Residual Character Research Articles

Magnetotransport properties of BiSe whiskers

Doped Bi2Se3 superconductors, such as CuxBi2Se3, SrxBi2Se3, NbxBi2Se3 are shown to be nematic superconductors in addition to the observed topological superconductivity. Recently it was found superconductivity in PdxBi2Se3 whiskers. The superconductivity has a residual character and probably exists on the whisker surface. The present paper deals with checking a possible nematicity existing in PdxBi2Se3 whiskers. The suppression of superconductivity was measured in the magnetic fields with induction up to 1.5 T. It was found the dependency of upper critical fields on the angle of magnetic field application. The dependency is explained in the framework of Ginzburg–Landau model and described by rather small anisotropy parameter 1.2. Besides blurring of temperature Curie near 5.3 K was observed of about 0.5 K that additionally confirmed the nematicity in PdxBi2Se3 whiskers. The rather high Curie temperature as well as nematicity existing is probably connected with strong spin–orbit interaction (SOI) of the charge carriers in the whiskers which stabilizing the superconductive state. When the temperature exceeds T c weak antilocalization of charge carriers is observed in the whisker magnetoresistance.

ACCOUNTABILITY MECHANISMS OF MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS AND THE LAW OF INTERNATIONAL RESPONSIBILITY

AbstractMultilateral development banks (MDBs) are international organizations subject to the law of international responsibility. Yet, the relationship between their accountability mechanisms and the International Law Commission (ILC) Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations (ARIO) remains unclear. Understanding this relationship is essential in fully realizing the right to remedy in the development finance context. A comparative analysis of these legal frameworks clarifies that notwithstanding their different rationale, scope and functions, the two are not normatively conflicting and both serve to control public power. While the accountability mechanisms correct the ARIO's State-centric orientation by granting legal standing to project-affected people, they have their own deficiency concerning the actions they can prescribe to MDBs upon a finding of noncompliance. Highlighting that the MDBs’ mandate to ‘do no harm’ and pursue sustainable development is left unfulfilled by the accountability mechanisms’ deficient remedial function, this article identifies specific ARIO provisions to complement rather than undermine the MDBs’ accountability system. The ARIO's residual character, combined with the proposition that remedies arise not only from wrongful conduct but also from harm suffered by one party due to another's risky activities, justify this complementarity.

Emergence of a Spin Microemulsion in Spin-Orbit Coupled Bose-Einstein Condensates.

We report the first numerical prediction of a "spin microemulsion"-a phase with undulating spin domains resembling classical bicontinuous oil-water-surfactant emulsions-in two-dimensional systems of spinor Bose-Einstein condensates with isotropic Rashba spin-orbit coupling. Using field-theoretic numerical simulations, we investigated the melting of a low-temperature stripe phase with supersolid character and find that the stripes lose their superfluidity at elevated temperature and undergo a Kosterlitz-Thouless-like transition into a spin microemulsion. Momentum distribution calculations highlight a thermally broadened occupation of the Rashba circle of low-energy states with macroscopic and isotropic occupation around the ring. We provide a finite-temperature phase diagram that positions the emulsion as an intermediate, structured isotropic phase with residual quantum character before transitioning at higher temperature into a structureless normal fluid.

Breeding of high seed oil oleate levels into Upland cotton from wild Gossypium barbadense L. germplasm

