Residual Nuclei Research Articles

Cross-sections for formation of 73Ga through natGe(n, x)73Ga reaction induced by d-T neutrons

The formation of 73Ga through natGe(n,x)73Ga reaction induced by d-T neutrons was investigated using cross-sections measured by four characteristic gamma-rays employing the weighted average method. The neutron energy and uncertainty were determined by the Q equation of reaction 3H(d,n)4He combined with the solid angle of the sample. The gamma spectrum of the activated sample was obtained by an off-line technique using a high-resolution, high-purity germanium detector (HPGe). The contribution of nuclear reactions 76Ge(n,α)73Zn, 73Ge(n,p)73Ga, and 74Ge(n,d*)73Ga to residual nuclei 73Ga was analyzed and the cross-sections of reaction 73Ge(n,p)73Ga were determined with a small uncertainty. The TALYS-1.96 package was utilized for performing the theoretical calculation of the cross section of 76Ge(n,α)73Zn, 73Ge(n,p)73Ga, and 74Ge(n,d*)73Ga reactions. The results of the theoretical calculation of nuclear reaction 73Ge(n,p)73Ga were compared with the experimental measurements and the evaluation results provided by the database.

Interplay of single-particle and collective modes in the 12C(p,2p) reaction near 100 MeV

The 12C(p,2p)11B reaction at Ep=98.7 MeV proton beam energy is analyzed using a rigorous three-particle scattering formalism extended to include the internal excitation of the nuclear core or residual nucleus. The excitation proceeds via the core interaction with any of the external nucleons. We assume the 11B ground and low-lying excited states [32− (0.0 MeV), 52− (4.45 MeV), 72− (6.74 MeV)] and the excited states [12− (2.12 MeV), 32− (5.02 MeV)] to be members of K=32− and K=12− rotational bands, respectively. The dynamical core excitation results in a significant cross section for the reaction leading to the 52− (4.45 MeV) excited state of 11B that cannot be populated through the single-particle excitation mechanism. The detailed agreement between the theoretical calculations and data depends on the used optical model parametrizations and the kinematical configuration of the detected nucleons.

Study of secondary charged particles produced in 12C-emulsion interactions at 4.5A GeV/c

This paper deals with the interactions of [Formula: see text]C-nucleus with the nuclear emulsion at 4.5[Formula: see text]A[Formula: see text]GeV/c, focused on distributions of multiplicity and the variation of the average multiplicities for secondary charged particles (black, gray, shower, and heavy particles) for the events released from these interactions. These averages have been calculated based on a model of modified cascade evaporation. A comparison has been made between the average multiplicities of the charged secondary particles produced from [Formula: see text]C and others from projectiles that interact with the nuclear emulsion at different energies, this comparison of [Formula: see text]C with other projectiles shows the fluctuations of the values of the average shower with gray for [Formula: see text]O and [Formula: see text]Si interactions occurring somewhat faster. The average number of shower, gray particles increases with the increasing mass number of the projectile Ap, except for black particles, which are nearly constant. The correlations of the average multiplicities for the different charged secondary particles are discussed. There is strong linear dependence in the correlations of average particles of shower, compound, and heavy on gray particles. The results of experimental and theoretical data were also verified with recent analysis data and new observations and were found to be consistent. Moreover, the results indicate that the residual target nucleus may have reached a temperature and constant excitation energy at a certain value for shower particles. The excess amount of energy at higher values of shower particles may be pumped into the system, and this energy may be expended during a transition of phase in the target nucleus system. The theoretical calculation results show good agreement with experimental data.

Neutron-transfer induced breakup of the Borromean nucleus 9Be

We address the problem of evaluating neutron-transfer induced breakup cross sections caused by the Borromean nucleus 9Be, using the reaction 197Au(9Be,8Be)198Au as a test case. This reaction was recently measured over a wide range of incident energies around the Coulomb barrier. To deal with the high density of 198Au states that can be potentially populated in this reaction, we employ the Ichimura, Austern, Vicent model, in which the spectrum of physical states for this system is replaced by the solutions of a complex n+197Au potential, accounting effectively for the fragmentation of single-particle states into physical states. Furthermore, to account for the unbound nature of the emitted 8Be system, we employ a three-body model of 9Be. The calculated stripping cross sections are found to be in good agreement with existing data over a wide range of incident energies. The importance of taking into account the energy spread of the single-particle strength of the outgoing 8Be and the target-like residual nucleus is discussed.

