Patterns Of Residential Segregation Research Articles

Residential and experienced social segregation: the roles of different transport modes, metro extensions, and longitudinal changes in Hong Kong

Social segregation is a challenge intensified by rapid urbanisation. Using mobility data, researchers have widened the scope of analysis from static residential segregation patterns to experienced segregation in activity space. Despite such progress, we have yet to decipher how social segregation evolves with the urban development process. The different roles of transport modes, major transport infrastructure expansion, and longitudinal changes over decades are rarely captured. This study utilises three Hong Kong Travel Characteristics Surveys data from 1992 to 2011 to analyse the city’s social mixing changes. Detailed mobility and socio-demographic data of 101,385 (2011), 92,520 (2002) and 77,271 (1992) individuals were included. We found that the unequal experience of social segregation among different social demographic groups has persisted across the two decades. Nevertheless, public transit has a significant effect in increasing social mixing, thereby moderating the experienced social segregation. The roles of buses and the metro system are particularly noteworthy. Nonetheless, we found a selection bias of new metro stations in areas of high social mixing already. Over time, the metro expansion plays a paradoxical role. On one hand, the metro stations’ immediate catchment areas have seen a decreased low-income population. On the other hand, the increased number of metro trips allows people to have a more diverse experience.

Association between racial residential segregation and screening uptake for colorectal and cervical cancer among Black and White patients in five US health care systems.

Despite increased recognition that structural racism contributes to poorer health outcomes for racial and ethnic minorities, there are knowledge gaps about how current patterns of racial residential segregation are associated with cancer screening uptake. The authors examined associations between Black residential segregation and screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) and cervical cancer among non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White adults. This was a retrospective study of CRC and cervical cancer screening-eligible adults from five health care systems within the Population-Based Research to Optimize the Screening Process (PROSPR II) Consortium (cohort entry, 2010-2012). Residential segregation was measured using site-specific quartiles of the Black local isolation score (LIS). The outcome was receipt of CRC or cervical cancer screening within 3 years of cohort entry (2010-2015). Logistic regression was used to calculate associations between the LIS and screening completion, adjusting for patient-level covariates. Among CRC (n=642,661) and cervical cancer (n=163,340) screening-eligible patients, 456,526 (71.0%) and 106,124 (65.0%), respectively, received screening. Across PROSPR sites, living in neighborhoods with higher LIS tended to be associated with lower odds of CRC screening (Kaiser Permanente Northern California: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] LIS trend in Black patients, 0.95 [p<.001]; aOR LIS trend in White patients, 0.98 [p<.001]; Kaiser Permanente Southern California: aOR LIS trend in Black patients, 0.98 [p=.026]; aOR LIS trend in White patients, 1.01 [p=.023]; Kaiser Permanente Washington: aOR LIS trend in White patients, 0.97 [p=.002]. However, for cervical cancer screening, associations with the LIS varied by site and race (Kaiser Permanente Washington: aOR LIS trend in White patients, 0.95 [p<.001]; Mass General Brigham: aOR LIS trend in Black patients, 1.12 [p<.001]; aOR LIS trend in White patients, 1.03 [p<.001]). Across five diverse health care systems, the direction of the association between Black residential segregation and screening varied by PROSPR site, race, and screening type. Additional research, including studies that examine multiple dimensions of segregation and structural racism using intersectional approaches, are needed to further disentangle these relationships.

Uncovering Spatial Patterns of Residential Settlements, Segregation, and Vulnerability of Urban Seniors Using Geospatial Analytics and Modeling Techniques

We harnessed the analytical power of geospatial analysis and modeling techniques, pioneering a novel approach to studying the spatial distribution of households with at least one senior aged 65 or over, known as senior households (SHHs). We developed and implemented a spatial modeling approach that disaggregates the senior household counts obtained from the U.S. Census block data to residential land parcels. This innovative method models the senior household count on each land parcel, generating a detailed, reliable synthetic microspatial dataset for urban senior studies. Robust spatial analysis techniques are then applied to examine senior household spatial distribution in the context of segregation and access vulnerability in the study area. Our research, conducted in the urban setting of Colorado Springs, provides a deeper understanding of the senior residential landscape and identifies vulnerability. Our research findings are not just academic but also practical tools for planners, policymakers, and community advocates in the city to understand senior residential settlements, segregation, and social inequality. Our adaptable approach can be applied using similar modeling and analysis techniques for different study areas. The synthetic data and its generation approach are valuable resources for future urban senior research, enabling further examinations of different senior residential neighborhood typologies beyond basic demographic and socioeconomic aggregated indicators. They can assist studies interested in analyzing the influence of local factors and neighborhood effects on active aging among individuals, as well as simulating individual senior choices and spatial behaviors. Furthermore, they serve as a comparison baseline for future attempts to develop synthetic senior population data with socioeconomic and health characteristics.

