Resident Matching Research Articles

Increasing Trends in Matriculant Publications in the Residency Match: A Scoping Review

Increasing Trends in Matriculant Publications in the Residency Match: A Scoping Review

What Military Applicants Value When Choosing a Residency in Gynecologic Surgery and Obstetrics.

Military medical students participate in a separate residency match program, distinct from their civilian counterparts. There is limited information regarding factors that applicants find important when selecting a residency program in Gynecologic Surgery and Obstetrics (GSO). We aimed to identify factors that influence applicant program selection. A voluntary, anonymous, 45-question survey was distributed to military candidates pursuing GSO residency training in the fall of 2023. Participants were asked to rate the factors they considered most important when ranking residency programs. Thirty-seven of the sixty (61.7%) applicants completed the survey. The culture of the residency program was deemed "important" by most participants (94.6%), followed by surgical volume (70.3%) and obstetric volume (70.3%). When asked to rank selection factors, the culture of the residency program, geographic location, and surgical volume were among the top 5 influential factors for the majority of applicants. Participants considered the following factors "not important": Salary (military pay versus civilian salary) (43.2%), research opportunities (32.4%), and availability of abortion training (21.6%). Most military applicants (62.2%) stated that abortion restrictions would not affect program selection, while 37.8% reported that this would affect their rankings. Gynecologic Surgery and Obstetrics military applicants deemed the residency program's culture, surgical volume, and obstetrical volume to be the most important factors impacting residency program selection. Residency programs can use these findings to promote program strengths, improve program shortfalls, and guide applicant recruitment.

Anesthesiology Residency Matching - A DEI Perspective.

Anesthesiology Residency Matching - A DEI Perspective.

Social media adoption and utilization by Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation residency programs and implications for remote resident recruitment.

We aim to investigate the association of Instagram and Twitter (rebranded X) adoption by Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation (PM&R) residencies with the number of National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) applications received in the 2020-2021 application cycle. Among 88 PM&R residency programs, 67 (77%) had Instagram accounts, 45 (51%) had Twitter accounts, and 41 (47%) had both. Forty (60%) Instagram accounts and 19 (42%) Twitter accounts were opened during the 2020-2021 application cycle, correlating with the introduction of virtual interviews and the COVID-19 pandemic. Residency programs with active Instagram or Twitter accounts had more NRMP applications (F(2,85) = 7.49, P = 0.001). Simple main effects analysis showed that programs with an Instagram account (P = 0.03) or a Twitter account (P = 0.03) received more residency applications. In multivariate linear regression analysis including presence of an Instagram account, program size, program setting, and program region, the presence of a Twitter account (coefficient 37.3, P = 0.04, 95% CI 1.71-72.96) and ≥ 16 residents in the residency program (coefficient 77.9, P < 0.001, 95% CI 44.43-111.31) were positively correlated with the number of residency applications. In conclusion, residency programs that were larger and adopted Twitter had more applicants in 2020-2021. Future research is needed to determine how social media activity impacts residency applicant decision-making.

Gender and Racial Demographic Trends in the US Laryngology Workforce (1993-2022).

To analyze demographic trends in laryngology fellowship training in the United States from 1993 to 2022, comparing periods before and after formalization of the fellowship within the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) in 2012. A national database of fellowship-trained laryngologists (FTLs) and non-fellowship-trained laryngologists (nFTLs) practicing primarily laryngology was created by methodically compiling laryngologists via Internet search, with corroboration by regional laryngologists and vetting by senior laryngologists on this manuscript. Demographic variables included residency and/or fellowship graduation year, gender, race and ethnicity inferred through individuals' photos and surnames. NRMP match data from 2012 to 2022 were obtained from the American Laryngological Association. An average of 21 programs offered 23 positions in the NRMP match, with 14 programs (66.4%) filling 16 positions (68.8%) from 2012 to 2022. The 10-year FTL growth rate decreased from 25.4% (1993-2002) to 10.5% and 6.6% in subsequent periods. In May 2023, there were 349 active laryngologists, including 303 FTLs, in the United States. A total of 189 (62.4%) FTLs were men, 114 (37.6%) were women; 201 (66.2%) were White, 102 (33.8%) were non-White. Between the pre-NRMP and post-NRMP periods, the percentage of male FTLs decreased from 71.5% to 55.5%, female FTLs increased from 28.5% to 44.5%, and White FTLs decreased from 69.2% to 64.2%. Chi-squared analysis yielded a statistically significant association between gender and training period for FTLs (p = 0.004), but no statistically significant difference between race and training period. The post-NRMP period saw an expansion of laryngology fellowships and workforce diversification, reflecting trends observed in otolaryngology and medicine overall. NA Laryngoscope, 2024.