Study of [formula omitted] reactions with polarized photons at energy 40-65 MeV

The photon beam asymmetry of the C12(γ→,p01)11B and C12(γ→,p2−6)11B reactions has been measured in the energy range 40–65 MeV, using a tagged, linearly-polarized photon beam at the MAX-lab facility in Sweden. The asymmetry of the C12(γ→,p01)11B reaction to ground and first excited state of B11 is Σ≈0.82 over the measured energy range. The main contribution to the C12(γ→,p2−6)11B reaction to higher excited states comes from processes in which the residual nucleus is in the 3/2−(5.02MeV) or 7/2−(6.74MeV) excited states. The asymmetry of this reaction is Σ≈0.6, close to the value for free deuteron photodisintegration.

Percutaneous Endoscopic Suprapedicular Decompression in the Treatment of Down-Migrated Lumbar DiscHerniation

[OBJECTIVE]: This study aimed to investigate the clinical efficacy of percutaneous endoscopic suprapedicular decompression in treatment of down-migrated lumbar disc herniation. [METHODS]: The clinical data of 43 patients with down-migrated lumbar disc herniation treated with endoscopic surgery at our hospital between January 2022 and January 2023 were retrospectively analysed. Twenty-two and 21 patients underwent percutaneous endoscopic decompression using the suprapedicular and TESSYS approaches, respectively. The perioperative, follow-up, and imaging data of the groups were compared. [RESULTS]: Surgery was uneventful in both groups. The number of intraoperative fluoroscopies and duration of surgery were significantly lower in the suprapedicular group (p<0.05). The patients in both groups were followed up for at least 12 months. At the last follow-up, lumbar pain and leg pain visual analogue scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) scores were significantly improved in both groups compared with preoperative values (p<0.05); the differences in these indexes between the two groups were not significant preoperatively (p>0.05). However, at the last postoperative follow-up, lumbar pain VAS scores were significantly better in the suprapedicular group (0.83±0.85 vs. 2.54±1.32, p<0.05). There was no significant change in intervertebral space height or lumbar lordotic angle compared with preoperative values in either group at the last follow-up (p>0.05). However, the spinal canal cross-sectional area significantly increased (p<0.05). [CONCLUSION]: The treatment of down-migrated lumbar disc herniation via a suprapedicular approach enabled the incision of the superior margin of the pedicle as needed under direct vision, involved less fluoroscopy while preserving facet joint stability, and enabled targeted removal of the herniated nucleus pulposus, thus greatly reducing residual nucleus pulposus. This surgical procedure was safe, rapid, and showed satisfactory therapeutic efficacy.

MULTIBIT UPSETS OF ONBOARD SPACECRAFT ELECTRONICS FROM A SINGLE COSMIC RADIATION PARTICLE

The analysis of the e ect of high-energy protons of space radiation on the onboard electronics of the spacecraft is carried out. It is shown that protons can cause nuclear reactions with atomic nuclei of electronics material. The residual nuclei formed as a result of a nuclear reaction have su ciently high energy to cross the sensitive areas of several bits of electronics, and the high ionizing ability of nuclear fragments allows generating an excess charge of carriers exceeding the critical charge for the failure to occur simultaneously in several bits of the electronic device.

