Group Of Residents Research Articles

Menopause symptom burden and management across rural, suburban, and urban settings in a US population.

The aim of this study was to compare menopause experience in rural, suburban, and urban-residing women. A 2019 online survey of US females queried respondents on menopause symptoms, resources, and treatments. Those ≥45 years of age and in late menopause transition or postmenopause were included in the analysis. Late menopause transition and postmenopause subgroups were stratified by rural, suburban, and urban residence, and age-weighted proportions for menopause symptoms and treatments were calculated and compared using chi-square tests. A total of 1,531 respondents, 45% (n = 686) late menopause transition, mean age of 50.7 (SD 3.9) and 55% (n = 845) postmenopause, and mean age of 65.1 (SD 8.5) were included. More prevalent symptoms in late menopause transition rural residents were as follows: muscle aches and pains (urban: 49%, suburban: 49%, rural: 65%, P = 0.003), and panic attacks (urban: 18%, suburban: 24%, rural: 30%, P = 0.04). More prevalent symptoms in postmenopause rural residents were as follows: mood swings (urban: 18%, suburban: 14%, rural: 23%, P = 0.02), urinary incontinence (urban: 19%, suburban: 14%, rural: 23%, P = 0.02), and vaginal dryness (urban: 22%, suburban: 29%, rural: 37%, P = 0.004). Vasomotor symptom prevalence was high (71% late menopause transition, 20% postmeopause), but current menopause hormone therapy use was low (11% late menopause transition, 11% postmenopause) and did not differ by residence, despite differences in menopausal resources used. Rural women may experience greater burden of psychological and somatic menopause symptoms but not vasomotor symptoms. Overall low rates of menopause hormone therapy use suggest a need for education regarding hormone therapy, tailored to residential groups who rely on different resources on healthy aging.

Practices of Homing: How People with Temporary Living Arrangements Create Home(s) Through Practices

ABSTRACT The concept of home is complex and multi-layered, with overlapping meanings that are often used interchangeably. Following a processual understanding of home, I focus on homing as practices that take place in everyday life and are not spatially limited to the dwelling. Specifically, I am interested in a heterogeneous group of temporary residents who live in cities for a limited period of time. Drawing on biographical interviews, I illustrate how temporary residents create places of belonging and construct their homes. Temporary residents use diverse homing practices to turn their dwelling into a home despite the limited duration of their presence. In addition to one’s own place of dwelling, other places of well-being are established that serve as either supplementary or substitute home-like settings. In this context, other persons take a predominant role, so that in addition to home as places and practices, a social conceptualization of home is proposed.

Nonlinear and synergistic effects of demographic characteristics on urban polycentric structure using SHAP

Polycentric urban development is promoted by urban planners and policy makers for its perceived benefits of alleviating urban issues. Theoretically, a polycentric urban structure is formed when different demographic groups present a collection of diverse and unique housing location preferences. Yet, only limited empirical studies have fully captured the complex effects of demographic characteristics on urban polycentric structures. Our study utilizes detailed demographic data and employs interpretable machine learning models to elucidate the nonlinear and synergistic relationship between demographic characteristics and the urban polycentric structure in the context of a city of 10 million population in China. When characterizing urban centers, the three most important demographic groups are young females, senior married couples, and middle-aged single individuals with basic education. Each urban center presents distinctive demographic compositions; for instance, middle-aged married individuals exerting a stronger influence in certain contexts, whereas in senior resident groups, married individuals have a more pronounced impact. Spatial heterogeneity is observed in the demographic profiles of urban centers; for instance, primary central cores are predominantly young, single females, whereas peripheral and secondary centers have stronger presence of highly educated residents.

The figure of transformation and its effects on the professional spatial practices in the field of youth welfare

ABSTRACT Socio-pedagogical spaces such as youth centres or residential group homes are always located in specific places and are established to meet specific local and national needs. Accordingly, the professionals working there are confronted with external demands from both their immediate environment as well as those stemming from professional or social transformations. Drawing on case studies from the research project, ‘Places of Social Pedagogy in society – practices of relationing and (re)shaping’, this article examines how Swiss social workers change and justify their spatial practices in response to transformations in the field of youth welfare. Applying – and relating to each other – both spatial theory and an ethnographic approach to professional practices, this article presents empirical findings on how transformations and the socio-pedagogical places where social work takes place affect to each other. Moreover, it draws on these examples to explore how spatial theory positions social workers as professional space-shapers. This offers potential für reflection both for social work practice and for the debate on spatial theory.