Preference Signals and Interview Invitations: Insight Into Recent Updates to the Oto-HNS Residency Application Process.

While students in the 2023 Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (Oto-HNS) residency match were allowed 7 preference signals, this number increased to 25 for the 2024 match with the goal of reducing the overall application volume. We sought to understand the impact of this change to application volume and interview patterns. Cross-sectional survey. Program directors of US Oto-HNS residency programs were invited to participate in an anonymous, electronic survey. An anonymous REDCap questionnaire was sent via email to all current Oto-HNS program directors in January 2024. Data were analyzed using R Version 4.3.1. Forty-four program directors completed the survey. While programs received a median [interquartile range] of 400 [363, 445] applications last year, this year they reported receiving 295 [233, 339] applications of which a median of 110 applicants (40%) signaled the program. While the median percent of applicants who were interviewed by a program was 16%, the percent of interviews among applicants who had signaled the program was 37%. Of all interviews, nearly all (median 100% [91, 100]) were of applicants who had signaled the program. Finally, 40 (91%) of program directors reported that signaling played an important role in deciding to interview a candidate. Preference signals play an important role in a residency program's decision to interview a candidate. Our findings suggest that the implementation of preference signals successfully decreased the average number of applications received by each program and that medical students applying to more programs than available signals may experience diminishing returns.

Assessing students' perception of gender as a barrier in Orthopedic residency matching: A pilot survey study

BackgroundGender disparity in orthopedic residency programs is evident. Limited research investigates if gender attitudes deter women from applying to orthopedic surgery residency programs. MethodsA questionnaire was distributed to a single medical school which explored medical students' perceptions regarding their gender's influence on matching into orthopedic surgery residency, alongside motivators and barriers for applying. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests analyzed potential association and trends using SPSS computation with alpha set at 0.05. Results202 medical students completed the questionnaire. Women respondents were found to be 10.6 times more likely to report their own gender as a barrier to matching to orthopedic surgery residency compared to men. ConclusionA significant proportion of women perceive their gender as a barrier to matching. Dismantling gender stereotypes may increase consideration of women medical students of orthopedic surgery as a career option.

Higher Grit Scores Are Associated With Greater Scholarly Productivity Among Orthopaedic Surgery Residents

Introduction: Scholarly research is a core component of resident education, designed to advance the orthopaedic field while facilitating an evidence-based approach to patient care. Grit, defined as trait-level perseverance, has been shown in prior studies to predict clinical performance, burnout rates, and residency match rates. No previous study has investigated the relationship between grit and research productivity. Study Description: This study is a cross-sectional survey of orthopaedic surgery residents from the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Residents were assessed via online survey of scholarly productivity and the 12-item grit scale. Methods: Surveys distributed to the Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons residents assessed the number of peer-reviewed publications, presentations, first author publications, book chapters, and articles. Respondents were also evaluated through the 12-item grit scale, with scores ranging from 1 (minimum grit) to 5 (maximum grit). Residents were divided into low (score ≤3.4), medium (score: 3.5 to 3.9), and high grit (score ≥4.0) cohorts. Analysis of variance analysis compared the cohorts regarding the scholarly productivity metrics. Linear regression models analyzed grit score as a continuous variable. Findings were statistically significant at P &lt; 0.05. Results: The mean grit score was 3.8. The high grit cohort was more likely to have increased publications, presentations, articles, and first authorship (P &lt; 0.0001). Analyzed as a continuous variable, increased grit positively correlated with increased publications, presentations, articles, first authorship, and book chapters (P &lt; 0.0001). Conclusions: The results suggest that higher grit scores are associated with scholarly productivity.

Does the geographic region of plastic surgery away rotations influence residency match success by region?

