Residential Units Research Articles

EUROPEAN APPROACH TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF MODULAR SETTLEMENTS FOR REFUGEES

Many citizens were forced to leave their homes due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Almost 5 million citizens were registered as internally displaced persons. Some of them found shelter in modular (container) settlements located in various regions of Ukraine. Additionally, over 7 million Ukrainians sought refuge abroad and were settled in different types of housing. Due to limited time and extreme conditions, modular settlements were also built in some European countries to provide our compatriots with temporary housing. 
 The paper provides a review of the European experience in the design and construction of modular settlements, while also defining the architectural and urban characteristics of their development. The paper the findings of the study based upon the information gathered about settlements built in Europe between 2015 and 2016, as well as modular settlements currently being constructed for Ukrainian refugees since 2022. The analysis includes aspects such as size, spatial planning, landscaping, typology, purpose of buildings, and furnishing of premises. The article explores planning approaches for modular settlements, which encompass concepts such as sustainability and long-term solutions, functionality, comfort, aestheticization, and mitigation of negative impacts on the environment. 
 The study's findings concluded that when selecting a location for modular settlements, it is crucial to evaluate the site's position within the overall building structure, the availability of infrastructure, accessibility, socio-cultural environment, as well as conduct economic, demographic, and environmental analyses. The research determined that an optimal solution for modular settlements is to create communities for approximately 300 people, utilizing two-story modular buildings. It is recommended to form courtyards that provide more privacy to inhabitants. In a grid planning structure for a modular settlement, it is essential to effectively organize public spaces, including children's and sports grounds, recreational areas, as well as administrative and service buildings. For the long-term residence of refugees, it is recommended to utilize residential units where shared kitchens and bathrooms are designed for inhabitants of 2 to 5 rooms. Additionally, individual residential units or houses can be allocated for single families, equipped with furniture and appliances, including individual bathrooms and kitchen niches. The minimum living space per person is suggested to be between 4.5 to 5.5 square meters. The findings of this research can be utilized to enhance existing settlements and inform the development of new urban planning and architectural solutions for the design of future modular settlements.

Emotional and relational regulation of children and youth in residential care

Family relationships have been shown to play an important role in the way children/youth evaluate themselves, influencing their emotional and relational regulation, more specifically, their self-concept, self-esteem, perception of social support and behavior. In order to compare the adjustment of children/youth living in residential care and in family, 169 children/youth aged between 10 and 21 years were studied, 62 living in residential care units and 107 with their families, 93 females and 76 males. The Piers-Harris Self-concept Rating Scale, Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, Procidano and Heller's Perception of Social Support from Friends and Family and Buss and Perry's Aggressiveness Questionnaire were applied via google forms and in person. The results showed that children and youngsters in residential care show statistically significant differences from those who live with their families in all the parameters analyzed. They are more fragile in terms of self-concept (except for the anxiety domain) and self-esteem, show a lower perception of social support from peers and family, and show a higher perception of aggressiveness, both in general and in the instrumental, affective and cognitive dimensions. We conclude that all participants showed weaknesses in terms of anxiety management, and that institutionalized children/youth were more psychologically and relationally maladjusted and more aggressive, thus demonstrating the urgency for a multidisciplinary intervention in this population, by promoting personal and relational skills.

Performance of Residential Micro-CHP Operating in a District Energy Network

To resolve the problem of the imbalance between micro-Combined Heat and Power (m-CHP) supply and demand, a district energy network has been established based on residential m-CHP units powered by natural gas-fueled internal combustion engine. The electric and thermal loads of a Harbin residential building in a typical winter heating week are calculated. The performance of the m-CHP systems operating in two operation strategies, i.e., Following the Electric Load (FEL) and Following the Thermal Load (FTL), are analyzed and evaluated from both energy and economic aspects. The result shows that the energy cost of the m-CHP is reduced by 10% when operating in FTL mode, and the income from selling excess energy is 2.7 times more than that in FEL mode, indicating lower operation costs in FEL mode. Moreover, compared with the traditional separate production of electricity and heat, the net cost reduction rate of the system in FEL and FTL mode is 13.68% and 38.83%, respectively. Micro-CHP operating in a district energy network is more profitable than traditional separate electricity and heat production.