The 50th anniversary of the coupled channels Born approximation (CCBA) and the coupled reaction channels (CRC) theories of nucleon transfer reactions (a unique interplay between theory, experiment and computer technology, conducted during the most tumultuous period in modern American society)

Nucleon transfer reactions have played a fundamental role in understanding the single-particle components, shell structure and collective properties of atomic nuclei. The conventional distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA) envisioned the nucleon transfer reaction as a one-step process, which proceeds directly from the ground state of the target nucleus to a state of the residual nucleus. The coupled channels Born approximation (CCBA) and coupled reaction channels (CRC) theories evolved because a number of nucleon transfer reaction cross sections could not be reconciled within the DWBA. These coupled channels models revealed that, in addition to the “one-step” process of the DWBA, “multi-step” nucleon transfer processes involving accessary pathways can participate in populating the final nuclear state. In the CCBA, the auxiliary pathways involved inelastic excitations of the target and/or residual nucleus, whereas, in the CRC, the pathways included sequential nucleon transfer passing through nuclear states of an intermediate partition. Coherent addition of contributions from one-step and multi-step nucleon transfer processes resulted in dramatic alterations in reaction cross sections, which were experimentally confirmed. The CCBA and CRC linked the structure of the nuclei participating in a reaction to modalities of nucleon transfer arising during the relative motion between the interacting ions. These complementary theories inexorably changed physicists’ interpretations of nucleon transfer reactions and, in doing so, heralded in the new field of direct heavy-ion reactions.

Effects of pulse repetition frequency on bubble cloud characteristics and ablation in single-cycle histotripsy

Objective. Histotripsy is a cavitation-based ultrasound ablation method in development for multiple clinical applications. This work investigates the effects of pulse repetition frequency (PRF) on bubble cloud characteristics and ablative capabilities for histotripsy using single-cycle pulsing methods. Approach. Bubble clouds produced by a 500 kHz histotripsy system at PRFs from 0.1 to 1000 Hz were visualized using high-speed optical imaging in 1% agarose tissue phantoms at peak negative pressures, p-, of 2–36 MPa. Main results. Results showed a decrease in the cavitation cloud threshold with increasing PRF, ranging from 26.7 ± 0.5 MPa at 0.1 Hz to 15.0 ± 1.9 MPa at 1000 Hz. Bubble cloud analysis showed cavitation clouds generated at low PRFs (0.1–1 Hz) were characterized by consistently dense bubble clouds (41.7 ± 2.8 bubbles mm−2 at 0.1 Hz), that closely matched regions of the focus above the histotripsy intrinsic threshold. Bubble clouds formed at higher PRFs measured lower cloud densities (23.1 ± 4.0 bubbles mm−2 at 1000 Hz), with the lowest density measured for 10 Hz (8.8 ± 4.1 bubbles mm−2). Furthermore, higher PRFs showed increased pulse-to-pulse correlation, characteristic of cavitation memory effects; however, bubble clouds still filled the entire volume of the focus due to their initial density and enhanced bubble expansion from the restimulation of residual nuclei at the higher PRFs. Histotripsy ablation assessed through lesion analysis in red blood cell (RBC) phantoms showed higher PRFs generated lesions with lower adherence to the initial focal region compared to low PRF ablations; however, no trend of decreasing ablation efficiency with PRF was observed, with similar efficiencies observed for all the PRFs tested in this study. Significance. Notably, this result is different than what has previously been shown for shock-scattering histotripsy, which has shown decreased ablation efficiencies at higher PRFs. Overall, this study demonstrates the essential effects of PRF on single-cycle histotripsy procedures that should be considered to help guide future histotripsy pulsing strategies.

Fast proton-induced fission of 238U from threshold to 40 MeV

The fast proton-induced fission of 238U has been analyzed from the threshold up to 40 MeV. Fission observables and isotope production were analyzed using TALYS and our own programs. Fission process was described by Brosa model. In the fast proton interaction, residual nuclei by mean of different (p,p’), (p,xn), (p,xp), (p,xα) (x=1,2,…,n) and other processes are formed. In the case of 238U, residual nuclei can also fission, contributing to the investigated observables and isotope production. Comparing theoretical results and experimental data from literature, parameters of the optical potential, fission barrier and type of nucleus deformation were extracted. Cross sections and isotope yields obtained in neutron-induced fission process were compared with proton case and with EXFOR data.