Evaluating the Utility of ChatGPT in Diagnosing and Managing Maxillofacial Trauma.

Maxillofacial trauma is a significant concern in emergency departments (EDs) due to its high prevalence and the complexity of its management. However, many ED physicians lack specialized training and confidence in handling these cases, leading to a high rate of facial trauma referrals and increased stress on consult services. Recent advancements in artificial intelligence, particularly in large language models such as ChatGPT, have shown potential in aiding clinical decision-making. This study specifically examines the efficacy of ChatGPT in diagnosing and managing maxillofacial trauma. Ten clinical vignettes describing common facial trauma scenarios were presented to a group of plastic surgery residents from a tertiary care center and to ChatGPT. The chatbot and residents were asked to provide their diagnosis, ED management, and definitive management for each scenario. Responses were scored by attending plastic surgeons who were blinded to the response source. The study included 13 resident and ChatGPT responses. The mean total scores were similar between residents and ChatGPT (23.23 versus 22.77, P > 0.05). ChatGPT outperformed residents in diagnostic accuracy (9.85 versus 8.54, P < 0.001) but underperformed in definitive management (8.35 versus 6.35, P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in ED management scores between ChatGPT and the residents. ChatGPT demonstrated high accuracy in diagnosing maxillofacial trauma. However, its ability to suggest appropriate ED management and definitive treatment plans was limited. These findings suggest that while ChatGPT may serve as a valuable diagnostic tool in ED settings, further advancements are necessary before it can reliably contribute to treatment planning in emergent maxillofacial clinical scenarios.

Association between World Trade Center disaster exposures and body mass index in community members enrolled at World Trade Center Environmental Health Center

Studies suggest that environmental disasters have a big impact on population health conditions including metabolic risk factors, such as obesity and hypertension. The World Trade Center (WTC) destruction from the 9/11 terrorist attack resulted in environmental exposures to community members (Survivors) with potential for metabolic effects. We now examine the impact of WTC exposure on Body Mass Index (BMI) using the data from 7136 adult participants enrolled in the WTC Environmental Health Center (EHC) from August 1, 2005, to December 31, 2022. We characterized WTC-related exposures by multiple approaches including acute dust-cloud exposure, occupational or residential exposures, and latent exposure patterns identified by synthesizing multiplex exposure questions using latent class analysis. Employing multivariable linear and quantile regressions for continuous BMI and ordered logistic regression for BMI categories, we found significant associations of BMI with WTC exposure categories or latent exposure patterns. For example, using exposure categories, compared to the group of local residents, local workers exhibited an average BMI increase of 1.71 kg/m2 with 95% confidence intervals (CI) of (1.33, 2.09), the rescue/recovery group had an increase of 3.13 kg/m2 (95% CI: 2.18, 4.08), the clean-up worker group had an increase of 0.75 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.09, 1.40), and the other mixer group had an increase of 1.01 kg/m2 (95% CI: 0.43, 1.58). Furthermore, quantile regression analysis demonstrated that WTC exposures adversely affected the entire distribution of BMI in the WTC EHC Survivors, not merely the average. Our analysis also extended to blood pressure and hypertension, demonstrating statistically significant associations with WTC exposures. These outcomes highlight the intricate connection between WTC exposures and metabolic risk factors including BMI and blood pressure in the WTC Survivor population.

