Residue Iteration Decomposition Research Articles

Electrophysiological Correlates of Proactive Control and Binding Processes during Task Switching in Tourette Syndrome.

The occurrence of tics in Tourette syndrome (TS) has often been linked to impaired cognitive control, but empirical findings are still inconclusive. A recent view proposes that tics may be the result of an abnormally strong interrelation between perceptual processes and motor actions, commonly referred to as perception-action binding. The general aim of the present study was to examine proactive control and binding effects in the context of task switching in adult human patients with TS and matched healthy controls. A cued task switching paradigm was employed in 24 patients (18 male, 6 female) and 25 controls while recording electroencephalography (EEG). Residue iteration decomposition (RIDE) was applied to analyze cue-locked proactive cognitive control and target-locked binding processes. Behavioral task switching performance was unaltered in patients with TS. A cue-locked parietal switch positivity, reflecting proactive control processes involved in the reconfiguration of the new task did not differ between groups. Importantly, target-locked fronto-central (N2) and parietal (P3) modulations, reflecting binding processes between perception and action, differed between groups. Underlying neurophysiological processes were best depicted after temporal decomposition of the EEG signal. The present results argue for unaltered proactive control but altered perception-action binding processes in the context of task switching, supporting the view that the integration of perception and action is processed differently in patients TS. Future studies should further investigate the specific conditions under which binding may be altered in TS and the influence of top-down processes, such as proactive control, on bindings.

Neural correlates of abnormal cognitive conflict resolution in major depression: An event-related potential study.

Abnormal cognitive conflict resolution has been considered as a critical element of executive dysfunctions inpatient with major depression (MD). Further clarifying whether there was a deficit at perceptual encoding stage or the early response-execution stage in conflict control function by event-related potential (ERP) technique in MD would be helpful in understanding the neural mechanism of MD. Participants included twenty-six depressed patients and twenty-six healthy controls (HCs). All participants measured with Hamilton Depression Scale (17-item edition, HAMD) and a Simon task. Electroencephalograms were synchronously recorded when performing the Simon task. The method of residue iteration decomposition was used to analyze the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) and P300 components, which contributed to divides ERP components into a stimulus-locked component (S-cluster), a response-locked component (R-cluster) and an intermediate component cluster (C-cluster) by using latency variability and time markers. Results showed that reactive times (RTs) for both groups were fastest in congruent trials, and slowest in incongruent trials; however, there is no difference in RTs under the three conditions between two groups. Accuracy Rate (ACC) for both groups were the highest in neutral trials, and the lowest in incongruent trials; ACC in MD group were all lower than that of HC group under three conditions. ERP data analyses showed that depressed patients had a deficit in activating the correct response, as reflected by reduced amplitudes of R-LRP, but no abnormality in LRP-S and P300-C. In conclusion, patients with MD present conflict control dysfunction (i.e., abnormal cognitive conflict resolution) at the early response-execution stage, not at perceptual encoding stage, which may be reflected by the reduced R-LRP amplitudes. The abnormal cognitive conflict resolution in activating the correct response might constitute an interesting treatment target.

Pushing to the Limits: What Processes during Cognitive Control are Enhanced by Reaction-Time Feedback?

To respond as quickly as possible in a given task is a widely used instruction in cognitive neuroscience; however, the neural processes modulated by this common experimental procedure remain largely elusive. We investigated the underlying neurophysiological processes combining electroencephalography (EEG) signal decomposition (residue iteration decomposition, RIDE) and source localization. We show that trial-based response speed instructions enhance behavioral performance in conflicting trials, but slightly impair performance in nonconflicting trials. The modulation seen in conflicting trials was found at several coding levels in EEG data using RIDE. In the S-cluster N2 time window, this modulation was associated with modulated activation in the posterior cingulate cortex and the superior frontal gyrus. Furthermore, in the C-cluster P3 time window, this modulation was associated with modulated activation in the middle frontal gyrus. Interestingly, in the R-cluster P3 time window, this modulation was strongest according to statistical effect sizes, associated with modulated activity in the primary motor cortex. Reaction–time feedback mainly modulates response motor execution processes, whereas attentional and response selection processes are less affected. The study underlines the importance of being aware of how experimental instructions influence the behavior and neurophysiological processes.

