Residential Inequality Research Articles

Neighborhood effects and consequences of criminal justice contact: a research framework

This paper proposes a framework to examine how neighborhood factors influence criminal justice (CJ) contact and contribute to disparities across multiple stages of the justice process. By conceptualizing the punishment process as a dynamic set of decision-making points, this study highlights the role of neighborhood context in shaping offenders’ CJ trajectories and post-CJ residential inequality. Using Harris County, Texas, as a case study, this research considers individual-, neighborhood-, and event-level variables to understand the cumulative effects of neighborhood characteristics on CJ outcomes. This study underscores the critical need to investigate neighborhood mobility and its broader implications for community development and public policy. The findings can be supported by extensive data from the Federal Statistical Research Data Centers and the Criminal Justice Administrative Records System, offering a robust analysis of offenders’ spatial patterns and economic transitions.

Housing inequality and psychological resilience among youth Chinese during a pandemic: The influence of community resilience and governance efficacy

BackgroundResearch on the impact of residential inequality on individual mental health has highlighted community differences, and it is worth investigating whether pandemics exacerbate the mental health issues caused by this inequality. By introducing a community resilience measurement model from crisis management, this paper refines the measurement of community differences, focusing on whether the global COVID-19 pandemic has intensified the mental health disparities caused by residential inequality at the community level. MethodsThis study employed the Conjoint Community Resilience Assessment Measure-10 (CCRAM-10) and used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to analyze 4469 questionnaires collected during the pandemic from 31 provinces in China. The subjects were young people under the age of 35 living in various communities. ResultsUsing the community resilience measurement model, the results revealed that there is inequality in community resilience and its support for individual psychological resilience among Chinese communities. SEM results indicated that both the direct impact of community resilience perception and the mediating role of governance efficacy significantly enhanced the psychological resilience of residents. In the subgroup analysis, the direct effect of community resilience was most significant in commercial housing communities. The indirect effect of governance efficacy was strongest in older urban communities. ConclusionCommercial housing communities effectively supported individual psychological resilience through their strong community resilience. Rural communities and urban villages in China highlighted the vulnerability of residential inequality during the pandemic. The government should improve public services and community participation in these areas to better address the challenges posed by the pandemic.

Reconstructing Social Segregation in Danwei: An Examination of High-Quality Education Resources’ Impact on Housing Prices in Nanjing, China

This study investigates the impact of capitalizing educational resources on housing prices. As housing has gradually transitioned from a basic social right to a means of accumulating individual and familial wealth, it has emerged as a significant indicator of social stratification and has increasingly become a crucial tool for the intergenerational reproduction of social class. This paper takes Nanjing, China, as a case study and uses the geographically weighted regression model (GWR) and the hedonic pricing model (HPM) to investigate the impact of high-quality primary schools on housing prices. The results show that high-quality educational resources have become the most significant influencing factor on residential prices in Nanjing. The analysis in the mechanism section further indicates that the uneven distribution of educational resources in China is a continuation of the “danwei” system. Moreover, during the urbanization process, these high-quality educational resources are often leveraged by the government and developers, who see them as essential tools to attract investment and inflate housing prices. Therefore, the current overlap of the school district system and the marketization of housing in China not only intensifies residential segregation within the city, leading to severe residential inequality but also rebuilds social segregation within “danwei” and facilitates its reproduction.

The Boys in Blue Are Watching You: The Shifting Metropolitan Landscape and Big Data Police Surveillance in the United States.

Despite decades of crime decline, police surveillance has continued to expand through a range of tactics oriented towards policing social disadvantage. Yet, despite attention to the linkages between residential inequality and policing, few studies have accounted for two intertwined structural developments since the turn of the 21st century: (1) the shift away from spatially concentrated patterns of racial segregation within urban centers towards sprawling patterns of economic segregation and (2) the turn from reactive policing towards proactive surveillance. Using the case of big data policing, we create a new measure of big data surveillance in metropolitan areas to examine how changes in segregation have affected the expansion of proactive police surveillance. In contrast to theoretical accounts emphasizing the role of police surveillance in governing economic inequality and perpetuating racial segregation, we do not find evidence that racial segregation or income inequality increase big data surveillance. Instead, much of the recent rise in big data policing is explained by increases in sprawling patterns of income segregation. These results provide new insight into the linkages between policing and residential inequality and reveal how changes in metropolitan segregation influence criminal justice surveillance in the era of big data.