Investigation of (n,x) reactions on enriched Ge targets at 15.7 MeV at the upgraded facility of NCSR “Demokritos”

Neutron induced reaction cross-section measurements display special interest both for fundamental research in the Nuclear Physics field and many practical applications. The Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics (INP) of the National Centre for Scientific Research Demokritos (N.C.S.R. “D”) hosts the 5.5 MV T11/25 Van de Graaff accelerator, which is the only accelerator used in Greece for research purposes. This accelerator recently underwent a major upgrade, including the installation of a new pelletron charging system, two new ion sources, a new gas stripper and beam optics. This neutron facility can produce quasi-monoenrgetic neutron beams in the energy range ∼16-19 MeV via the 3 H(d,n)4 He (D-T) reaction, employing a tritiated Titanium target (TiT). The neutron induced cross sections of a total of nine reaction channels have been experimentally measured in the present work, via the activation technique, using enriched Ge targets. These targets produce more accurate cross-section results, in comparison with the - most commonly used in bibliography - nat Ge samples, since they do not suffer from contaminating reactions that produce the same residual nucleus. Monte Carlo simulations were also performed via the combined use of MCNP5 and NeuSDesc codes for the simulation of the neutron beam.

Microscopic modeling of direct pre-equilibrium emission: Impact on exclusive and inclusive (n,xn) and fission channels

We report on a microscopic modeling of the first order of multistep direct emission based on one phonon excitations, given by the QRPA model, and an effective in-medium nucleon nucleon interaction, described within the JLM folding model. The results of our coupled channels framework for deformed target are illustrated in the case of low energy discrete state excitations in 152Sm. Pre-equilibrium predictions and their impact on inclusive and exclusive (n,xn) cross sections and fission cross sections are discussed for actinides. We discuss the importance of i) collective excitations to describe the neutron emission spectra and of ii) spin distribution of the residual nucleus formed after the neutron pre-equilibrium emission, that is a key ingredient to model the residual nucleus decay.

Asymptotic normalization coefficient for the study of the mirror nuclei 7Li and 7Be

We present a theoretical study of the nuclear structure of the mirror nuclei 7Li and 7Be by using the asymptotic normalization coefficient (ANC) method through the transfer reactions 6Li(d,p)7Li and 6Li(3He,d)7Be. For these reactions, the elastic scattering and the transfer angular distributions were calculated considering cluster structures for the residual nucleus and the transfer particle. With the use of the Fresco code, we found the optical model parameters which reproduce the experimental data for the elastic and the transfer angular distributions and we got the ANC for the single particle model and the spectroscopic factor on the ground and the first excited states of each nuclei. This methodology allows to calculate the nuclear ANC which describes the peripheral behavior of both nuclei on their bound states.

Clinical features of early recurrence of type I thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation in Miniature Dachshunds.

Some reports have been published on clinical features in dogs with early recurrence of type I thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation (TL-IVDH), but there is little understanding of the changes involved. This retrospective study describes the clinical features, including radiographic image results at the time of recurrence, of dogs with type I TL-IVDH that had undergone hemilaminectomy but then suffered early recurrence. Our medical records were searched between June 2007 and December 2022. Nine dogs showed deterioration in neurological signs within 4 to 6 weeks after surgery. All nine were Miniature Dachshunds. Radiographic images at initial onset showed calcification at the affected intervertebral disk space in all 9 dogs. Disk herniations at the initial onset were located between T11-12 and L1-2. After the first surgery, neurological function improved in all dogs. Recurrence occurred at the same site as at initial onset in all dogs. No calcification was observed at the affected intervertebral disk space on images at the time of recurrence. The extruded disk materials were surgically removed, and neurological function improved after the second surgery. In conclusion, calcification at the affected disk space at the time of initial onset is indicative of residual nucleus materials not yet fully extruded, and is a risk factor for early recurrence of type I TL-IVDH.

