiency.
 The reliability of the results obtained by the developed method was verified using confirmatory UPLC-MS/MS method. The results of comparative study of control (blank) samples of chicken muscle tissues, egg powder and cow’s milk and spiked with enrofloxacin standard solution at the level of 2.5 and 5.0 μg/kg are presented.
 The proposed methods for liver, milk and blood plasma sample preparation can be used to study withdrawal periods and bioequivalence of veterinary drugs based on quinolone antibiotics.

Multicolor fluorescence digital mapping of rare-earth ion-labeled porous silica nanoprobes for the recognition of various antibiotic residues in milk

• Three fluorescence-enhanced rare-earth ions labeled porous silica nanoprobes were developed. • Multicolor fluorescence responses allow for sensitive and selective detection of antibiotics. • Digital mapping of fluorescence array enables rapid identification of multiple antibiotics. • Applicability of method was demonstrated for detecting multiple residues in milk. The misuse of antibiotics not only has adverse effects on the environment but also has become a serious problem that threatens human health. However, the simultaneous, rapid, and accurate detection of various antibiotic residues remains a challenge for actual samples. Herein, a new sensing strategy was developed by using fluorescence-enhanced rare-earth ion-labeled mesoporous silica nanoprobes (MSN–COOH–Eu 3+ , MSN–COOH–Tb 3+ , and MSN–COOH–La 3+ ) and their array to detect three representative antibiotics, namely, oxytetracycline (OTC), norfloxacin (NFX), and gatifloxacin (GTFX). The three rare-earth ion-labeled nanoprobes exhibited red, green, and blue fluorescence when reacting with OTC, NFX, and GTFX, respectively, because of the antenna effect of rare-earth ions or restricted conformational rotation of antibiotics. The multicolor digital imaging pattern generated from the three-nanoprobe array also enables the rapid identification of OTC, NFX, and GTFX in various combinations. Meanwhile, the linear detection ranges for OTC, NFX, and GTA were 11–30, 0–0.9, and 0–1.4 μM, respectively, and their detection limits were 0.016, 0.007, and 0.005 μM, respectively. Furthermore, satisfactory recoveries of 90.1%–107.8% were obtained in OTC, NFX, or GTFX-spiked raw milk, indicating the potential application of our method for monitoring various antibiotic residues in daily food safety controls.

Reverse distal similarity of hapten structure enhancing antibody’s group-specificity: Development of an immunochromatographic strip for tylosin and tilmicosin in milk and water

The most common macrolide veterinary drugs used in animal husbandry are tylosin and tilmicosin. To protect human health, tylosin and tilmicosin residues in animal products and environmental water samples must be monitored on-site. A monoclonal antibody and gold nanoparticle-based lateral flow immunochromatographic strip (LFIS) were used in this study to detect tylosin and tilmicosin simultaneously, allowing for quantitative detection with a portable reader. The four-parameter equation fit produced a standard sigmoid curve under optimized conditions, with IC50 of 17.69 ng/mL and LOD(IC10) of 1.72 ng/mL for tylosin and IC50 of 18.95 ng/mL and LOD(IC10) of 7.07 ng/mL for tilmicosin. Additionally, good linearity results were obtained in the actual concentration range of 3.25–50 ng/mL, with R squares of 0.9946 for tilmicosin and 0.9953 for tylosin. The degree of cross-reactivity with other analogs was less than 0.1%. The average recoveries for tylosin and tilmicosin ranged from 77.5% to 119.7% and from 80% to 126.1% in milk, from 81.1% to 108.0% and from 98.3% to 106.8% in environmental water, respectively. The results could be obtained in 5–8 min. Therefore, the developed lateral flow immunochromatographic strip was met for the rapid detection of tylosin and tilmicosin residues in milk and environmental water samples using group screening. Furthermore, we discovered that the high matching of three dimensional structure at the distal structural fragments of the hapten arm site, as well as the consistency of the frontier orbital distribution, are very critical factors for the analytical performance of antibody against target molecules and should be considered as a universal theoretical guide for hapten design.

Green voltammetric nano scaled determination of toldimfos and its residues in cattle meat and milk in presence of its toxic metabolite and Co-administered vitamin C

Our main focus is the green chemistry challenge, which is already a trend in all environmental processes. Voltammetry is an eco-friendly technique as it requires fewer solvents through minimum steps, producing no hazards. In the developed method, a novel electrochemical sensor was utilized to increase the sensitivity, selectivity, and enable minor detection of veterinary compound toldimfos sodium (TDS) in many matrices. The multi-walled carbon nanotube composite modified with zeolite (ZY/MWCNT) creates the sensor. A good linear relationship was obtained over a range of 0.2–100 nM with a high correlation of 0.9995. Its sensitivity was proved by the detection and quantification limits, which were calculated and found to be 50 pM and 151.5 pM, respectively. In order to test for food safety, it is utilized to determine the qualitative and quantitative amounts of TDS residue in cattle meat and milk. The obtained results were statistically compared with the reported method successfully. A greenness assessment was performed using Analytical Eco-Scale (AES) and Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) tools, revealing an excellent green profile for the suggested method.