KEDUDUKAN KLAUSULA BAKU DALAM PROSES JUAL BELI ANTARA KONSUMEN DAN PELAKU USAHA PADA PERUSAHAAN PROPERTY PERUMAHAN

In this country is on its way to Indonesian Gold 2045 experiencing many developments, especially in terms of buying and selling business. In society, where to live is very important. So many people want to buy a residential unit or housing unit. This study aims to determine the position of the standard clause in the process of buying and selling housing. The main problem in this thesis is the agreement that contains a clause that harms the consumer contained in the sale and purchase transaction which results in material loss by the consumer. This research method is using a normative juridical approach to literature. Normative juridical means research that refers to legal norms contained in laws and regulations and norms that apply in society or also concerning customs that apply in society. The technique of collecting data is by interviewing parties related to the application of standard clauses in the process of buying and selling residential properties, then law and consumer protection. The results of this study, namely the clauses that cause consumer losses in buying and selling housing are standard clauses that are prohibited in article 18 paragraph (1) because the standard clauses contained in buying and selling housing make consumers have no bargaining power during the buying and selling the process.

Exploring the Cooling Potential of Ventilated Mask Walls in Neo-Vernacular Architecture: A Case Study of André Ravéreau’s Dwellings in M’zab Valley, Algeria

This study investigates the thermal performance of the ventilated mask wall used in the low-income neo-vernacular dwellings designed by André Ravéreau to cope with the warm desert climate conditions of M’zab Valley, Ghardaia, in southern Algeria. This device is a ventilated façade provided with an opaque external massive cladding. It is designed to be particularly efficient in hot climates, functioning simultaneously as a brise-soleil and a ventilated façade, compared with conventional façade systems. Based on a typical experiment conducted during the summertime (12–14 August), a residential unit in Sidi Abbaz selected as a case study was modeled and calibrated using EnergyPlus (v8.4) software, and then a dynamic simulation was performed in order to assess the efficiency of the ventilated mask wall as a cooling strategy. By means of the validated thermal model, various alternatives for the façade materials were investigated, and the thermal behavior of the current ventilated mask wall was compared with a 45 cm thick limestone façade wall, and a 30 cm thick hollow clay brick wall under the same conditions. Countless benefits were achieved by the application of the mask wall system, including a stable and less fluctuant inner surface temperature, and a reduction in the incoming summer heat flux. The improvements performed, in particular the time lag of 12 h and the related decrement factor of 0.28 indicate the effectiveness of this wall system, which enabled radiant temperature drops of more than 10 °C, and an air temperature decrease of about 6 °C, during the summer sunniest hours. The results demonstrate that this solution is suitable for buildings design applications to meet the objective of low-energy demand in warm desert climates.

Multi‐objective optimal planning of a residential energy hub based on multi‐objective particle swarm optimization algorithm

AbstractWith the increasing rate of population in big cities around the world, the tendency to build new buildings in the suburb of main cities or to build large apartments in the main cities has been highlighted. In this regard, building residential complexes has seen a dramatic increase in these areas as it makes it possible to build a large number of residential units within a reasonable space. Although these complexes have brought numerous benefits, they are some challenges regarding their construction processes. One main concern associated with these complexes is how to optimally install energy components such as transformers, combined heat and power (CHP) units, boilers etc., in the shared area of apartments in the residential complex. To address this issue, this paper models the energy system of a residential complex as an energy hub and proposes a novel framework to obtain the optimal planning of such an energy hub. In order to address the conflicting desires of the residential complex's builders and the future residents of the residential units, a multi‐objective (MO) optimization problem has been considered in the proposed method that simultaneously optimizes the investment costs, operation costs, and the reliability of energy supply. In this regard, a Multi‐objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) algorithm combined with classical linear programming (LP) optimization method has been proposed to solve the MO optimization problem. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, a case study including a residential complex with 300 residential units is considered, and the proposed method is implemented in this case study. The numerical results show that the proposed framework can appropriately optimize investment costs, operation costs, and the reliability index simultaneously, and the obtained Pareto frontier gives the investors the freedom to opt for any point from this surface.