Alpha structure of 16O at high excitation energies by 3He+13C nuclear reactions

This work investigates high energy states in the self-conjugate 16O nucleus, through the analysis of 13C(3He,α)12C reactions in the 1.4 2.2 MeV bombarding energy range. The cross-section of the decay channel in which an α particle is emitted in coincidence with a 12C residual nucleus in the Hoyle state, leading to four α particles in the final channel, has been measured thanks to a low-threshold and high-resolution array. The occurrence of two low-spin resonant states is highlighted by the analysis of angular distributions, with Jπ = 2+ and 3−, at respective energies of ≃ 24.1 and 24.5 MeV. In this energy window, the observed branching ratios for the transition involving the emission of the Hoyle state appear to be way larger than calculations based on the barrier penetration alone, pointing out to the possible occurrence of largely clustered high-energy states in 16O.

Complex Endosymbioses I: From Primary to Complex Plastids, Serial Endosymbiotic Events.

A considerable part of the diversity of eukaryotic phototrophs consists of algae with plastids that evolved from endosymbioses between two eukaryotes. These complex plastids are characterized by a high number of envelope membranes (more than two) and some of them contain a residual nucleus of the endosymbiotic alga called a nucleomorph. Complex plastid-bearing algae are thus chimeric cell assemblies, eukaryotic symbionts living in a eukaryotic host. In contrast, the primary plastids of the Archaeplastida (plants, green algae, red algae, and glaucophytes) possibly evolved from a single endosymbiosis with a cyanobacterium and are surrounded by two membranes. Complex plastids have been acquired several times by unrelated groups of eukaryotic heterotrophic hosts, suggesting that complex plastids are somewhat easier to obtain than primary plastids. Evidence suggests that complex plastids arose twice independently in the green lineage (euglenophytes and chlorarachniophytes) through secondary endosymbiosis, and four times in the red lineage, first through secondary endosymbiosis in cryptophytes, then by higher-order events in stramenopiles, alveolates, and haptophytes. Engulfment of primary and complex plastid-containing algae by eukaryotic hosts (secondary, tertiary, and higher-order endosymbioses) is also responsible for numerous plastid replacements in dinoflagellates. Plastid endosymbiosis is accompanied by massive gene transfer from the endosymbiont to the host nucleus and cell adaptation of both endosymbiotic partners, which is related to the trophic switch to phototrophy and loss of autonomy of the endosymbiont. Such a process is essential for the metabolic integration and division control of the endosymbiont in the host. Although photosynthesis is the main advantage of acquiring plastids, loss of photosynthesis often occurs in algae with complex plastids. This chapter summarizes the essential knowledge of the acquisition, evolution, and function of complex plastids.

Search for the 6α condensed state in 24Mg using the 12C+12C scattering

We searched for the 6α-condensed state in 24Mg by measuring the C12+12C scattering with the SAKRA Si detector array at Ecm=17.5–25.0 MeV. By using the invariant-mass method for the detected 3α particles, the inclusive cross sections for the C12+12C→12C(02+)+X and C12(31−)+X reactions were determined. In addition, the missing-mass spectroscopy was successfully utilized to determine the excitation energy of the residual C12 nucleus and the exclusive cross sections for the C12+12C→12C(02+)+12C(01+), C12(02+)+12C(21+), and C12(02+)+12C(02+) reactions. In both the inclusive C12(02+)+X channel and the exclusive C12(02+)+12C(01+) channel, the cross section peaked at Ecm=19.4 MeV, which correspond to the excitation energy of Ex=33.3 MeV in 24Mg. This 19.4-MeV state is a candidate for the 6α-condensed state because of the agreement of the excitation energy with the theoretical value and its decay property. In the exclusive C12(02+)+12C(02+) channel, a broad state was observed at Ecm=22.5 MeV, which correspond to the excitation energy of Ex=36.4 MeV in 24Mg. From the angular distribution of the differential cross section, the spin and parity of this 22.5-MeV state was assigned to be 4+. In addition, a 2+ state was suggested at the low-energy side of the 22.5-MeV state. Because their excitation energies are higher than the theoretical value of the 6α-condensed state, these states might be excited states of the 6α-condensed state such as the 22+ and 41+ states in C12.