AbstractA high seed oil oleate trait identified in wild Gossypium barbadense L. cotton accession GB713 (PI 608139) was bred into Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivar Sure‐Grow 747 (SG747, PVP 9800118). Starting from the F2 generation of an initial cross between GB713 and SG747, plants were selected by measuring the seed oil fatty acid distributions by gas chromatography. Selected F3 plants were crossed to M Rk‐Rn 6, a line previously created from GB713 and SG747 for improved nematode resistance. High‐oleate plants were selected in the F2 population. Selected plants were then crossed to HOa1 (a ∼35% oleate line derived from M Rk‐Rn 1, a sibling line to M Rk‐Rn 6), and high‐oleate plants were again selected in the F2 population. F3 plants were re‐selected for the high‐oleate trait, and four selected F4 lines were evaluated in 2022 field plots. The four lines had oleate levels between 52% and 57%, approximately triple that found in normal cottonseed oil (15%–19%) and higher than in either the high‐oleate wild GB713 parent (∼40%) or in the previously released HOa cotton plant lines (33%–35%). The increased oleate levels occurred with an approximately equal reduction in linoleic acid. Other seed and fiber properties were largely like those of SG747, although some residual GB713 character existed within the lines. The resulting oil composition should be ideal for use in deep fat frying, with the high level of oleic acid improving the oil's oxidative stability but with sufficient linoleic acid to maintain frying flavor.

THE INFLUENCE OF EMERGENCIES ON CHANGING THE BEHAVIOR OF HOUSEHOLDS REGARDING THE FORMATION OF STOCKS

The global economy underwent significant changes in 2020 when the Covid-19 pandemic spread across the world at a very rapid pace. The global pandemic has affected the behavior of the economies of the states as a whole, as well as the behavior of the business sector and individual households.The purpose of the article is to present and investigate problems related to the influence of emergency situations (pandemics) on changing the behavior of households regarding the formation and maintenance of stocks of consumer goods. The study is based on a theoretical analysis of the scientific literature on food stocks during an emergency such as the Covid-19 pandemic, statistical analysis, and surveys.A study of household food stockpiling behavior during the pandemic revealed signs of contradiction. The direction of the typical (standard) behavior of households in crisis situations was assessed, and promising anticipatory actions of state authorities were introduced in terms of creating insurance reserves in order to reduce the risk of running out of commodity reserves by individuals, enterprises, and the state. The transformation of the consumer behavior of all representatives of society in connection with the maintenance of stocks of consumer goods on the eve of emergency situations has been proven.The main conclusions are: the emergence and long-term existence of states of emergency (pandemics) significantly affect the behavior of households and form changes that have a residual character when returning to normal situations; there is a dependence between rational and irrational behavior of households in the conditions of a pandemic; the behavior of state bodies, enterprises, and households regarding the motivation for the formation of stocks and their content is different; household stockpiling behavior during a pandemic is the result of a compromise between rational and behavioral economics.

Images of the Soviet Era in the Perception of the Student Youth of the Post-Soviet Caspian Region

The article presents the results of a study of the perception of the Soviet era images by the student youth of the Caspian region (Russia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan). The main goal of the study is to identify the specifics of the attitude to the images of the Soviet era among Russian students and their peers from the post-Soviet Caspian states. The author proves that the images of the Soviet era among the students of the Caspian region were formed under the influence of natural circumstances and factors – family, education and, less often, politics. It is confirmed that the intercultural dialogue in the territory of the Caspian macro-region is rarely reduced to a simplified “We-They” (Ours – Alien) dichotomy and more often forms complex constructs. The results of the study show that the images of the Soviet era in the minds of the students of the Caspian region are of residual character, where the degree of intensity of memorizing the true meaning of the image is different: Russian students in comparison to foreign but Russian-speaking ones, showed a better knowledge of the connotation of images. The focus of nostalgic moods which were noted in our previous works remains characteristic of the older generation, whose youth falls on the Soviet era. The practical impact of the article is in proving that, when building the concept of a safe intercultural dialogue in the Caspian region, it is necessary to take into account not the common Soviet basis of the states, but the new discursive practices of the Caspian macro-region. The conclusions of this work can be used in general courses on social philosophy and philosophy of culture, anthropology and sociology of culture, as well as for the development of courses on semiotics of culture, visual culture, theory of intercultural communications. The systematized material, as well as the conclusions obtained during the analysis, can become the basis for further research work.