Meanings of Loneliness for Women Using Social Services in Spain: An Intersectional Analysis

Loneliness and social isolation are widely recognized problems facing society. Women in situations of economic and social vulnerability are particularly impacted by loneliness. Yet, we know less about the intersectional dimensions of women’s experiences. The study, carried out in Basque Country (Spain) used phenomenological interviews and non-random sampling ( N = 8) to explore the subjective experiences of loneliness among women clients at community social services using an intersectional approach as an analytical strategy. Intersectionality theory provides insight into how different forms of marginalization intersect to shape the experiences of loneliness of women with high social disadvantages. Among other aspects, the study explores the intersection of loneliness with different variables such as gender, socio-economic and residential inequality, migratory status, as well as physical or mental health problems. The results yielded four themes associated with the loneliness of women, with an interweaving of gender in different axes of exclusion: loneliness and unfulfilled need for meaningful relationships; vulnerability to situations of violence suffered during life; social and economic inequality and responsibility for care; and multiple stigma and discrimination. From a practical perspective, this study identifies policy implications that can be used by social workers to understand and mitigate women’s loneliness in community social services.

Residential inequality and spatial patterns of infant mortality in Ethiopia: evidence from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys

BackgroundDespite the remarkable decrease in infant mortality rate in most countries, the rate of decline is slow and it remains unacceptably high in Sub-Saharan Africa. The progress in infant mortality in Ethiopia is far below the rate needed to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal. Understanding the residential inequality and spatiotemporal clusters of infant mortality is essential to prioritize areas and guide public health interventions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the residential inequality and spatial patterns of infant mortality in Ethiopia.MethodsA secondary data analysis was done based on the Ethiopian demographic and health surveys conducted in 2000, 2005, 2011, and 2016. A total weighted sample of 46,317 live births was included for the final analysis. The residential inequality was assessed by calculating the risk difference in infant mortality rates between urban and rural live births and presented using a forest plot. For the spatial patterns of infant mortality, the SaTScan version 9.6 and ArcGIS version 10.6 statistical software were used to identify the spatial patterns of infant mortality.ResultsThe study revealed that the infant mortality rate significantly declined from 96.9 per 1000 live births [95% CI 93.6, 104.2] in 2000 to 48.0 per 1000 live births [95% CI 44.2, 52.2] in 2016 with an annual rate of reduction of 3.2%. The infant mortality rate has substantial residential inequality over time, which is concentrated in the rural area. The spatial distribution of infant mortality was significantly clustered at the national level in survey periods (global Moran’s I, 0.04–0.081, p value < 0.05). In 2000, the most likely clusters were found in east Afar and at the border areas of south Amhara and north Oromia regions (LLR = 7.61, p value < 0.05); in 2005, at the border areas of Southern Nations Nationalities and People and in the entire Amhara region (LLR = 10.78, p value< 0.05); in 2011, at Southern Nations Nationalities and People and Gambella regions (LLR = 6.63, p value< 0.05); and in 2016, at east Oromia and northeast Somali regions (LLR = 8.38, p value < 0.05).ConclusionIn this study, though infant mortality has shown remarkable reduction, infant mortality remains a major health care concern and had significant spatial variation across regions. Besides, the study found that infant mortality was highly concentrated in rural areas. Identifying the hotspot areas of infant mortality would help in designing effective interventions to reduce the incidence of infant mortality in these areas. Therefore, the findings highlighted that public health interventions should target rural areas and identified hotspot areas to reduce the incidence of infant mortality.