Integrated plastic surgery is consistently one of the most competitive residency specialties to successfully match. Students, advisors, and mentors are constantly looking for strategies to increase the odds of successfully matching. Away rotations (AR) give students and residency programs a chance to experience each other and get a gage of program fit and gives the student ability to show interest in a geographic region. The purpose of this study is to determine if completing an away rotation in a specific geographic region increases the chances of matching there. U.S. medical student seniors from 2018-2023 applying into integrated plastic surgery were analyzed. The Texas STAR survey was used as a data source. Data was collected on the number of applications, interviews, AR, applicant home region, and match outcome and stratified into 4 regions, central, northeast, south, and west based on AAMC program listings. Applicant statistics such as standardized exam scores were also collected. Linear and logistic regression were conducted assess associations with increased interviews and successfully matching in specific geographic regions. χ² and independent T-tests were used to assess associations between match outcome and applicant statistics. 401 applicants with 28561 applications were included for analysis. Match success was 78.3%. Most applicants completed at least 1 AR (85.9%) with a mean of 2.04 per applicant. Completing more AR in a region resulted in significantly more interview offers in that area, with an average increase of 1.3 interviews for each AR completed (p<.001). Completing more AR and having more interviews in a particular region increased the odds of matching in that region (p<.05). Number of interviews, completing an AR, USMLE Step 2 score, alpha omega alpha membership, and cumulative quartile rank were associated with increased match success. Completing AR in specific geographic regions increased the number of interviews and chances of matching in the same region.

Redesigned Entrustable Professional Activity (EPA) Assessments Reduce Grade Inflation in the Experiential Setting

ObjectiveThis study aims to evaluate the impact of redesigning an entrustable professional activities (EPAs) assessment tool on the accuracy of student performance assessment within pharmacy education. MethodsThe study used retrospective programmatic data for students on clinical rotations over a 3-year period and compared entrustment levels assigned by preceptors with suggested entrustment levels. This tool was redesigned to separate formative EPA feedback from final grade determination. Data were analyzed using chi-squared tests to identify trends in students ABOVE, AT, or BELOW the suggested entrustment levels. Additionally, to account for intercohort variability, the relationship between students ABOVE the suggested level of entrustment and postgraduate metrics was examined. ResultsAfter the implementation of the revised tool, there was a significant decrease (−3%) in the percentage of students scoring ABOVE the suggested entrustment levels and an increase in the percentage of students scoring AT (+1%) or BELOW (+2%) the suggested entrustment levels. Changes were also observed in individual patient care settings, with a decrease in grade inflation and an increase in accurate assessments. North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX) pass rates, residency match rates, and grade point average did not correlate with entrustment levels. ConclusionThe redesigned EPA assessment tool demonstrated a decrease in grade inflation resulting in more accurate assessments. The tool’s focus on holistic grading and narrative descriptors contributed to better alignment between preceptor assessment and school-suggested achievement levels. This study suggests that EPA assessments in pharmacy education could benefit from a stronger emphasis on formative feedback and the use of holistic assessment methods for final grade determinations. The findings underscore the potential advantages of considering a separation between EPA scoring and final grades, prompting the Academy to explore their assessment practices to better reflect student performance in clinical experiences.

Preparing for Virtual Interviews: A Pilot Study to Understand the Needs of Interviewees.

Virtual interviews play a crucial role in the ranking process. National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) data shows a median number of 23.5 interviews per applicant. Considering this volume of interviews, graduate medical education programs must leverage the virtual pre-interview materials to impact applicants' attitudes and perceptions of the interview beforehand. This study is a secondary data analysis of an anonymous cross-sectional survey collected during two orientation sessions held in June and July 2022. Responses from 123 residents and fellows rated the usefulness of available print and virtual pre-interview resources. Using a 5-point Likert scale, social media sites scored an average usefulness score of 4.0, while the information packet and program website scored 3.88 and 3.90, respectively. This article provides recommendations for restructuring virtual resources to aid residents and fellows, specifically under-represented minorities in medicine (UiM) applicants, in having a quality interview experience.

Stepping Back: How Should Pass/Fail Scoring Influence Step 1 Timing?