Life Cycle Assessment of a Three-Storey Terrace of Three Timber-Framed Residential Workplace Units

There is an urgent need to evaluate the environmental impacts of both traditional and more recent innovations in sustainable building materials. This study conducted a life cycle assessment (LCA) of a single three-storey (aboveground) terrace in Ireland composed of three timber-framed residential workplace units. The supply of raw materials, their transport to the manufacturing site, and the manufacturing processes for the materials used in the building account for 58% of the GWP during the production stage. The horizontal elements of the An Corrán building and roof account for the largest contribution (29.3%) to the GWP environmental impact. The LCA results show that the building’s 469 m2 gross internal floor area (GIFA) produced life cycle carbon emissions of 220 t CO2e and has an embodied carbon value of 398 kg CO2e m−2 and 6.63 kg CO2e m−2 a−1 for the building’s 60-year estimated cradle-to-grave life cycle. When compared to conventional (i.e., masonry) and timber-framed buildings in Europe, the An Corrán building shows that substantial GWP savings occurred during the Use Stage with a GWP footprint of 50.5 kg CO2e m2 compared to 375.65 and 386.6 kg CO2e m2 for previously reported masonry and timber-framed houses, respectively.

Models of residential buildings with affordable housing for settlements of different sizes

The importance of creating high-quality housing units with affordable housing in the resettlement system is highlighted. Some examples of affordable housing in world practice are analyzed. The importance of the location of a residential unit with affordable housing on the quality of living in it and on some characteristics of such housing, such as price and number of floors, is described.
 A number of authors who studied the formation of the urban environment and their problems are cited.
 The article proposes several universal models of residential formation with affordable housing for a large city (model of residential formation with affordable housing in the structure of a residential group) and for a small settlement (model of residential formation of blocked buildings), which are based on the principles of multi-comfort and sustainable development, taking into account the development in time.
 The main areas of residential formation have been determined. The need for integration of different types of housing in the residential formation is indicated, such as: commercial housing of various comforts, affordable housing, social housing, rental housing, affordable rental housing. The importance of determining the appropriate percentage of integration of different typologies of housing is highlighted, and its schematic marking on general plans of territories is proposed.
 The necessity of designing a residential building with the integration of public service premises and places of employment is indicated. Insert blocks with public, communication and social significance in a residential structure for block or individual construction in small settlements are proposed.
 A number of important tasks that must be solved by the development of urban planning documentation (establishing the territories or plots of the location of affordable housing; the planned percentage of such housing in a district, quarter or building; determining the required number and calculation of types of apartments, etc.) are given.

Transient optimization of a new solar-wind multi-generation system for hydrogen production, desalination, clean electricity, heating, cooling, and energy storage using TRNSYS

In the current study, a renewable system with two potential wind and solar energies for electricity production, cooling, and heating has been investigated. The proposed system included reverse osmosis, heat pumps, fuel cell subsystems, wind turbines, photovoltaic/thermal panel units, battery storage, and a hydrogen storage tank. Given Iran's high potential for renewable energy, a performance analysis of six cities, Esfahan, Zanjan, Bandar Anzali, Ahvaz, Bandar Abbas, and Tabriz was done to determine where the proposed power plant should be located. Six decision factors were analyzed for system performance: solar panel angle, solar panel count, wind turbine count, cooling capacity, heating capacity, and fuel cell power. The findings demonstrate that the number of solar panels, wind turbines, and fuel cells significantly influences power, fuel consumption, and system costs. Finally, the outcomes were analyzed by the Response surface method to choose the best system that can satisfy the demand for residential units for one year. To evaluate the effectiveness of the suggested method, a 100-unit apartment building with a 196-square-meter floor space was considered. The results also showed that the combination of hydrogen units and battery storage reduced variations in supply and demand and correctly stabilized the stored energy during a drop in output. The suggested system has a life cycle cost of 674278.4$/h and the capacity to generate 225694.8 kWh of surplus power for residential units with a thermal comfort index. According to the optimization results, the system's optimal panel count was 106, the optimal angle was 26°, the optimal fuel cell power was 65.6 kW, the ideal wind turbine count was 24, the ideal heating capacity was 20.2 kW, and the optimal cooling capacity was 48.7 kW.