Mechanisms of face specificity – Differentiating speed and accuracy in face cognition by event-related potentials of central processing

Given the crucial role of face recognition in social life, it is hardly surprising that cognitive processes specific for faces have been identified. In previous individual differences studies, the speed (measured in easy tasks) and accuracy (difficult tasks) of face cognition (FC, involving perception and recognition of faces) have been shown to form distinct abilities, going along with divergent factorial structures. This result has been replicated, but remained unexplained. To fill this gap, we first parameterized the sub-processes underlying speed vs. accuracy in easy and difficult memory tasks for faces and houses in a large sample. Then, we analyzed event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the EEG by using residue iteration decomposition (RIDE), yielding a central (C) component that is comparable to a purified P300. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to estimate face specificity of C component latencies and amplitudes. If performance in easy tasks relies on purely general processes that are insensitive to stimulus content, there should be no specificity of individual differences in the latency recorded in easy tasks. However, in difficult tasks specificity was expected. Results indicated that, contrary to our predictions, specificity occurred in the C component latency of both speed-based and accuracy-based measures, but was stronger in accuracy. Further analyses suggested specific relationships between the face-related C latency and FC ability. Finally, we detected specificity in RTs of easy tasks when single tasks were modeled, but not when multiple tasks were jointly modeled. This suggests that the mechanisms leading to face specificity in performance speed are distinct across tasks.

Fast fronto-parietal cortical dynamics of conflict detection and context updating in a flanker task.

Recent research has found that the traditional target P3 consists of a family of P3-like positivities that can be functionally and topographically dissociated from one another. The current study examined target N2 and P3-like subcomponents indexing conflict detection and context updating at low- and high-order levels in the neural hierarchy during cognitive control. Electroencephalographic signals were recorded from 45 young adults while they completed a hybrid go/nogo flanker task, and Residue Iteration Decomposition (RIDE) was applied to functionally dissociate these peaks. Analyses showed a stimulus-locked frontal N2 revealing early detection and fast perceptual categorization of nogo, congruent and incongruent trials, resulting in frontal P3-like activity elicited by nogo trials in the latency-variable RIDE cluster, and by incongruent trials in the response-locked cluster. The congruent trials did not elicit frontal P3-like activity. These findings suggest that behavioral incongruency effects are related to intermediate and later stages of motor response re-programming.

P.843 An exploration of practice effects on cognitive test performance in a clinical trial of cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia

It is well-known that alcohol impairs behavioral control and motor response inhibition, but it has remained rather unclear whether it also impairs cognitive inhibition. As automatized behavior is less vulnerable towards the detrimental effects of alcohol than cognitive control processes, potential cognitive inhibition deficits might however improve with training.We investigated the effect of an acute, binge-like alcohol intoxication in a balanced within-subjects design, asking n=32 healthy young males to perform a backward inhibition paradigm once sober and once while intoxicated (~1.1 ‰). To identify the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms, we analyzed stimulus- and response selection-related processes in neurophysiological data after Residue Iteration Decomposition (RIDE).Alcohol generally impaired behavioral task performance (accuracy and response times) during task switching. This was associated with impaired attentional processing of the task-relevant cue (reflected by reduced P1 and N1 amplitudes), which likely resulted in a larger need for reactive control at the later stage of response selection and control (reflected by increased fronto-central theta power). Without prior practice (~30 minutes), the intoxicated participants further struggled to overcome the cognitive inhibition of a previously relevant task set (reflected by a larger backward inhibition effect). This was linked to reduced posterior theta power, which reflects alcohol-induced impairments in working memory capacity and task set-relevant memory retrieval. As individuals with ~30 min task practice did not show the same alcohol-related deficit, it may be deduced that (partial) task set automatization via stimulus-response associations may help to reduce the detrimental effects of alcohol on cognitive inhibition during task switching.

Lateral prefrontal anodal transcranial direct current stimulation augments resolution of auditory perceptual-attentional conflicts

Successful action control requires the ability to attend to relevant sensory signals in the environment. This, however, can be complicated when different sensory inputs compete for the brain's limited resources. Under such conditions, sensory processes interact with top-down attention to selectively process goal-relevant stimuli, while inhibiting irrelevant or distracting sensory signals. In the current study, we set out to provide causal mechanistic insights for whether and how prefrontal regions are involved in resolving attentional-perceptual conflicts. To this end, we applied atDCS and examined neurophysiological processes of selective auditory perception. To evaluate whether atDCS differentially affects intermingled neurophysiological subprocesses involved during conflict resolution, we decomposed the EEG data using residue iteration decomposition (RIDE). We show that the right prefrontal regions are causally involved in resolving attentional-perceptual conflicts and that atDCS increases the efficacy to do so. The data show that dissociable neurophysiological signals are specifically affected by atDCS. Conflict resolution processes that involve inhibition of competing stimuli and response evaluation and are associated with right middle frontal gyrus (BA46) seem to become intensified by atDCS during the resolution of attentional-perceptual conflicts. After stimulation the early stimulus processing level was also less prone to sensory conflicts, but this alone could not explain the increased behavioral efficacy associated with atDCS. These observed effects likely reflect changes in neuronal gain control mechanisms. Taken together, results of this study may have implications for treating attentional hyperactivity disorder, for which pharmacological intervention is currently the common therapeutic approach.