Residential segregation in two cities in Peru’s southern macro-region

Studies on residential segregation in Peru have privileged the study of the capital city, to the detriment of cities with other scales and contexts. This article analyzes the residential segregation levels and patterns in two Peruvian cities in the southern macro-region: Arequipa and Tacna. Based on data provided by the 2007 and 2017 censuses, synthetic and spatial segregation indicators were analyzed in both cities, taking as reference the educational level of the head of household and calculating the data on the block, census area, and district scales. The results show that inherited segregation patterns are maintained, while at the same time, the growing middle-class sectors are included in the more consolidated working-class settlements. In addition, processes that reinforce segregation were identified, such as the modification of the role of central areas, urban land production for the upper-class areas, and homogeneity of disadvantages in new areas of urban expansion, which are linked, particularly in the city of Arequipa, to the occupation of risk areas. The study suggests that these processes shape a low-scale urban segregation or fragmentation pattern in both cities, which coexists with inherited patterns.

Population Change and Residential Segregation in Italian Small Areas, 2011–2021: An Analysis With New Spatial Units

This article explores spatial patterns of demographic change and residential segregation in Italy over the past decade, a topic which has not been studied in detail in the literature. Population ageing and migration are unfolding rapidly in a number of European countries, generating tensions and challenges at local level. Aggregate regional or national statistics can conceal significant variations at local level, which are of considerable interest and relevance. This is particularly the case in Italy, where spatial heterogeneity and regional disparities are marked. The analysis presented in this paper uses a new source of data derived from large public archives, which permits comparisons to be made at local level with the 2011 census of population. In this way, it is possible to map out and to analyse demographic trends at a fine level of spatial definition. In order to exploit the potential of these data, the authors use a new set of spatial units which were derived by applying automatic rezoning procedures. These output areas are well suited to the study of the age structure of local populations, population change, and migration in a uniform way across the entire national territory, as the empirical results confirm.

Evolution of residential segregation patterns in the Netherlands between 2015 and 2020

We investigate the evolution of residential segregation patterns in the Netherlands, with a focus on the population with a non-western migration background. Unlike previous research relying on predefined spatial structures, this study employs a regionalization approach to track the evolution of social enclaves in 82 municipalities from 2015 to 2020. Enclaves have become more mixed in municipalities with historically homogeneous social enclaves whereas in the other municipalities, they have become more homogeneous. In addition, we find a positive association between the increase in the share of population with a non-western migration background at the municipality level and the spatial growth of social enclaves. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of residential segregation in the Netherlands, offering a valuable foundation for informed policymaking.

Evolving demographics: a dynamic clustering approach to analyze residential segregation in Berlin

This paper examines the phenomenon of residential segregation in Berlin over time using a dynamic clustering analysis approach. Previous research has examined the phenomenon of residential segregation in Berlin at a high spatial and temporal aggregation and statically, i.e. not over time. We propose a methodology to investigate the existence of clusters of residential areas according to migration background, age group, gender, and socio-economic dimension over time. To this end, we have developed a sequential mixed methods approach that includes a multivariate kernel density estimation technique to estimate the density of subpopulations and a dynamic cluster analysis to discover spatial patterns of residential segregation over time (2009-2020). The dynamic analysis shows the emergence of clusters on the dimensions of migration background, age group, gender and socio-economic variables. We also identified a structural change in 2015, resulting in a new cluster in Berlin that reflects the changing distribution of subpopulations with a particular migratory background. Finally, we discuss the findings of this study with previous research and suggest possibilities for policy applications and future research using a dynamic clustering approach for analyzing changes in residential segregation at the city level.

Association Between Changes in Racial Residential and School Segregation and Trends in Racial Health Disparities, 2000-2020: A Life Course Perspective.