The influence of breed characteristics and the level of milk productivity on the quality of colostrum of cows

At the “Pchany-Denkovych” farm of the Stryi district of the Lviv region, the content of immunoglobulins in the colostrum of experimental cows was studied during the entire lactation period, according to lactations, depending on the level of productivity. We also studied the biochemical indicators of colostrum of cows of the Ukrainian black-spotted dairy, Simmental, and Ukrainian red-spotted dairy breeds. The dynamics of the content of immunoglobulins in the colostrum of the cows of the experimental groups and their content depending on the age and level of productivity were established. On the first day, the colostrum of experimental cows of the first, second, and third groups contained 67.4; 86.8; 69.5 g/l of immunoglobulins. On the third, fifth, eighth, and tenth days, its content in the colostrum of cows decreased in the experimental groups, respectively – on the third day, it was 3.6; 4.0; 3.7 times, the fifth – 6.3; 3.4; 5.7; 5.8 times, the eighth – 10.5; 7.9; 8.4 times and the tenth – 25.0; 24.1; 21.7 times. It has been proven that the colostrum of firstborns does not meet the physiological norm. In the dynamics of the content of immunoglobulins by lactation in all cows of the experimental breeds, there is an increase in their content by lactation. At the same time, its maximum rate in different breeds is manifested in different lactations. In cows of the Ukrainian black-spotted dairy breed of the first group and the Ukrainian red-spotted dairy breed of the third group, the entire content was found in the fourth lactation (68.4; 98.9 g/l), and in the Simmental breed of the second – in the fifth lactation (112.5 g/l). According to the maximum index of immunoglobulins, the advantage belongs to cows of the Simmental breed of the second group, which is 44.1 g/l (Р < 0.001) and 13.6 g/l (Р < 0.001) more than the index of cows of the Ukrainian black and red-spotted dairy breeds of the first and the third group. Among cows of different productivity levels, the highest content of immunoglobulins was in the colostrum of Simmental cows (87.83 g/l), with a productivity of up to 4,000 kg of milk per lactation. It was correspondingly low in animals of the Ukrainian black-spotted dairy breed (53.91 g/l) with a productivity of 5001–6000 kg of milk. In the colostrum of Simmental cows belonging to the second group, the maximum absolute content of fat (5.89 %), protein (7.25 %), and dry skimmed milk residue (10.70 %) were determined, and the minimum indicators were found (respectively – 5.42; 6.81 and 10.24 %) in analogs of the Ukrainian black and spotted dairy breed from the first group.

Determination of three penicillin residues in milk by solid-phase extraction-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using a covalent triazine framework sorbent

A method based on solid-phase extraction-ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-UPLC-MS/MS) was established for the determination of gpenicillin, cloxacillin, ampicillin residues in milk. Using self-made covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) as the solid-phase extraction sorbents, the main factors influencing the efficiency of the solid-phase extraction columns, such as the sorbent amount, eluent type, eluent volume, and flow rate, were optimized. The extraction and purification conditions for the samples were also investigated. The optimal extraction effect was achieved at a flow rate of 3 mL/min with 60 mg CTFs and 6 mL eluent solution (acetonitrile). Separation was carried out on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column, and 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution-acetonitrile was used as the mobile phases for gradient elution. The filtrate was detected by ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, identified by electrospray ionization (ESI) in the positive mode using multiple reaction monitoring, and quantified using external standards. The calibration curves of the three penicillins showed good linearity and the correlation coefficients of the linear regression equations for the three target analytes were all greater than 0.999. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.05-0.10 μg/kg and 0.1-0.4 μg/kg, respectively. The average recoveries of the three analytes were 84.9%-94.1%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs, n=5) were 1.66%-3.27%. Moreover, the mechanism of interaction between the CTFs and the target analytes was analyzed. The results revealed the existence of π-π and hydrogen-bond interactions between the CTFs and analytes. The results further indicated that the CTFs could be successfully used for the enrichment and purification of penicillins in milk. The proposed method has the advantages of high precision, good reproducibility, high resolution, and short analysis time, and it is suitable for the qualitative and quantitative determination of trace targets in complex matrices.