Real‐time P300‐based BCI in mechatronic control by using a multi‐dimensional approach

This study presents a P300-based brain-computer interface (BCI) for mechatronic device driving, i.e. without the need for any physical control. The technique is based on a machine learning (ML) algorithm, which exploits a spatio-temporal characterization of the P300, analyses all the discrimination scenarios through a multiclass classification problem. The BCI is composed of the acquisition unit, the processing unit and the navigation unit. The acquisition unit is a wireless 32-channel electroencephalography headset collecting data from six electrodes. The processing unit is a dedicated µPC performing stimuli delivery, ML and classification, leading to the user intention interpretation. The ML stage is based on a custom algorithm (tuned residue iteration decomposition) which trains the classifier on the user-tuned P300 features. The extracted features undergo a dimensionality reduction and are used to define decision boundaries for the real-time classification. The real-time classification performs a functional approach for the features extraction, reducing the amount of data to be analyzed. The Raspberry-based navigation unit actuates the received commands, supporting the wheelchair motion. The experimental results, based on a dataset of seven subjects, demonstrate that the classification chain is performed in 8.16 ms with an accuracy of 84.28 ± 0.87%, allowing the real-time control of the wheelchair.

Detrimental effects of a high-dose alcohol intoxication on sequential cognitive flexibility are attenuated by practice

It is well-known that alcohol impairs behavioral control and motor response inhibition, but it has remained rather unclear whether it also impairs cognitive inhibition. As automatized behavior is less vulnerable towards the detrimental effects of alcohol than cognitive control processes, potential cognitive inhibition deficits might however improve with training.We investigated the effect of an acute, binge-like alcohol intoxication in a balanced within-subjects design, asking n=32 healthy young males to perform a backward inhibition paradigm once sober and once while intoxicated (~1.1 ‰). To identify the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms, we analyzed stimulus- and response selection-related processes in neurophysiological data after Residue Iteration Decomposition (RIDE).Alcohol generally impaired behavioral task performance (accuracy and response times) during task switching. This was associated with impaired attentional processing of the task-relevant cue (reflected by reduced P1 and N1 amplitudes), which likely resulted in a larger need for reactive control at the later stage of response selection and control (reflected by increased fronto-central theta power). Without prior practice (~30 minutes), the intoxicated participants further struggled to overcome the cognitive inhibition of a previously relevant task set (reflected by a larger backward inhibition effect). This was linked to reduced posterior theta power, which reflects alcohol-induced impairments in working memory capacity and task set-relevant memory retrieval. As individuals with ~30 min task practice did not show the same alcohol-related deficit, it may be deduced that (partial) task set automatization via stimulus-response associations may help to reduce the detrimental effects of alcohol on cognitive inhibition during task switching.

On the role of the prefrontal cortex in fatigue effects on cognitive flexibility - a system neurophysiological approach

Demanding tasks like cognitive flexibility show time-related deterioration of performance (i.e. fatigability effects). Fatigability has been associated with structural and functional properties of the prefrontal cortex. However, the electrophysiological underpinnings of these processes are not well understood. We examined n = 34 healthy participants with a task switching paradigm in which switches were either signaled by cues or needed to be maintained by working memory processes. We analyzed event-related potentials (ERPs) and performed residue iteration decomposition (RIDE) to account for effects of fatigue on intra-individual variability of neurophysiological data. This was combined with source localization methods. We show that task switching is affected by time on task (TOT) effects mostly when working memory processes are needed. On a neurophysiological level, this effect could not be observed in standard ERPs, but only after accounting for intra-individual variability using RIDE. The RIDE data suggests that during task switching, fatigability specifically affects response recoding processes that are associated with functions of the middle frontal gyrus (MFG; BA10). The results underline propositions of the ‘opportunity cost model’, which states that fatigability effects of executive functions depend on the degree to which tasks engage similar prefrontal regions - in this case working memory and task switching mechanisms.