Determinants of household waste disposal practices and implications for practical community interventions: lessons from Lilongwe

Open waste disposal has a negative effect on local ecology, economy, and public health. Understanding factors influencing waste disposal decisions is necessary for developing solutions to curb open waste disposal. This paper discusses the associations between household’s social demographic and spatial characteristics with preference for domestic waste disposal. The paper also utilizes this knowledge practical community action. This was achieved by gathering and examining a novel dataset of the waste disposal patterns of 200 randomly chosen households in Malawi. We observed that households were likely to dispose of their waste openly when the residential unit was closer to an existing open waste disposal site. A multinomial logistic regression model showed that the likelihood of choosing waste disposal methods, such as private garbage collection services, is higher when the household head is a woman, the housing unit is owned by the occupants, or in situations where a fence is present around the housing unit. We presented these findings to the neighborhood community development committee. A short-term community waste management plan was created using a participatory community planning approach. The plan included co-designing waste disposal solutions with landlords, setting up community waste bylaws, and intensifying civic education activities. In conclusion, our study provides insights into the factors that influence households’ disposal behavior. This unique case study highlights a potential approach for developing waste management policies using a bottom-up approach.

Examining the outcomes of the first one hundred residents in a community based residential rehabilitation unit for people affected by severe and persistent mental illness.

Community-based residential rehabilitation for people experiencing severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI) is increasingly available as an alternative to psychiatric inpatient care. Understanding who accesses these services and their outcomes will inform the optimal allocation of limited public mental health resources. This retrospective cohort study explored the outcomes of the first 100 consumers supported by a new Australian Community Care Unit (CCU). The primary outcome focus was acute mental health service use (emergency department presentations, acute mental health inpatient admission days), and secondary outcome foci were accommodation independence and substance use. When the 365 days before and after CCU support were compared, significant reductions in acute mental health bed days were observed (22days, W = 3.373, p = .001); greater reductions were noted for those staying >182 days (31days, W = 3.373, p = .001). Additionally, significant improvements in accommodation independence were found, (W = 3.373, p = .001). CCU consumers experienced reductions in acute mental health inpatient service use and improved accommodation independence. These observations are consistent with the intended functioning of the residential rehabilitation service.

Psychiatric hospitalization among offenders: a retrospective study in the acute psychiatric ward in Monza, Italy

IntroductionThe closure of forensic psychiatric hospitals and the conversion to a residential model of care based on secure residential units in the community (REMS) has made Italy the first and only country in the world to have followed the principles of the deinstitutionalization movement. Following the reform, several management issues have emerged, such as the creation of long waiting lists for admission to REMS. Improper hospitalization in Acute Psychiatric Units (SPDC) has often been used to address this issue. In addition, the handover of inmates’ care to Mental Health Departments (DSMD’s) has posed further challenges. To date, the field has received little attention from international literature.ObjectivesDescription and analysis of a sample of offender inpatients hospitalized in an acute psychiatric unit.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study including male offenders admitted to the SPDC of San Gerardo Hospital (ASST Monza), between January 2007 and September 2022. Data analysis was performed by using SPSS.Results120 male offenders were included for a total of 204 admissions. 98 offenders (81.7%) were hospitalized once. We observed an absolute (N=1; N=30) and percentage (0.2%;12%) increase in the number of hospitalized offenders per year during the time period under study. Jail was the main provenance in the sample (46.6%), followed by residential care facilities (27%) and the psychiatric observation unit (ROP) of Monza’s jail (10.8%). The two most prevalent diagnoses were personality disorders (37.5%) and psychosis (39.2%). In addition, 66 subjects (55%) had a history of substance abuse. The average duration of hospitalization was 19.45 days; it increased to 77 days for inpatients waiting to be transferred to REMS. Hetero-aggressive behavior as the reason for admission was associated with longer hospitalization (p=0.031), while attempted suicide correlated to shorter hospital stay (p=0.032). Out of the 55 offenders who attempted suicide, 41 came from jail (74.5%). Finally, longer hospitalizations were associated with an increased number of adverse events (p=0.001).ConclusionsPsychiatric hospitalizations of offenders have increased over the last years. This population tends to require longer hospital stays (regional average of SPDC hospitalization in Lombardy: 14 days), which are even lengthier for inpatients destined to REMS. Longer hospitalizations exert a large burden on DSMD’s and impact the general health of patients, exposing them to a higher risk of adverse events. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings and to develop better strategies for the management and care of offender patients.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Study of Parking Needs in Mont Blanc Tower and Athena Tower at Belmont Residence Apartment

The ratio for parking spaces is determined based on the number of residential units, the ratio is based on the government standards, but some apartments do not follow the standards due to the undeveloped parking system, for example, in Belmond Residence Apartment in West Jakarta. The research used descriptive-interpretative methods by observing the data and revealing the problems that cause the failing parking system. The solution to the unusual parking space ratio in Belmond Residence Apartment is to apply a rotary parking system that provides more parking slots in tight spaces, and it aims to maximize the use of the narrow field by stacking up the parking space vertically.