Most studies of the relationship between racial segregation and racial health disparities have focused on residential segregation. School-based racial segregation is an additional form of segregation that may be associated with racial disparities in health. This study examines the relationship between both residential segregation and school segregation and racial health disparities among non-Hispanic Black compared to non-Hispanic White persons at the county level in the United States. It also examines the relationship between changes in residential and school segregation and subsequent trajectories in a variety of racial health disparities across the life course. Using the CDC WONDER Multiple Case of Death database, we derived an annual estimate of race-specific death rates and rate ratios for each county during the period 2000-2020. We then examined the relationship between baseline levels of residential and school segregation in 1991 as well as changes between 1991-2000 and the trajectories of the observed racial health disparities between 2000 and 2020. We used latent trajectory analysis to identify counties with similar patterns of residential and school segregation over time and to identify counties with similar trajectories in each racial health disparity. Outcomes included life expectancy, early mortality (prior to age 65), infant mortality, firearm homicide, total homicide, and teenage pregnancy rates. During the period 1991-2020, racial residential segregation remained essentially unchanged among the 1051 counties in our sample; however, racial school segregation increased during this period. Increases in school segregation from 1991 to 2000 were associated with higher racial disparities in each of the health outcomes during the period 2000-2020 and with less progress in reducing these disparities. This paper provides new evidence that school segregation is an independent predictor of racial health disparities and that reducing school segregation-even in the face of high residential segregation-could have a long-term impact on reducing racial health disparities. Furthermore, it suggests that the health consequences of residential segregation have not been eliminated from our society but are now being exacerbated by a new factor: school-based segregation. Throughout this paper, changes in school-based segregation not only show up as a consistent significant predictor of greater racial disparities throughout the life course, but at times, an even stronger predictor of health inequity than residential segregation.

How Do Real Estate Actors Advertise in Mixed-Income Neighborhoods? The Importance of Home Security

Throughout its history, the real estate industry has emphasized privacy and exclusion in housing advertisements, helping entrench patterns of residential segregation in the process. Recently, however, some forms of neighborhood-level social diversity are becoming more common, as indicated by the growing number of neighborhoods that are mixed-income. Does the proliferation of income-diverse neighborhoods suggest that advertisers are curtailing their exclusionary rhetoric when marketing homes in mixed-income communities? To answer this question, this study analyzes over one million Craigslist rental listings posted in the 100 largest U.S. metropolitan areas in July and August of 2019. Findings show that real estate advertisers continue to rely on rhetorical strategies that likely reinforce, if not encourage, privacy and exclusion in mixed-income neighborhoods. Specifically, rental advertisements in mixed-income neighborhoods were disproportionately likely to mention that the advertised unit came with a home security device, a rhetorical tool likely aimed at calming homeseekers’ apprehension toward living in an income-diverse neighborhood. This finding suggests that scholars have underexamined the strategies that real estate actors use to persuade homeseekers to live in diverse neighborhoods. Furthermore, the security rhetoric prevalent in income-diverse neighborhoods may encourage homeseekers’ fears of mixed-income settings and impede cross-class social integration.

Working and residential segregation of migrants in Longgang City, China: A mobile phone data-based analysis

Despite being a long-established research topic, most urban segregation studies have neither explored the socio-spatial disparities beyond the context of housing, nor systematically examined both residential and non-residential segregation patterns at a very fine spatial scale. Recently, mobile phone data has been increasingly used as a data source to investigate experiences of segregation. While being celebrated for its high spatiotemporal resolution, mobile phone data analysis is often limited by the lack of users' socioeconomic information. To fill these gaps and by taking a small Chinese county city, Longgang, as the case of study, we measure migrants' residential and working segregation experiences through mobile phone data at a 100-metre scale. Results showed that both working and residential populations show a high level of segregation using the population diversity and location quotient indicators, but the segregation experienced by working population is less than that by residential population. Migrants are highly segregated with local citizens, but less segregated in some areas like the industrial zones surrounding the traditional downtown area. This study helps us better understand migrants' working and residential segregation of migrants in subordinate Chinese cities, and inform the planning and policy-making process to promote urban integration.

"The kids get haggled over": how institutional practices contribute to segregation in elementary schools.

School segregation is a key topic in urban, educational and inequality research. While previous studies have mainly focused on the effects of both parental school choice and residential segregation patterns on the composition of schools, we draw attention to institutional players steering access to elementary schools as one important dimension of institutional discrimination. Combining expert interviews with school principals and the local schools department with a quantitative survey among parents, we scrutinize the interplay between institutional structures and practices and parental school choice strategies. We identify three dimensions of institutional discrimination as being particularly relevant for school access, and thus for school segregation and inequality: a school's guidelines and strategic objectives in dealing with segregation, the enrollment process, and a school's profiling and information policies. These factors prove to be rather subtle, yet crucial facets of institutional discrimination, co-producing and perpetuating spatial inequalities.