Virtual Reality in Clinical Teaching and Diagnostics for Liver Surgery: Prospective Cohort Study

Abstract Background Learning and applying anatomy are essential but are studied and done through 2D tools and imaging techniques. This study aims to verify the usefulness of an additional 3D technique and ensure an improvement in the visualization of anatomical structures and pathological findings. Objective The study aims to examine the usefulness of virtual reality (VR) technology as an additional tool in medical diagnostics. Groups of students, residents, and specialists in surgery, radiology, and internal medicine evaluated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by answering a multiple-choice questionnaire. Subsequently, a virtual 3D display was used for processing. The questionnaire focused on topographical conditions and the transfer of academic knowledge into clinical application. The main objective was to determine anatomical understanding in a comparison between sectional image (2D) presentation and additional VR (3D) presentation, measured through correctly answered questions and processing time. The system usability scale (SUS) was integrated as another criterion for VR usability. Methods The cross-over study assessed 63 participants regarding their knowledge of liver anatomy and pathologies based on an interindividual comparison. Group formation according to the respective level of medical training was as follows: students (n=35), residents (n=15), and specialists (n=13). Participants answered 25 multiple-choice questions first using sectional imaging (MRI) in a 2D environment (computer screen) and afterward with the respective segmented 3D model visualized in a VR simulation. The main criteria for the analyses were the number of correctly answered questions and processing time. A customized SUS was used to analyze VR usability. Missing data analysis showed that there were no accounted missing data. Results The rate of correct answers improved significantly with the additional use of VR (F1,59=314.376; P&lt;.001). Using MRI, a significant difference was observed between students and residents (P=.04) and between students and specialists (P&lt;.001). In the VR condition, no significant differences between groups were found. In the MRI condition, significant differences in processing time were observed between students and specialists (P=.02) and between residents and specialists (P=.04). No differences existed between students and residents. With VR, processing time decreased significantly in all groups (F1,59=280.700; P&lt;.001). Significant differences between students and specialists (P=.02) and between students and residents (P=.004) remained. No notable differences between residents and specialists (P=.72) were found. The SUS showed a subjectively simplified answerability of the questions with additional use of VR. The usefulness and benefits for an additional use of VR were stated. Conclusions The additional use of VR suggests statistically significant improvements across all groups. VR seems to enable students and residents to participate in diagnostics and create treatment plans at an early stage. Transferred to clinical practice, this may lead to improvement in diagnostics and interventions. The lack of randomization and a potential learning effect are the main limitations to be addressed in future studies.

Group text messaging as a residency teaching tool in outpatient neurology and headache: A mixed-methods observational study.

To assess the feasibility and efficacy of group text messaging as a teaching tool to improve neurology resident knowledge and clinical pearl dissemination in an outpatient setting enriched with headache encounters, and to evaluate if learning points from this teaching method would influence resident care of subsequent patients. Inpatient neurology teaching during training is most often accomplished in team settings during rounds or conferences such as morning report, but outpatient teaching where headache is more likely encountered may be less consistently performed in such a setting where learning points may be shared. Few studies have evaluated whether group text messaging can be an innovative tool for teaching in residency training. Neurology residents in a continuity clinic pod at New York Presbyterian-Weill Cornell were included in this cohort from December 2020 through March 2024. Group text messages deidentified of any patient information were sent to the resident pod by their preceptor after each clinic session featuring one text message regarding a takeaway learning point pertaining to each patient encounter. Residents were surveyed on their satisfaction with this teaching method and whether these text messages improved their outpatient neurology knowledge. A total of 230 text messages were sent to a cohort of 21 residents across 4 academic years. Text message topics covered a variety of neurological subspecialties, most commonly headache and facial pain (44.8%), general neurology (15.7%), and neuromuscular (14.3%). In our survey, 93% of resident respondents reported that receiving clinical pearls improved their outpatient neurology knowledge and changed how they cared for subsequent patients. Reinforcement of traditionally one-on-one learning points in a teaching outpatient setting to engage a group of residents was feasible across visit types. There was an overall very positive response to this teaching method, and residents reported improved knowledge, which influenced their care of subsequent patients.

Statewide Trends in Medications for Opioid Use Disorder Utilization in Rhode Island, United States, 2017-2023.