Digital Twinning as an Approach to Promoting Real Estate Projects: Residential Unit at the Lake West, Sheikh Zayed City, Cairo, Egypt

Digital Twinning as an Approach to Promoting Real Estate Projects: Residential Unit at the Lake West, Sheikh Zayed City, Cairo, Egypt

Climate Change Projection and Its Impacts on Building Façades in Singapore

Singapore is one of the most populous countries, and the majority of the population stays in high-rise public flats. In 2021, there were about 1.1 million public residential units, of which 79% were above 20 years old. The number of incidents of falling objects from a height has been increasing due to the aging and deterioration of buildings. The Periodic Façade Inspection (PFI) regime was enacted in 2020 to mandate façade inspections for all buildings above 13 m and exceeding 20 years old. However, the relatively new PFI regime has not considered the potential impacts of climate change on building façades. In this paper, the common root causes of façade defects that can be impacted by climate change are first identified. Based on the climate projection in Singapore to 2100, Singapore is expected to experience a higher mean temperature, a higher rainfall intensity, more extreme rainfall events, and a higher wind gust speed. Overall, these changes in the climate pattern will accelerate corrosion or degradation, material fatigue, adhesion failure, biological attack, and humidity or dampness. The impacts of climate change on vertical greeneries are also discussed. This paper provides a first insight into the key concerns to focus on for the future revision and improvement of the PFI regime to incorporate climate change impacts on façades.

Privacy-Based Demand Response Modeling for Residential Consumers Using Machine Learning with a Cloud–Fog-Based Smart Grid Environment

Demand response modeling in smart grids plays a significant role in analyzing and shaping the load profiles of consumers. This approach is used in order to increase the efficiency of the system and improve the performance of energy management. The use of demand response analysis in determining the load profile enhances the scheduling approach to the user profiles in the residential sector. In accordance with the behavioral pattern of the user’s profile, incentive-based demand response programs can be initiated in the residential sector. In modeling the behavioral pattern of the user’s profile, the machine learning approach is used to analyze the profile patterns. The incentive-based demand response is demonstrated in order to show the importance of maintaining the privacy of residential users, during interactions between demand- and load-profile patterns. In this work, real-time demand response modeling for residential consumers, with incentive schemes, are analyzed. The incentive schemes are proposed in order to show how the privacy of the residential units may be considered, as a result the model is developed with a two-step analysis approach. In the first step, the demand response modeling is performed with the scheduling of appliances on the residential side, by forming hubs in a cloud–fog-based smart grid environment. This process, with an incentive demand response scheme and scheduling of appliances, is performed using an optimal demand response strategy that uses a discounted stochastic game. In the second step, the privacy concerns of the demand response model from the strategy analysis are addressed using a generative adversarial network (GAN) Q-learning model and a cloud computing environment. In this work, the DR strategy model with privacy concerns for residential consumers, along with EV management, is performed in a two-step process and arrives at an optimal strategy. The efficiency and real time analysis proposed in this model are validated with real-time data analysis in simulation studies and with mathematical analysis of the proposed model.

Aggression in mental health care: Opportunities for the future-A qualitative study on the challenges when defining and managing aggression across inpatient disciplines.

INTRODUCTION: Aggression by patients against healthcare workers is a global recurring phenomenon in mental health care. Discrepancies in defining aggression can lead to differences in judgement, which in turn causes difficulties in managing aggression. The multidisciplinary nature of mental healthcare makes a standardized definition an even more pressing matter. No studies, however, were found exploring the way different disciplines approach the definition of aggression. Although traditional methods of managing aggression rely on coercive methods, current research favours the use of non-coercive measures. The aim of this study was to explore the different ways mental healthcare nurses and psychologists define and manage aggression in a residential unit. A qualitative research design was used, consisting of interviews and focus groups. Transcripts were analysed using a reflexive thematic approach. Three major themes were found: (1) approaches towards defining aggression, (2) experiencing aggression and (3) managing aggression: the need for alternatives. In this study, aggression is defined by how aggression has been experienced, both mental health nurses and psychologists agree that there are no alternatives in managing aggression when non-coercive techniques do not work. Aggression is considered an integral part of the job indicating an "aggression-tolerating" workplace. Three implications for practice were identified: (1) It is vital for residential units to agree on a broad-based definition of aggression, (2) further primary research exploring the opportunities of non-coercive techniques and a multidisciplinary approach is crucial and (3) the relationship between a workplace culture normalizing aggression and the mental well-being of healthcare workers also needs further study.