The effect of RTP pretreatment on slip-lines of argon annealed silicon wafer

In this research, Rapid Thermal Process (RTP) pretreatment technology was used to study the slip-lines of 12-inch light boron-doped silicon wafer with Oxidation Induced Stacking Fault (OISF) ring which will be used for argon annealing. X-ray Diffraction Topography (XRT) test results were shown that Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP) pretreatment below 1250 °C would lead to the deterioration of slip-lines during argon annealing, and that RTP pretreatment no less than 1250 °C would eliminate slip-lines. Bulk Micro Defects (BMD) tests show that RTP pretreatment can deteriorate or eliminate slip-lines resulted from argon annealing. When the RTP pretreatment temperature is lower than 1250 °C, the native BMD nuclei smaller than the critical size will eliminate. During argon annealing, the growth of the residual native BMD nuclei formed during ingot pulling process is the dominant process, while formation and growth of new nuclei are less, resulting in both the reduction of BMD density and broadening distribution of BMD size. Then we see the slip-lines of silicon wafer will become worse due to the increase of thermal stress in the silicon wafer. However, when the RTP pretreatment temperature is no less than 1250 °C, the native BMD nuclei will be completely eliminated and a vacancy enriched layer will be formed in the silicon wafer. During argon annealing, vacancies promote the uniform nucleation of BMD, the density of BMD increases and the size distribution becomes narrow, and the thermal stress in the silicon wafer is relatively lower, thus the slip-lines are eliminated.

Studying the impact of deuteron non-elastic breakup on 93Zr + d reaction cross sections measured at 28 MeV/nucleon

Abstract The deuteron is a loosely bound system that can easily break up into its constituent proton and neutron whilst in the presence of Coulomb and nuclear fields. Previous experimental studies have shown that this breakup process has a significant impact on residual-nucleus production from deuteron bombardment in the high-energy range of 50–210 MeV/nucleon. However, there remains a lack of cross-section data at energies below 50 MeV/nucleon. The current study determined 93Zr + d reaction cross sections under inverse kinematics at approximately 28 MeV/nucleon using the BigRIPS separator, OEDO beamline, and SHARAQ spectrometer. Cross sections from this research were compared with previous measurements and theoretical calculations. The experimental results show a large enhancement of the production cross sections of residual nuclei, especially those produced from a small number of particle emissions, compared to the proton-induced reaction data at similar bombarding energy. The DEURACS calculation, which quantitatively takes deuteron-breakup effects into account, reproduces the data well. As a long-lived fission product, 93Zr remains a challenge for nuclear-waste disposal and treatment. This study’s low-energy data may assist future consideration of nuclear-waste treatment facilities, where 93Zr + d may feasibly transmute the waste into short-lived/stable nuclei.

On the accuracy of cross-section measurements of neutron-induced reactions using the activation technique with natural targets: The case of Ge at E[formula omitted] MeV

Several cross-section measurements of neutron-induced reactions on Ge found in literature, are performed utilizing natGe targets. The production of the same residual nucleus as the measured one might occur as a result of the unavoidable presence of neighboring isotopes in the same target, acting as a contamination. Corrections must be made based on theoretical calculations and models in order to resolve this problem. The accuracy and limits of a methodology for these “theoretical corrections” are investigated in this work using isotopically enriched targets, which can produce very accurate results without the need for such corrections. Experimental cross-section measurements have been made for the 76Ge(n,2n)75Ge, 72Ge(n,α)69mZn and 72Ge(n,p)72Ga reactions, via the activation technique, with the 27Al(n,α)24Na reaction used as reference, employing both a natGe and isotopically enriched Ge targets. The 3H(d,n)4He (D–T) reaction was used for producing the quasi-monoenergetic neutron beam in the 5.5 MV Tandem Accelerator Laboratory of the National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos” in Athens, Greece, at an incident deuteron beam energy of 2.9 MeV. Using HPGe detectors, γ-ray spectroscopy was applied to determine the induced γ-ray activity of the residual nuclei.