Specific properties of the SI and SII somatosensory areas and their effects on motor control: a system neurophysiological study.

Sensorimotor integration is essential for successful motor control and the somatosensory modality has been shown to have strong effects on the execution of motor plans. The primary (SI) and the secondary somatosensory (SII) cortices are known to differ in their neuroanatomical connections to prefrontal areas, as well as in their involvement to encode cognitive aspects of tactile processing. Here, we ask whether the area-specific processing architecture or the structural neuroanatomical connections with prefrontal areas determine the efficacy of sensorimotor integration processes for motor control. In a system neurophysiological study including EEG signal decomposition (i.e., residue iteration decomposition, RIDE) and source localization, we investigated this question using vibrotactile stimuli optimized for SI or SII processing. The behavioral data show that when being triggered via the SI area, inhibitory control of motor processes is stronger as when being triggered via the SII area. On a neurophysiological level, these effects were reflected in the C-cluster as a result of a temporal decomposition of EEG data, indicating that the sensory processes affecting motor inhibition modulate the response selection level. These modulations were associated with a stronger activation of the right inferior frontal gyrus extending to the right middle frontal gyrus as parts of a network known to be involved in inhibitory motor control when response inhibition is triggered over SI. In addition, areas important for sensorimotor integration like the postcentral gyrus and superior parietal cortex showed activation differences. The data suggest that connection patterns are more important for sensorimotor integration and control than the more restricted area-specific processing architecture.

Neuronal Intra-Individual Variability Masks Response Selection Differences between ADHD Subtypes-A Need to Change Perspectives.

Due to the high intra-individual variability in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), there may be considerable bias in knowledge about altered neurophysiological processes underlying executive dysfunctions in patients with different ADHD subtypes. When aiming to establish dimensional cognitive-neurophysiological constructs representing symptoms of ADHD as suggested by the initiative for Research Domain Criteria, it is crucial to consider such processes independent of variability. We examined patients with the predominantly inattentive subtype (attention deficit disorder, ADD) and the combined subtype of ADHD (ADHD-C) in a flanker task measuring conflict control. Groups were matched for task performance. Besides using classic event-related potential (ERP) techniques and source localization, neurophysiological data was also analyzed using residue iteration decomposition (RIDE) to statistically account for intra-individual variability and S-LORETA to estimate the sources of the activations. The analysis of classic ERPs related to conflict monitoring revealed no differences between patients with ADD and ADHD-C. When individual variability was accounted for, clear differences became apparent in the RIDE C-cluster (analog to the P3 ERP-component). While patients with ADD distinguished between compatible and incompatible flanker trials early on, patients with ADHD-C seemed to employ more cognitive resources overall. These differences are reflected in inferior parietal areas. The study demonstrates differences in neuronal mechanisms related to response selection processes between ADD and ADHD-C which, according to source localization, arise from the inferior parietal cortex. Importantly, these differences could only be detected when accounting for intra-individual variability. The results imply that it is very likely that differences in neurophysiological processes between ADHD subtypes are underestimated and have not been recognized because intra-individual variability in neurophysiological data has not sufficiently been taken into account.

COMT genotype is differentially associated with single trial variability of ERPs as a function of memory type

Previous research on the association between intra-subject variability (ISV) in reaction times (RTs) and the Val158Met polymorphism of the catechol-o-methyltransferase gene (COMT; rs4680) has yielded mixed results. The present study compared the associations between COMT genotype and ISV in P3b latency measured during working and secondary memory tasks using residue iteration decomposition (RIDE) of single trial latencies. We compared the outcome of the present analyses with a previous analysis of the same data (N=70, n-back tasks) using an alternative single-trial method. Additionally, we used RIDE to analyse the association between COMT genotype and ISV in an independent sample performing a different task (N=91, face-recognition task). Analyses reconfirmed previous results from the n-back tasks, showing that Val alleles are associated with lower ISV. In the face recognition tasks, genotype interacted with task conditions, so Val homozygotes had higher ISV to unfamiliar faces than familiar ones but Met carriers showed no effect of familiarity. Moreover, in both datasets trial-by-trial RTs were predicted by P3b latencies. Therefore, the present data suggests that associations between COMT genotype and ISV depend on the type of cognitive processes, which may explain heterogeneity in previous results.

Neural mechanisms and functional neuroanatomical networks during memory and cue-based task switching as revealed by residue iteration decomposition (RIDE) based source localization.