Although most students complete Step 1 before clerkships, some institutions delay the exam until after clerkships. The change to pass/fail grading adds additional complexity that should be considered when deciding about exam timing. Both early and late administration may affect learning outcomes, learner behavior, student well-being, and residency match success. Step 1 completion before clerkships promotes learning outcomes (e.g., integration and mastery of foundational material), may encourage students to focus on the curriculum, and may better prepare students for clinical science exams (CSEs). However, delaying the exam ensures that students maintain foundational knowledge and may encourage clinical educators to demonstrate basic science illustrations. An early Step 1 may affect learner behavior by allowing clerkship students to focus on clinical learning. The associated National Board of Medical Examiners performance report may also be used for Step 2 and CSE preparation. However, delaying Step 1 allows greater scheduling flexibility based on developmental milestones. Administration of Step 1 before clerkships removes a significant stressor from the clinical year and decompresses the residency application period. However, a delayed Step 1 reduces the pressure on students to engage in numerous extracurricular and research activities to distinguish themselves due to the pass/fail change. An early Step 1 exam may also lead to improved CSE performance, which is often linked to clerkship honors criteria, an increasingly valuable distinction for residency match success after the change to pass/fail. In contrast, delaying Step 1 is associated with higher first-time pass rates, which may be especially important for students at risk for failure. Medical educators and students should collaboratively approach the question of Step 1 timing, considering these factors within the context of the medical school program, curricular constraints and priorities, and students' individual needs and goals.

Peer-Reviewed Publications by Successfully Matched Orthopedic Surgery Residency Applicants in the 2022-2023 Match.

The Orthopaedic Surgery Match is highly competitive, with more applicants than residency spots. With the Step 1 Exam moving to a pass/fail result, residency programs and applicants have fewer objective data to determine applicants' relative competitiveness. Through this study, we sought to provide the mean number of accepted publications on PubMed a successfully matched orthopedic surgery applicant has by the time of submission of their application. Orthopedic surgery residency programs participating in the National Resident Matching Program were identified by their ranking on the Doximity Residency Navigator. Each program's intern class and their medical schools were identified. Their names were searched in PubMed and Scopus and articles with their name and affiliations were recorded. In total, 877 orthopedic surgery interns published a mean of 3.30±5.27 articles each on PubMed. They were first or second author on 1.44±2.58, and 1.96±3.89 publications were related to orthopedic surgery. There were no statistical differences between degree, sex, or residency program rank from the Doximity Residency Navigator. The mean number of publications from a successful applicant was approximately 3. There was a great range in the number of publications, and 27.3% of successful applicants did not have a single publication. Future applicants and programs can use this number to gauge relative research output. [Orthopedics. 202x;4x(x):xx-xx.].

A 12-Year Analysis of Demand and Supply for Hand Surgery Training in the United States.

The consistent recruitment of quality applicants is critical to the integrity of the US surgical workforce. This study assesses the demand and supply for hand surgery training in the US. This was a cross-sectional analysis of US hand surgery fellowship applicants from 2012 to 2023. Data were obtained from the National Resident Matching Program. Primary outcomes were annual number of hand surgery fellowship applicants, training positions, training programs, and unfilled training positions. Temporal trends were assessed with linear regression. The annual number of hand surgery programs (73 to 93, 27.4% increase, P<0.001) and training positions (150 to 193, 28.7% increase, P<0.001) increased over the study period while the annual number of applicants remained unchanged (199 to 198, P=0.431). The applicant-to-training position ratio decreased over the study period (1.3 to 1.0, P=0.001). The overall match rate increased (73.4% to 95.5%, P<0.001) along with the mean number of submitted ranks per applicant (8.2 to 14.9, P<0.001). The distribution of US allopathic graduates, (91.9%), US osteopathic graduates (4.6%) and international medical graduates (3.5%) was similar over the study period. The rate of applicants matching at their first-choice fellowship increased over the study period (28.1% to 38.4%, P=0.003) while the rate of unmatched applicants decreased (26.6% to 4.5%, P<0.001). There was consistent growth in the number of hand surgery programs and training positions without a commensurate increase in the number of interested applicants. Increased recruitment efforts are necessary to ensure adequate demand for available training positions in hand surgery.

Geographical Distribution of Osteopathic Neurosurgery Residents.