Examining the geographical distribution of air pollution disparities across different racial and ethnic groups: Incorporating workplace addresses

BackgroundMost previous studies on air pollution exposure disparities among racial and ethnic groups in the US have been limited to residence-based exposure and have given little consideration to population mobility and spatial patterns of residences, workplaces, and air pollution. This study aimed to examine air pollution exposure disparities by racial and ethnic groups while explicitly accounting for both the work-related activity of the population and localized spatial patterns of residential segregation, clustering of workplaces, and variability of air pollutant concentration. MethodIn the present study, we assessed population-level exposure to air pollution using tabulated residence and workplace addresses of formally employed workers from LEHD Origin-Destination Employment Statistics (LODES) data at the census tract level across eight Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs). Combined with annual-averaged predictions for three air pollutants (PM2.5, NO2, O3), we investigated racial and ethnic disparities in air pollution exposures at home and workplaces using pooled (i.e., across eight MSAs) and regional (i.e., with each MSA) data. ResultsWe found that non-White groups consistently had the highest levels of exposure to all three air pollutants, at both their residential and workplace locations. Narrower exposure disparities were found at workplaces than residences across all three air pollutants in the pooled estimates, due to substantially lower workplace segregation than residential segregation. We also observed that racial disparities in air pollution exposure and the effect of considering work-related activity in the exposure assessment varied by region, due to both the levels and patterns of segregation in the environments where people spend their time and the local heterogeneity of air pollutants. ConclusionsThe results indicated that accounting for workplace activity illuminates important variation between home- and workplace-based air pollution exposure among racial and ethnic groups, especially in the case of NO2. Our findings suggest that consideration of both activity patterns and place-based exposure is important to improve our understanding of population-level air pollution exposure disparities, and consequently to health disparities that are closely linked to air pollution exposure.

Residential segregation in a radically changing urban context: experiences from Belgrade

ABSTRACT This article examines the historical perspective of residential segregation in Belgrade and addresses the contextual factors responsible for the dynamics of this segregation. The article considers the decline in social status from the centre to the periphery as the main feature of citywide segregation in Belgrade, along with perpetuated peripheral informality. It also examines the impact of large-scale socialist estates, which were intended to contribute to an egalitarian society and counteract residential segregation. To examine the long-term patterns of residential segregation in Belgrade, we use a combination of sources and research approaches, due to the incomparability and lack of statistical data. Recent changes in segregation patterns during the first two decades of the post-socialist period were additionally analysed at the census-unit level, using data on the education of the population as a proxy for their social status.

Characterizing residential segregation in cities using intensity, separation, and scale indicators

This paper proposes a method to characterize residential segregation patterns along three dimensions: intensity, separation, and scale. These dimensions designate respectively the over-representation of a group in segregated regions, the proportion of people from that group living in these regions, and the spatial extent of these regions. We apply the method to all Dutch municipalities, to study segregation along migration background. Our results demonstrate that no single segregation pattern prevails in the Netherlands: Dutch municipalities express very diverse combinations of intensity, separation, and scale. We then explore the relation between segregation patterns and municipality characteristics. We show that segregation intensity and separation associate with municipality size, income inequality, and share of the group of interest in the municipality population. Moreover, the scale of segregation is highly correlated with municipality size, suggesting a proportional relation.

Assortative mating, residential choice, and ethnic segregation

This paper presents a study of the relationship between assortative mating and ethnic segregation in Stockholm, Sweden. We examine how segregation influences couple formation, where newly cohabiting couples choose to live, and how union formation and mobility jointly influence residential segregation. 1990–2012 Swedish population registers allow us to identify the onset of cohabiting relationships and residential mobility for newly cohabiting couples. Estimates based on two-sex models of assortative mating and discrete choice models of residential mobility reveal that non-Western ethnic groups are largely confined to non-Western partners and to neighborhoods with disproportionately high representations of non-Western groups. Simulations based on our empirical models indicate that assortative mating and residential mobility both contribute to segregation. Tendencies to partner with singles who live nearby and who share the same ethnicity and nativity increase segregation. The results demonstrate how residential segregation and homogamous patterns of union formation are mutually constitutive and suggest that more attention should be paid to family demography when studying segregation.