Task switching processes reflect a faculty of cognitive flexibility. The underlying neural mechanisms and functional cortical networks have frequently been investigated using neurophysiological (EEG) or functional imaging methods. However, task switching processes are subject to strong intra-individual variability, especially when tested under varying levels of working memory demands. This intra-individual variability compromises the reliable estimation of neurophysiological processes and related functional neuroanatomical networks. In this study, we combine residue iteration decomposition (RIDE) of event-related potentials (ERPs) and source localization methods to circumvent this problem. Due to strong intra-individual variability, behavioral effects between memory-based and cue-based task switching were not reflected by classical ERPs, but were so after applying RIDE. Using RIDE, modulations paralleling the behavioral data were specifically reflected by processes related to the updating of internal representations for response selection (reflected by the C-cluster in the P3-component time range) rather than by stimulus and motor-related processes (reflected by the S-cluster and R-cluster). The C-cluster-processes were associated with activation differences in the inferior parietal cortex, including the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ, BA40) and likely reflect mechanisms related to the updating of internal representations and task sets for response selection. The results underline the necessity to use temporal decomposition methods to control the problem of intra-individual signal variability to decipher the neurophysiology and functional neuroanatomy of cognitive processes.

Effects on P3 of spreading targets and response prompts apart

When key-press responses to targets have to be withheld until the presentation of response prompts, target-evoked P3 amplitudes are reduced and so is the P3 difference between rare and frequent targets (the oddball effect on P3). Recently we showed that this even applied when go-signals followed targets by 100ms. Here we aimed at replicating this result with more fine-grained temporal resolution in 100ms steps from 0ms to 500ms, and dissecting the P3 complex to stimulus- and response-related portions by applying residue iteration decomposition (RIDE). Frequent and rare target stimuli (in random series) were followed by go signals (and occasional no-go signals), with block-wise fixed stimulus-onset asynchronies (SOAs) from 0ms to 500ms. Target-evoked P3 amplitudes decreased monotonically across SOAs. Part of this decrease might have been due to an overlapping Contingent Negative Variation (CNV) prior to go signals, increasing across SOAs. When CNV was subtracted out by forming rare-frequent difference waveforms, oddball-P3 was largest at SOA 0, smallest at SOA 500, and equally large at SOAs 100–400. According to RIDE, it was P3's response-related part that was increased at SOA0. These results may be interpreted in terms of the stimulus-response-link reactivation hypothesis of P3.

The norepinephrine system shows information-content specific properties during cognitive control – Evidence from EEG and pupillary responses

The ability to exert cognitive control is a major function of the prefrontal cortex, the efficiency of which depends on the phasic release of norepinephrine (NE) at particular time points. However, different aspects of information are simultaneously processed at any given moment. This raises the question of whether the norepinephrine system is also capable of specifically modulating selected aspects of all ongoing information processing, especially when several of those processes are carried out by the same functional neuroanatomical structure at the same time. We examine this question in humans using a flanker paradigm by integrating neurophysiological (EEG) and pupil diameter data using novel signal processing techniques including Residue Iteration Decomposition (RIDE) and source localization. We show that during conflict monitoring, motor response-related processes are more strongly modulated by the NE system than stimulus-related processes or central decision processes between stimulus and response. This was the case even though these processes occurred at the same time point and were mediated by overlapping medial frontal cortical structures. The results indicate that the NE system exerts specific modulatory effects for different informational contents that are simultaneously processed in the medial frontal cortex.

Reconstructing ERP amplitude effects after compensating for trial-to-trial latency jitter: A solution based on a novel application of residue iteration decomposition

Stimulus-locked averaged event-related potentials (ERPs) are among the most frequently used signals in Cognitive Neuroscience. However, the late, cognitive or endogenous ERP components are often variable in latency from trial to trial in a component-specific way, compromising the stability assumption underlying the averaging scheme. Here we show that trial-to-trial latency variability of ERP components not only blurs the average ERP waveforms, but may also attenuate existing or artificially induce condition effects in amplitude. Hitherto this problem has not been well investigated. To tackle this problem, a method to measure and compensate component-specific trial-to-trial latency variability is required. Here we first systematically analyze the problem of single trial latency variability for condition effects based on simulation. Then, we introduce a solution by applying residue iteration decomposition (RIDE) to experimental data. RIDE separates different clusters of ERP components according to their time-locking to stimulus onsets, response times, or neither, based on an algorithm of iterative subtraction. We suggest to reconstruct ERPs by re-aligning the component clusters to their most probable single trial latencies. We demonstrate that RIDE-reconstructed ERPs may recover amplitude effects that are diminished or exaggerated in conventional averages by trial-to-trial latency jitter. Hence, RIDE-corrected ERPs may be a valuable tool in conditions where ERP effects may be compromised by latency variability.