Anaerobic Digestion of Lignocellulosic Waste Materials

Nowadays, the climate mitigation policies of EU promote the energy production based on renewable resources. Anaerobic digestion (AD) constitutes a biochemical process that can convert lignocellulosic materials into biogas, used for chemical products isolation or energy production, in the form of electricity, heat or fuels. Such practices are accompanied by several economic, environmental and climatic benefits. The method of AD is an effective method of utilization of several different low-value and negative-cost highly available materials of residual character, such as the lignocellulosic wastes coming from forest, agricultural or marine biomass utilization processes, in order to convert them into directly usable energy. Lignin depolymerization remains a great challenge for the establishment of a full scale process for AD of lignin waste. This review analyzes the method of anaerobic digestion (biomethanation), summarizes the technology and standards involved, the progress achieved so far on the depolymerization/pre-treatment methods of lignocellulosic bio-wastes and the respective residual byproducts coming from industrial processes, aiming to their conversion into energy and the current attempts concerning the utilization of the produced biogas. Substrates’ mechanical, physical, thermal, chemical, and biological pretreatments or a combination of those before biogas production enhance the hydrolysis stage efficiency and, therefore, biogas generation. AD systems are immensely expanding globally, especially in Europe, meeting the high demands of humans for clean energy.

Electronic band gap of van der Waals α-As2Te3 crystals

van der Waals materials offer a large variety of electronic properties depending on chemical composition, number of layers, and stacking order. Among them, As2Te3 has attracted attention due to the promise of outstanding electronic properties and high photo-response. Precise experimental determinations of the electronic properties of As2Te3 are yet sorely needed for better understanding of potential properties and device applications. Here, we study the structural and electronic properties of α-As2Te3. Scanning transmission electron microscopy coupled to energy x-ray dispersion and micro-Raman spectroscopy all confirm that our specimens correspond to α-As2Te3. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) at 4.2 K demonstrates that α-As2Te3 exhibits an electronic bandgap of about 0.4 eV. The valence-band maxima are located at −0.03 eV below the Fermi level, thus confirming the residual p-type character of our samples. The material can be exfoliated, revealing the (100) anisotropic surface. Transport measurements on a thick exfoliated sample (bulk-like) confirm the STS results. These findings allow for a deeper understanding of the As2Te3 electronic properties, underlying the potential of V-VI semiconductors for electronic and photonic technologies.

Conciliação, disputa e residualidade: A reforma agrária no Brasil durante os governos do PT

This paper analyzes the land reform policy of Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff governments and how the presidential mandates of Workers' Party (PT) constituted a residual land reform in Brazil. The paper aims to systematically compose the meanings and practices of the political conflict between PT’s governments and agrarian movements with sessions that replace data obtained from analysis of electoral and governmental documents, from systematically accompanying national journals, from descriptive analysis of quantitative data on land occupations, available by DATALUTA/UNESP and the Pastoral Land Commission (CPT), and from field observations in protest events. These data make it possible to realize that the conciliatory perspective wherewith the PT won the 2002 elections was not based on the government exercise during which contentious arose about agrarian reformism without, however, relieving it of the residual character it assumed after the re-election of Lula da Silva.

Charge‐Transfer‐Adaptable Double‐Strand Formation of a Porphyrin‐BODIPY‐Porphyrin Triad