Buprenorphine and methadone are US Food and Drug Administration-approved medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD). Although utilization of MOUD was increasing pre-COVID-19, it is not well understood how this trend shifted during and "after" the COVID-19 pandemic in Rhode Island. This analysis will consider the differential utilization of MOUD over time and by key demographic factors. We utilized two of Rhode Island's statewide databases to examine aggregate counts of dispensed buprenorphine and methadone from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2023. Data were stratified by age group, sex assigned at birth, and race/ethnicity (where available). Counts were stratified into pre-COVID-19 (Q1 2017-Q1 2020), COVID-19 (Q2 2020-Q4 2022), and endemic COVID-19 (2023) eras. Averages and annualized percent change for each period were calculated to understand how utilization changed over time. Before COVID-19, buprenorphine and methadone utilization were increasing annually. During COVID-19, utilization declined annually by 0.40% and 0.43%, respectively. In the endemic COVID-19 time period, buprenorphine and methadone utilization declined more rapidly at 2.59% and 1.77%, respectively. Declines were more dramatic for adults aged 18-34. We observed a decline in MOUD utilization during and after COVID-19 in Rhode Island, primarily driven by substantial decreases in MOUD use among the youngest group of adult residents. Interventions specifically tailored to youth, such as school-based or primary healthcare-based programs, may be particularly effective in engaging with youth in substance use disorder treatment.

Participation at the margins – participation practices from the viewpoint of young people in residential care

ABSTRACT This article critically discusses young service users’ participation rights and participation processes in residential group care concerning the challenges, requirements, and opportunities that such a form of organised participation entails for them. A comparative analysis of findings from two qualitative studies from Germany and Switzerland is an empirical basis. Experiences of lived, negotiated, or subtle struggles for the participation of children and youth in everyday institutional life are presented. Identified resistant practices of children and youth, which are of great importance to them, deviate from the usual organisational and normative requirements for participation. The article closes a vital research gap: It presents young people's strategies for dealing with organised and sometimes tokenistic participation. The focus on the self-will of the young actors offers the possibility of supplementing a frequently normative discourse about securing children´s rights in alternative care without making the lifeworld of the young service users and their views a starting point for interventions and legal interpretations. Moreover, the results of both research projects indicate that participation in the everyday life of young people in residential care organisations entails special requirements and challenges, which will be presented here in more detail.

Enhancing team development in an internal medicine resident continuity clinic

ABSTRACT Interprofessional teamwork is important for the provision of safe, high value patient care and is recognized as essential by the ACGME. We aimed to assess the impact of an interprofessional continuity clinic teamwork curriculum on perceptions of team development and patient safety. This project was conducted in an IM Resident Continuity Clinic where 96 residents, supported by 28 faculty and 48 interprofessional team members, attended continuity clinic two afternoons per week during alternating months of a 50/50 outpatient-inpatient training model. Teams were configured into two groups of residents, faculty and interprofessional team members. The randomly selected intervention group participated in strategically-timed TeamSTEPPS training. The control group received usual clinic education. Teamwork and safety climate were measured using the Team Development Measure (TDM) and Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) collected before and after the intervention. Following the teamwork curriculum, team development improved in the intervention group as compared to control [mean change (95% CI) +13.9 (+9.3, +18.6) versus + 4.8 (+0.4, +9.1), p = 0.007]. Though 30% of the individual items on the SAQ improved significantly in the faculty intervention group as compared to control, the overall improvement in SAQ [intervention mean change + 0.4 (+0.2, +0.5), control mean change + 0.2 (−0.1, +0.5)] was not statistically significant (p = 0.36). It is feasible to implement a TeamSTEPPs-based interprofessional teamwork curriculum among IM residents in a block clinic model and achieve enhanced teamwork and safety attitudes. Additional assessment of clinical and educational outcomes is ongoing.

Performance of ChatGPT in emergency medicine residency exams in Qatar: A comparative analysis with resident physicians.

The inclusion of artificial intelligence (AI) in the healthcare sector has transformed medical practices by introducing innovative techniques for medical education, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. In medical education, the potential of AI to enhance learning and assessment methods is being increasingly recognized. This study aims to evaluate the performance of OpenAI's Chat Generative Pre-Trained Transformer (ChatGPT) in emergency medicine (EM) residency examinations in Qatar and compare it with the performance of resident physicians. A retrospective descriptive study with a mixed-methods design was conducted in August 2023. EM residents' examination scores were collected and compared with the performance of ChatGPT on the same examinations. The examinations consisted of multiple-choice questions (MCQs) from the same faculty responsible for Qatari Board EM examinations. ChatGPT's performance on these examinations was analyzed and compared with residents across various postgraduate years (PGY). The study included 238 emergency department residents from PGY1 to PGY4 and compared their performances with ChatGPT. ChatGPT scored consistently higher than resident groups in all examination categories. However, a notable decline in passing rates was observed among senior residents, indicating a potential misalignment between examination performance and practical competencies. Another likely reason can be the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their learning experience, knowledge acquisition, and consolidation. ChatGPT demonstrated significant proficiency in the theoretical knowledge of EM, outperforming resident physicians in examination settings. This finding suggests the potential of AI as a supplementary tool in medical education.