Is P3 a strategic or a tactical component? Relationships of P3 sub-components to response times in oddball tasks with go, no-go and choice responses

P3 (viz. P300) is a most prominent component of event-related EEG potentials recorded during task performance. There has been long-standing debate about whether the process reflected by P3 is tactical or strategic, i.e., required for making the present response or constituting some overarching process. Here, we used residue iteration decomposition (RIDE) to delineate P3 subcomponents time-locked to responses and tested for the temporal relations between P3 components and response times (RTs). Data were obtained in oddball tasks (i.e., tasks presenting two stimuli, one rarely and one frequently) with rare and frequent go, no-go, or choice responses (CRs). As usual, rare-go P3s were large at Pz and rare no-go P3s at FCz. Notably, P3s evoked with rare CRs were large at either site, probably comprising both go and no-go P3. Throughout, with frequent and rare responses, P3 latencies coincided with RTs. RIDE decomposed P3 complexes into a large CPz-focused C-P3 and an earlier Pz-focused response-locked R-P3. R-P3 had an additional large fronto-central focus with rare CRs, modeling the no-go-P3 part, suggesting that the process reflected by no-go P3 is tightly time-locked to making the alternative response. R-P3 coincided with the fast RTs to frequent stimuli and C-P3 coincided with the slower RTs to rare stimuli. Thus, the process reflected by C-P3 might be required for responding to rare events, but not to frequent ones. We argue that these results are nevertheless compatible with a tactical role of P3 because responses may not be contingent on stimulus analysis with frequent stimuli.

Articulation Artifacts During Overt Language Production in Event-Related Brain Potentials: Description and Correction

Overt articulation produces strong artifacts in the electroencephalogram and in event-related potentials (ERPs), posing a serious problem for investigating language production with these variables. Here we describe the properties of articulation-related artifacts and propose a novel correction procedure. Experiment 1 co-recorded ERPs and trajectories of the articulators with an electromagnetic articulograph from a single participant. The generalization of the findings from the single participant to standard picture naming was investigated in Experiment 2. Both experiments provided evidence that articulation-induced artifacts may start up to 300ms or more prior to voice onset or voice key onset-depending on the specific measure; they are highly similar in topography across many different phoneme patterns and differ mainly in their time course and amplitude. ERPs were separated from articulation-related artifacts with residue iteration decomposition (RIDE). After obtaining the artifact-free ERPs, their correlations with the articulatory trajectories dropped near to zero. Artifact removal with independent component analysis was less successful; while correlations with the articulatory movements remained substantial, early components prior to voice onset were attenuated in reconstructed ERPs. These findings offer new insights into the nature of articulation artifacts; together with RIDE as method for artifact removal the present report offers a fresh perspective for ERP studies requiring overt articulation.

Event-related lateralized readiness potential correlates of the emotion-priming Simon effect.

The Simon effect indicates that the reaction time (RT) is shorter when the stimulus and response locations are congruent than when they are not. This study used a priming-target paradigm to explore the emotion-priming Simon effect with event-related potential techniques. The technique of residue iteration decomposition was employed to analyze the lateralized readiness potential (LRP) component, which contributed to disentangling the overlap between LRP and N2 central contralateral in the Simon task with horizontal stimulus-response arrangements. The behavioral result revealed significant Simon effect in RT. In the neural process, the Simon effect was reflected by both the stimulus-locked LRP (S-LRP) and the response-locked LRP (R-LRP), with the incongruent condition showing longer onset latency, larger Gratton-dip, and smaller negative-going deflection of S-LRP and smaller negative-going deflection of R-LRP. These findings suggest that the interference of irrelevant location information is located at the perceptual-encoding (indicated by S-LRP) and response-execution stages (indicated by R-LRP), providing evidence for both the perceptual-interference and response-interference accounts. However, the further linear regression result signaled that the Simon effect might be more closely related to the response-execution stage than the perceptual-encoding stage. In addition, the influence of emotion on the Simon effect was salient only in the incongruent condition, showing longer onset latency of S-LRP and larger Gratton-dip of R-LRP in the negative emotion-priming condition than in the neutral emotion-priming condition, which revealed that the emotional interference effect arose from the stages of perceptual encoding and early response execution only when the locations of a stimulus and the corresponding response were incongruent.