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURAL CONSUMPTION OF THE POPULATION OF THE CITY OF NIŠ

The paper is based on the results of an extensive empirical study of the cultural participation of the urban, suburban and rural population of the City of Niš, carried out in 2015, using a combined questionnaire on a sample of 800 respondents. The research results presented here refer only to the aspect of cultural consumption, with the aim of presenting the empirical findings and indicating whether, and to what extent, the place of residence of the participants, in correlation with the remaining socio-demographic features (age, gender, level of education, profession, satisfaction with one’s financial status), influence their cultural consumption, determining the frequency, forms and limitations of this consumption. The research approach is primarily founded in sociology, and is methodologically quantitatively focused on and developed within the theory of the class-cultural homology of Pierre Bourdieu. The research results indicate that young people who live in urban settlements, with a higher education background and favorable economic means, more often than others participate in cultural consumption, and are more frequently than others involved in acquiring additional artistic, intellectual and/or technical knowledge or skills in their leisure time. One half of all the respondents included in the study, mostly the middle-aged (40–54 years of age), point out the lack of money (an objective obstacle), while one-fourth of all the surveyed respondents, especially the oldest members of village societies (over the age of 55), point out the lack of interest (a subjective obstacle) as the main limitation to their own cultural consumption. The results mostly indicate an average frequency and very limited extent of cultural consumption of all the respondents included in the research to residential inequality and the social predispositions of cultural practices.

1393-P: Residential Inequality and Birth Outcomes of Gestational Diabetes

Introduction: Clinical studies have found disparities in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) outcomes due to individual racial and economic differences. In contrast, this pilot study examines the association of structures variations with GDM outcomes by race. Methods: Data were obtained from a healthcare system for a study population of 2,189 women with GDM, 18 years and above, singleton births, who delivered between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2018. Clinical data were merged with structural measures of mothers’ census tracts of residence from the U.S. Census Bureau. Outcome variables are mother and infant birth complications. Data are analyzed using zero correlations by race. Results: Mother’s: white mothers tended to have fewer complications (r=-0.07, p&amp;lt;.05); not other races. For African American women, living in a tract with a higher % of households below the poverty level and higher % of less than $35K earners increased the likelihood of their experiencing Hemorrhage (r=0.11, p&amp;lt;0.03; r=0.12, p&amp;lt;0.05). For women of other races, living in a tract with higher percentage of household below the poverty level increased the likelihood of Hemorrhage (r=0.11, p&amp;lt;.05). For baby’s complications, white infants and infants from other races whose mothers resided in areas with a higher percentage of households below the poverty level had a higher risk of shoulder dystocia while infants of African American mothers who resided in census tracts with a higher percentage of earners below $35K were at higher risk for hospital revisit in &amp;lt;30 days (r=0.12, p&amp;lt;0.05). African American infants from neighborhoods with higher % of household below poverty level and no household vehicle had a higher likelihood of revisit. Conclusion: Selected results show variations in complications among different races by neighborhood characteristics. The influence of race on GDM outcomes is linked to income and socioeconomic status. Income may be more important to GDM outcomes than race. Disclosure L. Thomas: None. M.R. Fawcett: None. C. Jurkovitz: None. J. Lenhard: Speaker’s Bureau; Self; Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Funding National Institutes of Health (U54GM104941)

Muslim-Non-Muslim Locational Attainment in Philadelphia: A New Fault Line in Residential Inequality?

This study examines Muslim-non-Muslim disparities in locational attainment. We pool data from the 2004, 2006, and 2008 waves of the Public Health Management Corporation's Southeastern Pennsylvania Household Survey. These data contain respondents' religious identities and are geocoded at the census-tract level, allowing us to merge American Community Survey data and examine neighborhood-level outcomes to gauge respondents' locational attainment. Net of controls, our multivariate analyses reveal that among blacks and nonblacks, Muslims live in neighborhoods that have significantly lower shares of whites and greater representations of blacks. Among blacks, Muslims are significantly less likely than non-Muslims to reside in suburbs. The Muslim disadvantages for blacks and nonblacks in neighborhood poverty and neighborhood median income, however, become insignificant. Our results provide support for the tenets of the spatial assimilation and place stratification models and suggest that Muslim-non-Muslim disparities in locational attainment define a new fault line in residential stratification.