Can Ileostomy Reversal Be Safely Performed by Surgical Residents?

Background and Objectives: The growing number of colorectal cancer patients has highlighted the importance of surgical education in colorectal surgery. Despite the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on surgical training, recent changes in the Polish surgical training program have increased the number of intestinal procedures required to be completed by residents. This study aims to assess the safety of ileostomy reversal procedures performed by surgical residents. Materials and Methods: A multicenter prospective cohort study, the LILEO study, was conducted from October 2022 until December 2023 across 20 Polish surgical departments. The study included 199 patients who underwent ileostomy reversal and were divided into two groups: 139 patients operated by specialist surgeons and 60 patients operated by surgical residents. The primary outcomes measured were postoperative complications, length of hospital stay (LOS), and 30-day reoperation rate. Secondary outcomes included the severity of perioperative complications assessed using the Clavien-Dindo classification and a focused analysis of loop ileostomy reversal outcomes. Results: The median LOS was significantly shorter in the resident group (5.5 days vs. 6 days, p < 0.05). Although the overall complication rate was lower in the resident group (21.7% vs. 33.1% in the specialist surgeon group), this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.105). The 30-day reoperation rate was 3.3% in the resident group and 8.6% in the specialist surgeon group (p = 0.179). In terms of severity, minor complications (Clavien-Dindo grades 1 and 2) were more common in the specialist group (p < 0.05). The analysis of loop ileostomy reversals revealed no significant differences in postoperative outcomes between the two groups. Conclusions: Ileostomy reversal procedures performed by surgical residents under supervision are safe and feasible, with outcomes comparable to those performed only by specialist surgeons. These findings support ileostomy reversal as a valuable procedure for developing surgical residents' skills and do not negatively affect postoperative outcomes.

Quantifying the Carbon Reduction Difference Based on Households' Willingness to Transform Their Lifestyles from the Micro Perspective

Cities are gathering places for residents, industries, and energy consumption, and the carbon emissions generated by urban residents' consumption are becoming increasingly prominent. Under the "dual carbon" goal, how to effectively guide the transformation of urban households' lifestyles and achieve consumption side carbon reduction has become an important issue. Based on questionnaire surveys and face-to-face interviews in the main districts of Hangzhou, the total amount and component of household consumption carbon reduction potential in Hangzhou were calculated by adopting a carbon emission coefficient model, and the relevant factors influencing various types of household consumption behaviors and carbon reduction potential were analyzed through virtual regression models and binary logistic regression. Our results showed that the consumption carbon reduction potential of different groups of residents in the four dimensions of food, clothing, housing, and transportation was significantly different, and electricity consumption had significant direct and indirect impacts on household consumption behaviors and carbon reduction potentials. Age and income were the key factors leading to significant differences in the carbon reduction potential of household consumption. Economic interests and environmental emotional factors were the main factors that affected the transformation of residents' family lifestyle, and their strengths and weaknesses were different. Personal habits, demonstration effects of surrounding people, time costs, etc., were the main reasons affecting residents' willingness to transform their lifestyles. The findings therefore had important implications for climate change mitigation and policy measures associated with lifestyle. On the premise of ensuring stable economic development and improving the well-being of residents, differentiation guides the lifestyle choices of community residents providing reference for better realization of the "double carbon" goal.