The neurosurgery residency match has grown increasingly competitive, especially for osteopathic (DO) medical students, amidst the transition to a single accreditation system in 2020. This shift required former American Osteopathic Association (AOA) programs to apply for Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) accreditation, leading to a notable reduction in programs with a history of accepting DO applicants. This study aims to explore both potential geographical trends in residency match among recent DO neurosurgical residents and in the number of DO neurosurgical residents pre- and post-ACGME merger. Neurosurgery residency programs during the 2023-2024 academic year were identified, and each program's residents, resident degrees, and resident post-graduate years were collected from residency programs' websites. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the ratios of DO and allopathic (MD) residents, while regression analyses were used to determine the trends in DO residents between 2017 and 2024. DO residents were also collated by state to observe their geographical distribution. A comprehensive cross-sectional analysis of 115 neurosurgery residency programs across the United States from 2016 to 2024 reveals a significant decrease in DO residents, from 14 in 2016 to four in 2024, with an average of six DO residents per year post-merger. A geographical heatmap analysis pinpointed New Jersey, Michigan, and California as states with the highest proportions and numbers of DO neurosurgery residents. These findings show the geographical distribution of DO neurosurgery residents in the US. Recognizing and understanding these geographical trends could be essential in the strategic application planning for DO candidates and the need for residency programs to reassess selection criteria to be more inclusive of DO applicants.

Program Signaling and Geographic Preferences in the United States Residency Match for Neurosurgery.

Postgraduateresidency training has long been the cornerstone of academic medicine in the United States. The Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS), managed by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), is the central residency application platform in the United States for most clinical specialties, with the National Residency Matching Program (NRMP) being the algorithm for matching residency programs with applicants. However, the determination of the best fit between ERAS applicants and programs has been increasingly challenged by the rising number of applicants per residency spot. This application overburdening across competitive specialties led to several adverse downstream effects, which affected all stakeholders. While several changes and proposals were made to rectify the issue of application overburdening, the 2020-2021 ERAS Match Cycle finally saw several competitive specialties, including otolaryngology and urology, utilize a new system of supplemental residency application based on preference signals/tokens. These tokens permit applicants to electronically signal a selectnumber of programs in a specialty of choice, with the program reviewing the application now cognizant that they have been signaled, i.e., the applicant has chosen to use up a limited set of signals for their program. Initial results from otolaryngology and urology, as described in this article, indicated the value of this new system to both applicants and educators. Given the favorable outcomes and broader uptake of the system among other specialties, the field of neurosurgery adopted the utilization of the ERAS-based program signalingand geographic preferencefor the first time for the 2022-2023 Residency Application Cycle and later opted to continue them for the 2023-2024 and 2024-2025 cycles. For the 2024-2025 Match Cycle, neurosurgery applicants have 25 signals, i.e., a "high-signal" approach, where non-signaled programs have alow interview conversion rate. This literature review discusses the rationale behind the change, the outcomes of other competitive specialties from prior cycles, the evolving nature of the change, and the potential impact on applicants and programs. As we describe in this review, signaling may potentially represent a surrogate form of an application cap.Other considerations relate to cost savings for both applicants and programs from a high-signal approach in neurosurgery. These modifications represent a foundational attempt to alleviate the application overburdening and non-holistic review in the residency application process, including for neurosurgery. While these changes have been a welcomed addition for all stakeholders in residency match cycles so far, further prospectively directed surveys along with qualitative research studies are warranted to better delineate the downstream impact of these changes and guide further optimization of the application system.

The Geographic Distribution of Vascular Surgeons and Trainees by State in 2023

Approximately 1.4 vascular surgeons/100,000 persons are estimated to fulfill current patient needs in the United States (US), but an ongoing shortage exists. The aims of this study are to provide an updated nationwide state-by-state workforce analysis and compare the distribution of practicing vascular surgeons and training opportunities. Vascular surgeons in the US were identified using the National Provider Identifier registry in 2023. Only board-certified and actively licensed vascular surgeons were included. To estimate the number of vascular surgery graduates per year in each state, integrated residency and fellowship-matched positions (trainees) were ascertained from the National Resident Matching Program website. Surgeons and trainees were totaled by state, and densities were calculated using the 2020 US Census Bureau state populations. These two cohorts were also examined together using simple linear regression and geographic mapping. This study included 3399 board-certified vascular surgeons and 228 newly matched trainees. The average densities of vascular surgeons and trainees in the US are 1/100,000 persons and 0.06/100,000 persons, respectively. The five states with the lowest densities of vascular surgeons are AR, ND, NV, OK, and WY, averaging 0.4/100,000 persons. Eight states (AK, ID, KS, ND, NM, NV, RI, WY) had zero training programs offering positions in 2023 and ranked in the lowest quartile for the number of practicing vascular surgeons (Figure 1). Simple linear regression demonstrated a statistically significant correlation between state rates of vascular surgeons and trainees (p < 0.001). States with zero training positions also have the fewest vascular surgeons per capita. Statewide attention to expanding vascular surgery training opportunities targeted in these areas could positively impact the current maldistribution and shortage of vascular surgeons.