In Vivo Efficacy of Echinops spinosus Decoction as a Therapeutic for Cows at Risk of Clinical Endometritis.

Clinical endometritis (CE) is a multifactorial disease of dairy animals. Retained fetal membranes (RFM) and metritis are the major risk factors of CE in dairy cows. Because uterine inflammation affects the profitability of the dairy industry, antibiotics and hormonal therapies are commonly used to mitigate against the disease. However, the One-Health concept aims to reduce antibiotic use in food animals to avoid the emergence of drug resistance or residues in milk or meat. Thus, phytotherapy may represent a good alternative to antibiotics in food animals. Echinops spinosus (E. spinosus) is a natural plant known to have therapeutic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and wound-healing properties in vitro. The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of E. spinosus as a preventive strategy for CE in dairy cows with other postpartum complications. Holstein-Friesian cows (n = 36) diagnosed with RFM or metritis enrolled in the study were allocated into three groups. One group received antibiotic treatment. Another group received prostaglandin injection (PG). The experimental group received E. spinosus decoction orally. As a control group, eutocic cows (n = 36), without RFM and metritis were included in the study. The efficiency of the treatment was based on the occurrence of CE and improved reproductive outcomes. At 30 ± 2 DPP, CE was diagnosed in 25%, 58.34%, and 75% in antibiotic, PG, and E. spinosus groups, respectively (p < 0.05). There were no differences between the groups at 55 ± 5 DPP (16.67%, 33.44%, and 41.67% in antibiotic, PG and E. spinosus groups, respectively, p > 0.05). The E. spinosus group had the longest open days, lowest conception rate at 150 DPP, and highest number of services per conception. Oral E. spinosus extract is ineffective as a therapeutic for cows at risk of CE. These findings may pave the way for future innovative strategies employing E. spinosus to protect cattle against endometritis.

Changes in Polychlorinated Biphenyl Residues in Milk during Lactation: Levels of Contamination, Influencing Factors, and Infant Risk Assessment.

Given the importance of breastfeeding infants, the contamination of human milk is a significant public concern. The aim of this study was to assess the contamination of human milk with dioxin-like PCBs (dl-PCBs) and non-dioxin-like PCBs (ndl-PCBs) in relation to the duration of lactation and other influencing factors, especially the frequency of the consumption of selected foods during pregnancy. Based on this, the health risk to infants was assessed and compared to the tolerable daily intake (TDI). PCB determinations were performed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The ∑ndl-PCB content ranged from 0.008 to 0.897 ng/g w.w., at an average of 0.552 ng/g wet weight, which was 55% of the maximum level according to the EU guidelines for foods for infants and young children. The toxic equivalent (TEQ) was in the range of 0.033-5.67 pg-TEQ/g w.w. The content of non-ortho, mono-ortho, and ndl-PCBs in human milk decreased the longer lactation continued. Moreover, when pregnant women smoked tobacco, this correlated significantly with increases in the concentrations of PCB congeners 156, 118, and 189 in human milk. The human milk contents of PCB congeners 77, 81, 186, 118, and 189 were strongly positively correlated with the amount of fish consumed. The content of stable congeners PCB 135 and PCB 153 increased with age.

The effect of the feed additive "Relikt A®" on the blood and milk parameters of newborn cows

This work is devoted to the study of the effect of the 4% feed additive "Relikt A®", which includes a complex of humic substances, on the morphological and biochemical parameters of blood, the physico-chemical composition of milk, namely, the content of milk protein, fat (their ratio), dry fat-free milk residue, density, acidity and conductivity. As a result of the studies on the 30th day, it was found that with the introduction of a 4% feed additive "Relict A®" into the diet at a dose of 200 mg/kg of live weight, the total protein in the blood serum of the experimental group exceeded the control values by 12,06% (pЈ0,01**), albumin - by 7,86% (рЈ0,05*), globulins - by 14,87% (рЈ0,01**), urea - by 21,33% (рЈ0,05*), calcium - by 17,41% (pЈ0.05*), calcium to phosphorus ratio - by 42,97% (pЈ0,001***), magnesium - by 8,14% relative to control values. According to the physicochemical analysis of milk after 14 days of the experiment, it was noted that the milk protein in the experimental group is higher than the control values by 8,00% (pЈ0,05*), the ratio of fat to protein is lower by 31,90% (pЈ0,05*). On the 30th day of the experiment, it was noted that the milk protein of the experimental group of animals is higher than the control ones by 8,36% (pЈ0,05*), SOMO (dry skimmed milk residue) - by 8,39% (pЈ0,05*), acidity is lower by 11,35% (рЈ0,01**). The introduction of the "Relikt A®" feed additive into the diet at a dose of 200 mg/kg optimizes the biochemical processes of the body of cows in the early period after calving, reduces the risk of ketosis and hypocalcaemia, and ensures the absorption of dietary nutrients, which is expressed in the corresponding physicochemical parameters of milk.