東京圏における居住分化:―移動すること，しないことがもたらす地域格差問題―

東京圏における居住分化:―移動すること，しないことがもたらす地域格差問題―

Risks and burden of lung cancer incidence for residential petrochemical industrial complexes: A meta-analysis and application

BackgroundLung cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. Higher incidence of lung cancer may be associated with residential proximity to a petrochemical industrial complex (PIC) due to exposure to various carcinogens, although results from previous epidemiologic studies remain inconclusive. Because disease burden due to residential inequality is a public health and societal concern, this study analyzed published data to estimate lung cancer incidence in association with residential proximity to PICs. MethodsWe performed a meta-analysis on selected epidemiologic studies that met the following criteria: lung cancer incidence was coded by the International Classification of Diseases; exposure groups were clearly defined as residents living near PICs; and confidence intervals were available or calculable from original articles. We further applied a population attributable factor (PAF) method to estimate disease burden attributable to living near PICs in 22 European Union (EU) countries. ResultsMeta-analysis included six studies with a total of 466,066 residents living near PICs in six countries. Residents living near PICs had a 19% higher risk of lung cancer compared to those who lived farther away (95% CI = 1.06–1.32). By sex, risks were higher and more significant for females (RR = 1.29; 95% CI = 1.09–1.54; P = 0.004) than males (RR = 1.12; 95% CI = 0.95–1.33; P = 0.173). By location, only groups in Europe had a significantly greater risk of lung cancer with exposure to PICs (95% CI = 1.03–1.33; P = 0.019), although groups in other locations showed similar trends. By bona fide observation, observation of residents for at least seven years provided sufficient latency to estimate risk (RR = 1.25; 95% CI = 1.17–1.34; P < 0.001). Regarding burden of lung cancer in 22 EU countries, 494 males and 478 females were attributed to living in the vicinity of a PIC annually. ConclusionsLung cancer incidence is significantly higher in individuals living near PICs. This result provides strong epidemiologic evidence for further policy to regulate potential pollutants near PICs. HighlightsHigher incident rates of lung cancer for residents living close to petrochemical industry complex

Census Data and its Use in the Study of Residential Inequality

Census Data and its Use in the Study of Residential Inequality

Residential mobility and neighborhood inequality during the transition to adulthood

ABSTRACTThere is ongoing interest on the outcomes of residential mobility during the young adulthood. In this paper, we examine movement in and out of disadvantaged and advantaged neighborhoods as individuals move out of the family home and experience significant life course events. Using longitudinal data on young adults in the United States from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we find that while the point-in-time measure of the neighborhood poverty gap (the difference between the most and least advantaged neighborhoods) remained nearly identical from adolescence to young adulthood. But the neighborhood poverty gap between individuals starting out in the least and most disadvantaged residential settings decreased by 18.2 percentage points. In other words, cross sectional estimates of the poverty gap do not capture the dynamism of changes in poverty with young adult transitions. Partner formation, home ownership, and educational attainment are important life course transitions associated with significant moves up and down the neighborhood poverty distribution.

The impact of childhood neighborhood disadvantage on adult joblessness and income

Research on residential inequality focuses heavily on adult economic outcomes as crucial components of the intergenerational transmission of poverty. Yet, empirical evidence on whether youth neighborhoods have a lasting impact on adult economic outcomes at the national level is scarce. Further, we know little about how youth neighborhood effects on adult economic outcomes manifest. This study uses 26 years (14 waves) of restricted panel data from the NLSY79 and the NLSY Children and Young Adults cohorts – data that have never been used to analyze long-term neighborhood effects – to examine whether youth neighborhood disadvantage impacts adult economic outcomes through sensitive years in childhood, teen socialization, duration effects, or cumulative effects. Sibling fixed effects models that net out unobserved effects of shared family characteristics suggest that youth neighborhood disadvantage increases joblessness and reduces income in adulthood. However, exposure across specific developmental stages of youth does not appear to act as a significant moderator while sustained exposure yields pernicious effects on adult economic outcomes. Moreover, these results are robust to alternative variable specifications and cousin fixed effects that net out potentially unobserved confounders, such as the inheritance of neighborhood disadvantage across three generations.