Politicizing belonging: Community formation at the Late Preclassic Maya hamlet of Dos Ceibas

Abstract People are often assumed to expand existing mechanisms—kinship in particular—to include others when they form communities. These models (con)fuse similarity with sameness, as we argue based on Husserl's concept of empathy. People recognize others without overlooking differences. They form community by negotiating belonging. We ask how individuals materialize community, how they create unity in a political process, and how they employ bordering and bonding social interactions. Our case study is Dos Ceibas, a Late Preclassic (350 b.c. to a.d. 250) Maya hamlet in the Petexbatun region. The North Plaza originated as a residential group—possibly of the hamlet's founder—and was transformed over multiple construction episodes into a public and ceremonial place. By a.d. 250, Dos Ceibas consisted of a small pyramid overlooking a plaza and two likely residential buildings. Its growth pattern sets the North Plaza apart from nearby Group MP16 and magnified internal differences. At the same time, Dos Ceibas's pyramid and plaza were likely communal constructions that project a shared community identity. The comparison with contemporary settlements nearby identifies distinct settlement layouts and suggests localized community identities.

Game-Based Learning and Gamification, Effective Innovation in Emergency Medicine Training Program

Background: Game-based learning (GBL) and gamification have recently been applied in medical education. Both approaches utilize methods to teach specific skills or knowledge in a more motivating manner than traditional teaching. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of GBL and gamification in an emergency medicine (EM) residency training program by comparing education through e-learning with GBL and gamification. Methods: We randomly enrolled EM residents into two groups. Over the course of one educational year, one group of residents participated in a GBL and gamification course (10 designed GBL and gamification sessions), while the other group received e-learning materials (10 designed podcasts and videos). Traditional training programs continued as routine in both groups. After the intervention, we assessed learners' educational achievements (exam scores) in both groups. Additionally, EM residents' viewpoints (in the first group) on the innovative program were collected using the model for the evaluation of educational games (MEEGA). Finally, the short version of the postgraduate hospital educational environment measure (PHEEM) was administered to evaluate learners' general feedback (in the first group) about the new educational environment after the intervention. Results: Game-based learning and gamification significantly improved scores in written, oral, and electronic exams assessing knowledge, skills, clinical reasoning, and judgment among EM residents (P-value &lt; 0.05). All MEEGA items under “Usability” and “Player Experience” had mean scores &gt; 3 (indicating agree and totally agree) (median score = 3 - 4). All PHEEM items under “Teacher Support and Skills” and “Work Conditions and Allocated Time for Learning” also had mean scores &gt; 3 (indicating agree and totally agree) (median score = 4). Conclusions: Game-based learning and gamification enhanced EM residents’ knowledge, skills, clinical reasoning, and judgment. Learners largely agreed on the positive impact of the intervention on their residency training program.

Influence of operator's experience on the quality and success rate of root canal treatment with new nickel-titanium instruments

Objective: To analyze the influence of operator's experience on the quality and success rate of root canal treatment with new nickel-titanium instruments, providing support for improving the success rate of root canal treatment with new nickel-titanium instruments in clinic. Methods: Cases of root canal treatment and non-surgical root canal retreatment with 6-12 months recall performed by residents (resident group) with experience of 1-3 years and endodontic specialists (specialist group) with experience of 5-7 years were collected from the electronic medical system of the Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, from September 2020 to August 2021. All cases were prepared by engine-driven glide path files and controlled memory nickel-titanium finishing files. Chi-square test and logistic regression were used to analyze the differences and influencing factors of complications, filling quality and success rate of root canal treatment between the two groups. Results: A total of 277 cases performed by 24 residents and 3 specialists were included, 169 in the resident group and 108 in the specialist group. The clinical incidence of flare-ups was significantly higher in the resident group [3.6% (6/169)] than in the specialist group [0(0/108)] (P=0.048). There were no significant differences in ledges, root canal transportations, perforations, or instrument separations between the two groups (P>0.05). The prevalence of satisfactory fillings was 62.7% (106/169) in the resident group, which was significantly lower than that in the specialist group [86.1% (93/108)] (P<0.05). The success rate of root canal treatment was 91.7% (155/169) and 94.4% (102/108) in the resident group and the specialist group, respectively, with no significant differences (χ2=0.73,P=0.392). Multivariate analysis showed that the success rate of root canal treatment was related to complications and quality of root fillings (P<0.05). Conclusions: Higher success rate of root canal treatment could be achieved by residents and endodontic specialists with engine-driven glide path files and controlled memory nickel-titanium files.