The co-combustion of pellets with pistachio shells in residential units additionally equipped by Pt-based catalyst

There are several published studies evaluating the possibilities of thermal and non-thermal utilization of pistachio hard shells in many technical sectors; however, there are no relevant data about the possibilities of usage of this homogenous biomass-based by-product as a fuel for automatic household heating appliances for partial or full substitution of standard ENplus A1 pellets, which is the aim of the presented study. The composition and basic properties of both fuels were compared as well as the flue gas composition formed during the 6 different fuel mixture combustion in two real-scale pellet burners. The mass concentration of observed pollutants (CO, total suspended particles, and C3H8) in the flue gas was strongly affected by increasing of pistachio shell mass fraction in the fuel mixture (from 10 to 100%). In comparison to the combustion of ENplus A1 pellets, CO was increased up to 25.9 times, total suspended particles up to 15.3 times, and C3H8 up to 13.7 times. Based on the results of real combustion tests, the equations were listed, describing the increase of the mass concentration of pollutants for the whole spectrum of pellets/pistachio shell ratios applied on the chosen designs of the pellet burners. The Pt-based oxidation honeycomb catalyst, additionally installed at the combustion unit outlets for flue gas purification, showed conversion rates up to 82.2% in the case of CO and up to 33.1% in the case of C3H8. This enables the reaching of the same or lower mass concentrations of mentioned pollutants in the flue gas, formed during the co-combustion of appropriately selected fuel ratios in comparison to ENplus A1 pellet combustion without the catalyst.

Best practice recommendations for using music with children and young people with disorders of consciousness

Children and youth with Disorders of Consciousness (DoC) present with highly complex medical, physical, and behavioral needs. Additionally, involving such children and young people in meaningful activities with caregivers can be challenging due to the combined motor, sensory, cognitive and communication impairments. Authoritative guidelines for engaging children and youth in meaningful sensory experiences that can enhance social and emotional experiences are lacking due to the minimal research with this population. Music is a medium that optimizes sensory stimulation using salient stimuli in the auditory modality. Furthermore, music experiences require minimal physical demands and offer opportunities for social interactions in line with developmental milestones. The primary objective of this paper is to offer best-practice recommendations for musical stimulation with children and youth with DoC, including its use in leisure and relaxation activities. These recommendations are synthesized from the existing evidence and combined with expert opinion. They are intended for caregivers of children and young people with DoC, which include paid healthcare professionals and providers, as well as non-paid caregivers such as family, friends, and volunteers. These practical suggestions may be applicable in a variety of settings, including hospitals, educational and residential care settings, family homes, and rehabilitation units.

Noise Control in Air Mechanical Ventilation Systems with Three-Dimensional Metamaterials

The diffusion of mechanical ventilation systems increased rapidly due to the climate changes in all parts of the world. The mechanical ventilation systems are mainly used in the summer for many difficulties to face very hot temperatures. One of the biggest problems considered if every residential unit is equipped with a mechanical ventilation system is the generation of noise by the rotating blades of the fan for refrigeration. This paper discusses the applications of metamaterials to create attenuation filters to be installed inside the encases of the mechanical ventilation systems in order to obtain sound attenuation. A three-dimensional reticular structure made with spheres has been studied in different configurations related to the numbers of layers employed. The sound attenuations were measured at some specific octaves, depending on the particular configurations. In general, the sound attenuation peaks have been measured between 4 kHz and 8 kHz; this is expected to mitigate the tonal noise component typical of fans based on different variables that compose the whole system (e.g., fan diameter, number of blades, fan speed). However, the outcomes shall be considered in terms of laboratory conditions since material properties of the enclosure and potential polarization effects due to reflection of sound waves at the boundaries may occur.