AbstractA quadrupolar porphyrin–BODIPY–porphyrin array (1) displayed a moderate negative solvatochromism. The elastic 3,4,5‐tri((S)‐dihydrocitronellyloxy)phenyl groups of 1 facilitated the solubility of such a polarized chromophore array in a nonpolar solvent, and 1 was assembled into a double‐strand as elucidated by extensive NMR spectroscopic experiments in [D8]toluene and electronic absorption spectra in cyclohexane. Thermodynamic analyses revealed a small entropy change upon double‐strand formation, indicating that cyclohexane did not preferably solvate the porphyrin rings and BODIPY segment presumably because of their polarized nature. At the same time, the significant enthalpy change likely explained the intermolecular attractive force, such as the BF2⋅⋅⋅Zn cation‐dipole interaction. The solvent polarity effect on the electronic spectra together with thermodynamic analyses suggested that the charge‐transfer (CT) character was decreased by the double‐strand formation in a nonpolar solvent. It was rationalized that insufficient solvent polarity stabilized the CT character of 1 only in part, and the residual polarization character might be stabilized by supramolecular assembly. The charge transfer character of 1 was stabilized by double‐strand formation which partially decreased the CT character enough to be stabilized by solvation with cyclohexane.

Petrografia e termobarometria de granitoides diatexíticos portadores de anfibólio da Região de São José de Ubá e São João do Paraíso (RJ)

Na região norte do Rio de Janeiro afloram rochas orto e paraderivadas neoproterozoicas de alto grau metamórfico, englobadas no Terreno Oriental da Faixa Ribeira. Dado a carência de estudos de detalhe na região, o presente trabalho contribui com novos aspectos de campo, petrografia, química mineral e geotermobarometria dos granitoides diatexíticos aflorantes na região entre São José de Ubá e São João do Paraíso, no noroeste fluminense. O litotipo é caracterizado por biotita-hornblenda gnaisses migmatíticos e protomiloníticos que são correlacionáveis a ortognaisses e granulitos do Complexo Serra da Bolívia (Domínio Cambuci da Faixa Ribeira). Dois litotipos neoformados são observados: um mesocrático, de caráter residual; e outro leucocrático, que correspondente ao leucossoma. O enriquecimento de K-feldspato no leucossoma em relação ao neossoma residual sugere baixos volumes de fusão por meio de reações de fusão envolvendo água. Aplicando-se diferentes geotermobarômetros, foram obtidas como condições de equilíbrio para o pico metamórfico 6,8 Kbar e 672–680°C (fácies anfibolito superior). Tais valores destoam dos encontrados na literatura para ouras rochas da região, reforçando a ideia de que os domínios do Terreno Oriental da Faixa Ribeira apresentam evoluções metamórficas distintas, em diferentes níveis crustais.

Landform-regolith mapping in the West African context

In this paper, we present an integrated landform-regolith mapping protocol/chart for West Africa developed using a case from Central Burkina Faso. The chart accounts for (i) the specificities of the ubiquitous, duricrust-capped remnants of the regional paleolandsurfaces – particularly the residual or detrital character of the Fe duricrusts – and (ii) the diversity of the remaining, non-duricrusted portions of the landscape, with an emphasis on the pitfalls encountered in determining the in-situ or transported character of the regolith. The paper also provides field identification criteria and illustrations of the typical West African landform-regolith associations. The landform-regolith mapping chart is integrated into a prospectivity chart, which is used to define exploration guides: (i) defining sampling strategies, (ii) interpreting potential geochemical anomalies and (iii) targeting lateral extensions of known bedrock mineralizations. The mapping protocol further allows for the definition of a class of landform-regolith association propitious to supergene mineral concentrations. The mapping protocol is shown to be transposable to wetter contexts and, more generally, to other tropical shield provinces.

Revealing new patterns in resource­saving processing of chromium­containing ore raw materials by solid­phase reduction