The Historical Demography of Racial Segregation

Standard measures of residential segregation tend to equate spatial with social proximity. This assumption has been increasingly subject to critique among demographers and ethnographers and becomes especially problematic in historical settings. In the late nineteenth-century United States, standard measures suggest a counterintuitive pattern: southern cities, with their long history of racial inequality, had less residential segregation than urban areas considered to be more racially tolerant. By using census enumeration procedures, we develop a sequence measure that captures a more subtle “backyard” pattern of segregation, where white families dominated front streets and blacks were relegated to alleys. Our analysis of complete household data from the 1880 Census documents how segregation took various forms across the postbellum United States. Whereas northern cities developed segregation via racialized neighborhoods, substituting residential inequality for the status inequality of slavery, southern cities embraced street-front segregation that reproduced the racial inequality that existed under slavery.

Residential Inequality

Residential Inequality

Residential Inequality

Residential Inequality

One Country Two Peoples?

This article weighs the demographic evidence for either assimilation or separation among Hong Kong residents who were born in British Colonial Hong Kong or Mainland China. Using successive waves of Hong Kong census data from 1991 to 2011, we show the effects of nativity on four indicators of social distance and differentiation: residential segregation, linguistic assimilation, wage inequality and educational opportunity. On the one hand, there is some evidence of assimilation in terms of residential location and home language. On the other hand, in terms of wage inequality and access to postsecondary education, our findings suggest that Hong Kong's population could become more divided depending upon birthplace.

Increasing maternal healthcare use in Rwanda: Implications for child nutrition and survival

Rwanda has made great progress in improving maternal utilization of health care through coordination of external aid and more efficient health policy. Using data from the 2005 and 2010 Rwandan Demographic and Health Surveys, we examine three related questions regarding the impact of expansion of health care in Rwanda. First, did the increased use of health center deliveries apply to women across varying levels of education, economic status, and area of residency? Second, did the benefits associated with being delivered at a health center diminish as utilization became more widespread? Finally, did inequality in child outcomes decline as a result of increased health care utilization? Propensity score matching was used to address the selectivity that arises when choosing to deliver at a hospital. In addition, the regression models include a linear model to predict child nutritional status and Cox regression to predict child survival. The analysis shows that the largest increases in delivery at a health center occur among less educated, less wealthy, and rural Rwandan women. In addition, delivery at a health center is associated with better nutritional status and survival and the benefit is not diminished following the dramatic increase in use of health centers. Finally, educational, economic and residential inequality in child survival and nutrition did not decline.

Racial Variation in the Effect of Incarceration on Neighborhood Attainment

Each year, more than 700,000 convicted offenders are released from prison and reenter neighborhoods across the country. Prior studies have found that minority ex-inmates tend to reside in more disadvantaged neighborhoods than do white ex-inmates. However, because these studies do not control for pre-prison neighborhood conditions, we do not know how much (if any) of this racial variation is due to arrest and incarceration, or if these observed findings simply reflect existing racial residential inequality. Using a nationally representative dataset that tracks individuals over time, we find that only whites live in significantly more disadvantaged neighborhoods after prison than prior to prison. Blacks and Hispanics do not, nor do all groups (whites, blacks, and Hispanics) as a whole live in worse neighborhoods after prison. We attribute this racial variation in the effect of incarceration to the high degree of racial neighborhood inequality in the United States: because white offenders generally come from much better neighborhoods, they have much more to lose from a prison spell. In addition to advancing our understanding of the social consequences of the expansion of the prison population, these findings demonstrate the importance of controlling for preprison characteristics when investigating the effects of incarceration on residential outcomes.