Multi-level social capital effects on residents: Residents’ cooperative behavior in neighborhood renewal in China

China has recently shown great enthusiasm for developing neighborhood renewal, and good cooperation within resident groups is the key to successful implementation. Residents’ cooperative behavior is easily influenced by social relationships among residents, which are referred to as resident-level social capital. Further, resident-level social capital is influenced by the neighborhood effects, known as neighborhood-level social capital. However, few studies examined the impact of social capital on residents’ behavior from the perspective of both resident-level and neighborhood-level. This paper aims to examine the multilevel social capital that influence residents’ cooperative behavior in China. Using social capital theory and the theory of planned behavior, this study collects questionnaire survey data from 1039 residents in 98 neighborhood renewal projects in China. The results from multilevel structural equation modeling suggest that residents’ social capital can directly influence residents’ cooperative behavioral intention. The variability of neighborhood-level social capital and the impact of multidimensional social capital were examined. The findings of this study have strengthened the explanatory power of the theory of planned behavior and expanded the application scope of social capital theory. The results provide a more cultural and historical perspective, that is, resident relationships, for promoting cooperation among residents in neighborhood renewal.

Salt-related knowledge, attitudes and practices and their relationship with 24-h urinary sodium and potassium excretions among a group of healthy residents in the UAE: a cross-sectional study.

This study aimed to measure urinary sodium and potassium as a measure of sodium and potassium intake concerning the knowledge, attitude and practice towards sodium intake among a group of healthy residents in the UAE. A cross-sectional study on a sample of healthy adults in the UAE. In addition to the knowledge, attitude and practice questionnaire, sodium and potassium excretions and food records were taken. The UAE. A sample of 190 healthy individuals aged between 20 and 60 years. The mean (± sd) age of the sample was 38·6 (± 12·5) years, and 50·5 % were females. The mean urinary sodium and potassium intake were 2816·2 ± 675·7 mg/d and 2533·3 ± 615 mg/d, respectively. The means were significantly different compared with the WHO recommendation of sodium and potassium (P < 0·001). About 65 % of the participants exceeded the WHO recommendations for salt intake, and participants' knowledge classification for health-related issues was fair, while food-related knowledge was poor (P = 0·001). A two-stage stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that knowledge, attitude and practice scores were negatively associated with urinary sodium excretion (r = -0·174; P = 0·017) and those older participants and females had lower urinary sodium excretion (P < 0·001). These findings may suggest an increase in the risk of hypertension in the UAE population. Moreover, these findings emphasise the need to establish education and public awareness programmes focusing on identifying the sodium contents of foods and establishing national regulations regarding food reformulation, particularly for staple foods such as bread.

A survey of essential anatomy from the perspective of anesthesiology, emergency medicine, obstetrics and gynecology, and orthopedics resident physicians

BackgroundRecent changes in anatomy curricula in undergraduate medical education (UME), including pedagogical changes and reduced time, pose challenges for foundational learning. Consequently, it is important to ask clinicians what anatomical content is important for their clinical specialty, which when taken collectively, can inform curricular development.MethodsThis study surveyed 55 non-primary care residents in anesthesiology (AN; N = 6), emergency medicine (EM; N = 15), obstetrics and gynecology (OB; N = 13), and orthopedics (OR; N = 21) to assess the importance of 907 anatomical structures across all anatomical regions. Survey ratings by participants were converted into a post-hoc classification system to provide end-users of this data with an intuitive and useful classification system for categorizing individual anatomical structures (i.e., essential, more important, less important, not important).ResultsSignificant variability was observed in the classifications of essential anatomy: 29.1% of all structures were considered essential by OB residents, 37.6% for AN residents, 41.6% for EM residents, and 72.0% for OR residents. Significant differences (with large effect sizes) were also observed between residency groups: OR residents rated anatomy of the back, limbs, and pelvis and perineum anatomy common to both sexes significantly higher, whereas OB residents rated the pelvis and perineum anatomy common to both sexes and anatomy for individuals assigned female at birth highest. Agreement in classifications of importance among residents was observed for selected anatomical structures in the thorax, abdomen, pelvis and perineum (assigned male at birth-specific anatomy), and head and neck. As with the ratings of anatomical structures, OR residents had the highest classification across all nine tissue types (p < 0.01).ConclusionsThe present study created a database of anatomical structures assessed from a clinical perspective that may be considered when determining foundational anatomy for UME curriculum, as well as for graduate medical education.