The physical and chemical properties of products from the carbon-thermal reduction of oxide chromo-containing ore raw materials have been investigated. This is necessary to determine the parameters that reduce the loss of Cr in the processing of ore materials and the use of metallized chromium doping additives in steelmaking. It has been determined that the increase in processing temperature from 1,250 K to 1,450 K led to an increase in the manifestation of Cr 23 C 6 and (Cr, Fe) 7 C 3 . In this case, the diffraction maxima of Cr 2 O 3 corresponded to the trend of weakening and, having been treated at 1,450 K, had a residual character. Cr 3 C 2 on the diffractograms was only evident after processing at 1,250 K. The phase of the metallic Cr was traced in the samples after processing at 1,350 K and 1,450 K with the increased intensity of manifestation when the heating temperature rose. It has been determined that the microstructure of reduction products is heterogeneous with the presence of particles of different sizes and chemical compositions. The increase in the reduction temperature from 1,250 K to 1,350 K and 1,450 K and the development of reduction processes were accompanied by particle sintering with the formation of a spongy microstructure. We have detected regions that characterized inclusions and the phases where Cr content amounted to 65.10 % by weight, Fe ‒ to 16.13 % by weight. Some local areas with particles with a relatively high content of ore impurities and carbon have also been found. It follows from the results of our study that the most acceptable temperature for reduction is 1,450 K. In this case, the reduction is ensured with a predominance in the phase composition of the metal Cr and carbides (Cr, Fe) 7 C 3 and Cr 23 C 6 relative to the oxide component of Cr 2 O 3 . In this case, the lower residual carbon content was due to the higher efficiency of the reducer compared to other temperature regimes. The spongy microstructure allows for a faster dissolution compared to standard ferroalloys, thereby reducing the duration of smelting

Nature of Interactions between Epoxides in Graphene Oxide

Graphene oxide exhibits extensive disorder with a multitude of functional groups and holes making its structure an abstract concept. Multiple structural models make it a dark horse and hamper its utility despite its synthetic ease, maneuverability, and promising applications. Here we probe the impact of the epoxidation process, which is arguably the first kinetic step in graphene oxidation, to identify the induced vulnerabilities of its backbone and to cognize possible pathways for further oxidation. Probing the topological and geometrical variations in the distribution of epoxide on the graphene lattice, we find that the conformational entropy, driven by the combinatorial growth of isomers, aids and abets disorder. Graph theoretical enumeration gives 16 distinct epoxide environments within symmetrically equivalent epoxides. Their stability is primarily influenced by the steric repulsion between the oxygen lone pairs and overlap compatibility of the interepoxy C–C bond. Avoiding steric repulsion either by topology or by equatorial splaying of oxygens leads to stability, without which the network is weakened either by elongation of C–C bonds or by axial splaying of oxygens leading to uneven C–O bonds. The proposed unzipping of the underlying epoxy C–C bond through the cooperativity of strain from three-membered rings and conjugative stabilization from residual sp2 character are found to be incongruous. With an improved bonding model of epoxide, we account for the observed variations in C–C bond lengths and energetics of epoxides in different environments that facilitate strategic mechanistic control for further oxidation.

How corporate social (ir)responsibility in the textile sector is defined, and its impact on ethical sustainability: An analysis of 133 concepts

AbstractTransnational textile companies claim to have put in a place processes of corporate social responsibility to promote ethical behaviour in regard to the economy, environment, and populations within which they operate. However, their true conduct, behind the mask of marketing campaigns, may be better defined as corporate social irresponsibility. The objective of this study was to analyze and explore the processes of CSiR within the textile sector as being the rule and not the exception. A broad review of the available literature was carried out, both as a literal and conceptual analysis, covering 133 approaches to the hitherto undefined concept of CSiR. In addition, a Google frequency count was performed, with a saturated categorization using the five dimensions into which the CSiR processes are concentrated: ethical, legal, social, economic, and environmental. The methodology used was based on a higher order association of these hierarchies, for which a triad model was established, allowing the most representative combinations to be identified. This methodology demonstrated that the environmental dimension is of residual character, while allowing the definitions of greater weight and scope to be extracted. From these, it was inferred that the current concept of CSiR is best defined in a three‐fold legal‐social‐ethical category, based on its frequency of use in Google, its effective application, and scope. The definition provided by this study may contribute to the improvement of the ethical processes of entrepreneurship and CSR by highlighting their taxonomy of inconsistencies, rather than focusing on the preconceived benefits of their actions.