Geographic Trends in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Residency Match

Matching into Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (OMS) residency in the United States (US) is competitive. Various surgical and medical specialties found that a relationship exists between the geographic location where an applicant attends medical school and the location where they attend residency. However, information regarding this geographic relationship does not exist in OMS. The purpose of this study was to investigate if a relationship exists between the location of an applicant's dental school and the location of the OMS program where they match for residency. Study team conducted a cross-sectional review of all civilian OMS applicants who participated in the Postdoctoral OMS Matching Program from 2012 to 2022. US States and the District of Columbia were subdivided into a specific Region and Division as defined by the US Census Bureau. The primary predictor variable was the geographic location of the applicant's dental school. The outcome variable was the geographic location where the applicant matched for residency. There were no covariates analyzed in the study. Frequency tables were created for the expected and observed values for each possible combination of dental school and residency location. MATLAB R2023a software was used for statistical analysis. χ2 test, odds ratio and confidence interval were calculated to investigate association between variables. P values were <.05. 1768 applicants were reviewed. The inclusion criteria consisted of civilian OMS applicants from 2012 to 2022 who matched into residency. Of the 968 applicants who met the inclusion criteria, 48.45% (469/968, P -value < .001) matched into a residency in the same US Region as their dental school; 36.26% (351/968, P value < .001) matched into the same US Division. Applicants were found to be significantly more likely to match into a program in the same US Region and Division as their dental school. It is likely that individuals will match into OMS residency in the same US Region and Division as their dental school. This information helps applicants and residency programs during the match process.

The Impact of Signaling in Diagnostic Radiology Residency

Signaling in the US Residency MATCH process allows medical students to indicate preference for specific programs. In diagnostic radiology, "Gold" and "Silver" signals significantly increase the chances of securing interviews from targeted programs. Specialty advisors should strategically evaluate applicant competitiveness and program desirability to optimize signal placement. MethodsThis study included fourth-year medical students and US or Canadian medical school graduates applying for the 2024 Match. Participants completed a survey on signaling use, interview invitations, and the resources and advice received. ResultsInterview invitations for programs with gold, silver, and non-signaled programs were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) models. ConclusionSignaling significantly increases the likelihood of receiving interviews in diagnostic radiology, emphasizing the importance of strategic signal placement. Further research is needed to assess its overall impact on the MATCH process.

Exploring the gender gap in neurosurgery: A cross-sectional analysis of preresidency publications among neurosurgery residents.

While the number of female physicians has increased since the 1970s, there continues to be a lack of female surgeons compared to their male counterparts, with the gender gap more prominent in surgical subspecialties such as neurosurgery. While surgical subspecialities have accelerated initiatives to close the gap, potential disparities in research opportunities may position women at a disadvantage, particularly in neurosurgery, where academic publications are an indicator of residency match success. In this paper, we sought to investigate whether gender disparities exist in preresidency neurosurgery publications among current neurosurgery residents. The present study selected residency programs from the top 25 neurology and neurosurgery hospitals in US News & World Report's 2022 Ranking. A database of neurosurgery residents and their publications was created using PubMed, neurosurgery residency program websites, and supplementary search. Articles published between the time of birth and December 31st of the year of graduation (medical degree) were used to determine publications before residency. Our research indicates that 25.7% (n = 135/526) of US neurosurgery residents at top 25 hospitals are women and 74.3% (n = 391/526) are men. Men (n = 391) had a median of 7 (interquartile range [IQR], 3-14.5; range, 0-129) publications before residency, and women (n = 135) had a median of 7 (IQR, 4-11.0; range, 0-74) publications before residency. There were no significant differences in the median number of publications between genders (p = 0.65). In conclusion, our research indicates there is no gender disparity in preresidency publications among neurosurgery residents. To improve women's representation in the field, further study is needed to better understand gender inequality among neurosurgeons, particularly in the earlier stages of medical training.