Residential segregation by nationalities: A global and multilevel approach to Barcelona and Madrid (2008–2018)

AbstractThis paper analyzes patterns of residential segregation for many nationalities in Barcelona and Madrid during the 2008–2018 period. In the first year, the financial bubble burst, halting the exponential growth of immigrants and in the second, after the great recession, the arrival of immigrant population resumes. The multilevel analysis for the dissimilarity index is applied for the first time to Spanish cities. Complementing the results of global indices with the multilevel framework provides a richer and more detailed profile of segregation patterns. Based on these results, a typology of segregation patterns by nationalities was carried out. Global indices show higher segregation in Madrid than in Barcelona, and multilevel results evidence increasing and extending areas of high concentration of immigrants and mixing neighbourhoods. The cluster analysis demonstrates that, in this case, segregation patterns are not the same for continents or income levels of countries of origin. The results provide nuanced empirical evidence of place stratification and ethnic enclave models.

Residential Age Segregation: Evidence from a Rapidly Ageing Asian City.

The problem of residential age segregation has been relatively under-studied, since spatial separation of older and younger people tends to be normalized. Prior literature demonstrates that age segregated environments may be socially isolating, especially for older adults, which may have detrimental impacts on their physical and mental health. While there are some studies on residential age segregation in Western contexts, there is scarce literature on age segregation in Asian cities. This mixed methods study examines changing patterns of residential age segregation in Hong Kong, through analyzing a combination of secondary census data and qualitative, in-depth interview data. The findings reveal that the extent of age segregation has remained consistently low from 2006 to 2016, although age segregation appears to be more pronounced between young adults in their early 20s and older adults above 65. Furthermore, in-depth interviews with 26 older people reveal that older people perceive themselves as being socially separated from younger people, especially older people who remain in ageing housing estates in urban districts. The findings add to the growing international literature on generational divides in spatial inequalities, while highlighting the influence of local housing policies on age segregation. The paper concludes by considering the policy implications of the findings, and the practical interventions that might contribute to reducing social isolation experienced by older people.

Unraveling the Most Influential Determinants of Residential Segregation in Jakarta: A Spatial Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation Approach

This study involves the analysis of the residential segregation patterns in Jakarta, Indonesia, one of the largest global metropolitan cities. Our objective is to determine whether similarities in religion or socioeconomic status are more dominant in shaping residential segregation patterns in Jakarta. To do so, we extended Schelling’s segregation agent-based model incorporating the random discrete utility choice approach to simulate the relocation decisions of the inhabitants. Utilizing actual census data from the 2010–2013 time period and the Jakarta GIS map, we simulated the relocation movements of the inhabitants at the subdistrict level. We set the inhabitants’ socioeconomic and religious similarities as the independent variables and the housing constraints as the moderating variable. The segregation parameters of the inhabitants (i.e., dissimilarity and Simpson indexes) and the spatial patterns of residential segregation (i.e., Moran index and segregation maps) were set as the dependent variables. Additionally, we further validated the simulation outcomes for various scenarios and contrasted them with their actual empirical values. This study concludes that religious similarity is more dominant than socioeconomic status similarity in shaping residential segregation patterns in Jakarta.

Generating Mixed Patterns of Residential Segregation: An Evolutionary Approach

Generating Mixed Patterns of Residential Segregation: An Evolutionary Approach

Do ethnic integration policies also improve socio-economic integration? A study of residential segregation in Singapore

Concerns over the negative impact of residential segregation have motivated desegregation policies around the world. Singapore’s Ethnic Integration Policy (EIP) is a desegregation policy perceived to be effective in reducing ethnic segregation. However, there is little clarity about how the Ethnic Integration Policy might affect socio-economic segregation, another important dimension of segregation. This study explores Singapore’s socio-economic and ethnic residential segregation patterns from 1990 until 2020, focussing on three scales of analysis: national, city district-level (subzone) and building-level. Ethnic and socio-economic segregation, which were generally low, fluctuated in opposite directions over the years. While public housing flats were exposed to less ethnic and socio-economic segregation than private housing, findings suggest a negative relationship between ethnic and socio-economic segregation for majority public housing subzones. This inverse relationship between socio-economic and ethnic segregation might be due to the Ethnic Integration Policy's distortionary effect on flat resale prices. These findings highlight the need for greater attentiveness to residential integration policies’ impact on both socio-economic and ethnic integration, and not to assume that policies aimed at improving one would be sufficient to address the other.