Development of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic assay for the rapid detection of gentamicin in chicken muscle and milk

• A specific monoclonal antibody against gentamycin was obtained. • Based on mAb, one-step ic-ELISA and GICA methods were developed. • Two immunoassays can be applied for the detection of gentamycin in real samples. A specific anti-gentamicin (GEN) monoclonal antibody (mAb) was used to develop an indirect competitive ELISA (ic-ELISA) and a colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay (GICA) for the determination of GEN residues in chicken muscle and milk. The result of ic-ELISA showed that the limits of detection (LOD) for GEN in chicken muscle and milk samples ranged from 0.54 µg kg −1 –0.57 µg kg −1 . As for the GICA method, the LOD of GEN in chicken muscle and milk were 10 µg kg −1 and 10 µg kg −1 , respectively. The GEN recovery of the two methods ranged from 83.8%–112.2%. In the actual samples detection, the ELISA and GICA methods had a good correlation with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results. These indicated that the methods established in this study could be a candidate tool for the rapid large-scale screening of GEN in animal-derived foods.

Pesticide residues levels in raw cow's milk and health risk assessment across the globe: A systematic review

• We analyzed 35 original published articles reporting raw cow's milk contamination. • Pesticide residues were detected in raw cow milk across the globe. • Seasonal variability and agricultural activity can affect pesticide residue levels. • Using Target Hazard Quotients, pesticide exposure can affect human health. • Data actualization is recommended to evaluate pesticides effects. Milk is a widely consumed food rich in macro- and micronutrients that play an important role in health preservation. While it affects positively human nutrient and energy uptake, the presence of pesticide residues could, however, counterbalance these benefits and negatively affect human health. This systematic review provides an overview of studies on pesticide residues during the last decade and the related human health risk assessment. Thirty-five original articles published since 2010 reporting the levels of pesticide residues in raw cow's milk in 69 regions from 15 countries were reviewed. Data showed that pesticide residue levels were ranked as, DDTs> permethrin> bifenthrin> Drins> endrin> endosulfan> HCHs> cyhalothrin> cypermethrin> heptachlor> ethion> coumaphos> deltamethrin> dimethoate, chlorpyriphos> profenofos> malathion> dichlorvos> parathion methyl> carbaryl> aldicarb> carbofuran> methamidophos. High geographic variation was observed, and many regions appear as contaminated zones with high risks such as Punjab in Pakistan (× 3080 > MRL and × 113 > MRL for Cypermethrin and Drins, respectively), Sand Pedro in Columbia (× 1090 > MRL and × 200 > MRL for endrin and Drins, respectively), and Gezira State in Sudan (× 109 > MRL DDTs). The risk assessment for humans indicated that HQ Drins values were > 1 in Columbia (Sucre, Casa Azul, San Pedro, Costanera, Sabanas, Sinú Medio, and San Jorge regions), and in Pakistan (Punjab region). Moreover, the HQ values for endrin were > 1 in Sinú Medio (Colombia) and for heptachlor in Costanera region, Sinú Medio, and Sabanas (Colombia). Furthermore, HI values were > 1 in seven regions in Colombia, 1 region in Pakistan, 1 region in Egypt and 1 region in Turkey, suggesting a serious health risk. In conclusion, to avoid cow's milk contamination by pesticides, it is necessary to develop eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides and promote integrated pest management (IPM) strategies.

Antibacterial Drug Residues in Small Ruminant Edible Tissues and Milk: A Literature Review of Commonly Used Medications in Small Ruminants.

Simple SummaryThis review is a summary of published studies that contain drug residue depletion data for edible tissues and milk following treatment of sheep and goats. The information is separated by antibiotic class for ease of comparison between studies. This summary is useful for understanding medication residue depletion following extra-label drug use and can be used to help estimate withdrawal intervals in order to help protect the human food chain.This review provides a summary of extracted data from the published literature that contains drug residue depletion data for edible tissues and milk following treatment of sheep and goats. Out of 20,234 records obtained during the initial search, data from 177 records were included in this review. The data is separated by antibiotic class for ease of comparison between studies. Extracted data includes the active ingredient, dosing information, animal health status, analytical method and limits of detection, tolerance and maximum residue limit information, and time frames relative to residue absence or detection. This information is useful for understanding drug residue depletion profiles following extra-label use and for estimating withdrawal intervals, in order to protect the human food chain.