Chemical Composition and Petrogenetic Implications of Apatite in the Khibiny Apatite-Nepheline Deposits (Kola Peninsula)

Khibiny, one of the largest of the world’s peralkaline intrusions, hosts gigantic apatite deposits. Apatite is represented by F-apatite and it contains exceptionally high concentration of SrO. (4.5 wt % on average) and increased amounts of rare earth elements (REEs; up to 8891 ppm). Such enrichment of apatite ores in REEs defined Khibiny deposit as world-class deposit with resources reaching several millions tons REE2O3. Apatite from the Khibina alkaline complex is characterized by the significant enrichment in light REEs relative to the heavy REEs (with average Ce/Yb ratio of 682) and the absence of a negative Eu anomaly. The obtained geochemical signature of apatite suggests a residual character of the Khibiny alkaline magma and it indicates that the differentiation of the primary olivine-melanephelinitic magma developed without fractionation of plagioclase which is the main mineral-concentrator of Sr and Eu in basaltic magmatic systems. The compositional evolution of the Khibiny apatite in the vertical section of the intrusion reflects primary fractionation processes in the alkaline magma that differentiated in situ. The main mechanism for the formation of the apatite-nepheline deposits was the gravitational settling of large nepheline crystals in the lower part of the magma chamber, while very small apatite crystals were suspended in a convective magma, and, together with the melt, were concentrated in its upper part of the magmatic chamber.

Study on the Cause of Residual Character of Social Housing in Korea

Study on the Cause of Residual Character of Social Housing in Korea

Dark-Humus Residual–Hydromorphic Soils of the Slopes of the Northern Uvaly Formed on Clay Triassic Deposits

Northern Uvaly dark-humus soils and agrozems, which formed on Triassic clay deposits, are examined. Their hydromorphic nature is identified based on determination of their organic matter properties. Nonconformity of the hydromorphic features to the current moisture conditions is found, which indicates the residual character of hydromorphism and confirms the concept that the territory of the Uvaly was uplifted during the Holocene.

Evaluation of the residual stress and microstructure character in SAF 2507 duplex stainless steel after multiple shot peening process

In this study, multiple shot peening treatment was implemented to the SAF 2507 duplex stainless steel. The residual stress, microstructure and strain-induced transformation in the shot-peened specimens were evaluated by X-ray diffraction line profile analysis. Results pointed out that multiple shot peening was helpful to develop deep layer of high compressive residual stress with moderate work hardening. After triple shot peening treatment, a maximum compressive residual stress of −1070.5 MPa (at the surface for austenite) and −910.5 MPa (at 10 μm depth for ferrite) were obtained. The multiple shot peening is more effective in producing the microstructure refinement than single shot peening. The depth of the refinement layer with domain size smaller than 100 nm reached to 150 μm in the austenite and 100 μm in the ferrite phase of the dually shot-peened specimen, the maximum magnitudes of which after single shot peening were 100 μm and 75 μm, correspondingly. The quantitative measurement of stained-induced martensite in the shot-peened samples by X-ray phase analysis revealed that larger amount of α′-martensite formed after multiple shot peening compared to that of single shot peening, nearly 31.6% α′-martensite was formed at the impacted surface of triply peened specimen. The results also demonstrated that multiple shot peening could significantly decrease the surface roughness and help to improve the surface quality.

Beyond Compliance: Law-Making through Latin American Cases before the World Court

Abstract Departing from a contemporary approach to international adjudication, this article aims to evaluate, firstly, the limits of compliance and its residual character when assessing the effectiveness of the International Court of Justice with regards to Latin American states. Secondly, it deals with the importance of going beyond the traditional function of inter-state dispute settlement to assess the contribution of Latin American states to international law through cases submitted to the Court, independently from case-specific compliance. This is because a judgment that has not been complied with may substantially contribute to international law and produce important impacts on domestic authorities. Latin American cases constitute an example of this phenomenon.