Reset Time Research Articles

Reset transition in HfO2-Based memristors using a constant power signal

Memristors, also known as resistive switching devices, have great potential for applications in memory and neuromorphic systems. Understanding the switching mechanisms is crucial since ReRAM memories need to operate at high frequencies. It is known the reset transition is dominated by the conductive filament Joule heating. We have studied the reset transition in TiN/Ti/HfO2/W metal–insulator–metal memristors by applying constant power signals to different initial filament thicknesses, which were obtained using different initial low resistance states. The results show that power value controls the reset times, decreasing when the power is increased. On the other hand, larger resistances lead to faster reset transitions. These measurements have allowed us to obtain a value of the thermal resistance of the conductive filament. Moreover, we have observed the reset times as a function of the initial resistance and the power lies on a common plane, which allows us to estimate the transition time by fixing an initial resistance and a power value.

A hybrid multi-port HVDC circuit breaker that improves interruption and reset time through shared energy dissipation and fault current regeneration

This paper proposes a Hybrid Multi-Port DC Circuit Breaker (HMPDCCB) design that addresses the limitations of existing hybrid DC circuit breakers (HDCCBs), such as high cost, complexity, and slow response to high fault current and voltage demands. The HMPDCCB is based on a common breaker, energy dissipation, and regeneration branch for all connected HVDC lines, reducing interruption time to 1.8 milliseconds. It effectively manages fault energy through Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) of the main breaker branch with parallel surge arrester, reducing energy losses and enhancing power system efficiency. The HMPDCCB provides selective protection for all connected DC lines at a lower investment cost and incorporates current-limiting inductors (CLIs) to slow the rise of fault currents. The proposed HMPDCCB has been rigorously modelled and simulated using MATLAB Simulink®/Simpowersystems, and the simulations show that it achieves a fault current interruption time of 1.8 milliseconds and a reset time of fewer than 3 milliseconds, outperforming existing models.

Single-photon detection using large-scale high-temperature MgB2 sensors at 20 K

Ultra-fast single-photon detectors with high current density and operating temperature can benefit space and ground applications, including quantum optical communication systems, lightweight cryogenics for space crafts, and medical use. Here we demonstrate magnesium diboride (MgB2) thin-film superconducting microwires capable of single-photon detection at 1.55 μm optical wavelength. We used helium ions to alter the properties of MgB2, resulting in microwire-based detectors exhibiting single-photon sensitivity across a broad temperature range of up to 20 K, and detection efficiency saturation for 1 μm wide microwires at 3.7 K. Linearity of detection rate vs incident power was preserved up to at least 100 Mcps. Despite the large active area of up to 400 × 400 μm2, the reset time was found to be as low as ~ 1 ns. Our research provides possibilities for breaking the operating temperature limit and maximum single-pixel count rate, expanding the detector area, and raises inquiries about the fundamental mechanisms of single-photon detection in high-critical-temperature superconductors.

Quantum state preparation via engineered ancilla resetting

In this theoretical investigation, we examine the effectiveness of a protocol incorporating periodic quantum resetting for preparing ground states of frustration-free parent Hamiltonians. This protocol uses a steering Hamiltonian that enables local coupling between the system and ancillary degrees of freedom. At periodic intervals, the ancillary system is reset to its initial state. For infinitesimally short reset times, the dynamics can be approximated by a Lindbladian whose steady state is the target state. For finite reset times, however, the spin chain and the ancilla become entangled between reset operations. To evaluate the protocol, we employ Matrix Product State simulations and quantum trajectory techniques, focusing on the preparation of the spin-1 Affleck-Kennedy-Lieb-Tasaki state. Our analysis considers convergence time, fidelity, and energy evolution under different reset intervals. Our numerical results show that ancilla system entanglement is essential for faster convergence. In particular, there exists an optimal reset time at which the protocol performs best. Using a simple approximation, we provide insights into how to optimally choose the mapping operators applied to the system during the reset procedure. Furthermore, the protocol shows remarkable resilience to small deviations in reset time and dephasing noise. Our study suggests that stroboscopic maps using quantum resetting may offer advantages over alternative methods, such as quantum reservoir engineering and quantum state steering protocols, which rely on Markovian dynamics.

Dividing‐wall column for separating wide boiling mixture: Optimal design and servo control strategy

AbstractThe dividing‐wall column (DWC) stands as an energy‐efficient distillation technology designed to efficiently separate ternary systems into their pure components within a single column. Despite its efficiency, integrating two towers into a DWC poses challenges in controllability. Published studies have focused on developing controllers for disturbance rejection but have not addressed the issue of servo control. Addressing this, our study proposes a servo controller problem and a methodical approach to strategically select controlled variables that undergo consecutive set point step changes, aiming to track the purity of key products obtained from the DWC. To achieve this goal, we developed a dynamic model specifically tailored to the DWC. Determining the design parameters involved employing a genetic algorithm optimization technique, minimizing the total annual cost. Subsequently, we implemented three servo parallel proportional‐integral (PI) feedback controllers for three distinct product streams. The fine‐tuning of their controller gain and reset time is carried out by minimizing the integrated square error while adhering to valve opening constraints. Our investigation revealed a limitation: the introduction of simultaneous step changes in all three controlled variables proved unfeasible with the three active PI controllers. As an alternative, our findings recommend prioritizing two variables: the lightest (distillate) and heaviest (bottom) key components, alongside the middle component (side stream) and either the lightest or heaviest key component. This research underscores the complexities of implementing step changes in multiple controlled variables within a DWC, offering insights into optimal control strategies for enhancing the efficiency of this innovative distillation technology.

A nanoscale study of hafnium oxide resistive memory switching dynamics

This paper deals with the set and reset time measurements of a resistive memory consisting of a Ti/TiN/HfO2 layer stack contacted with the tip of a conductive atomic force microscope in ultra high vacuum. We present measurements of the set and reset switching times in voltage pulse regime for different voltages and compliance currents. The experimental results are well reproduced by simulation. We derive analytical expressions for the set and reset times as function of experimental conditions. The effect of voltage and current on reset and set switching times is then discussed with the help of their analytical expressions, which are also applied on standard devices characteristics.

A Reconfigurable Hybrid ADC Using a Jump Search Algorithm

This paper presents a reconfigurable hybrid Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) designed specifically for bio-signal processing, aiming to achieve low power consumption and high area efficiency. The proposed ADC utilizes a combination of 10-bit Most Significant Bit (MSB) Successive Approximation Register (SAR) and 2–4-bit Least Significant Bit (LSB) Single Slope (SS) architectures. The SS architecture incorporates the Dummy Capacitor Quantization Method (DCQM) which employs a 10-bit MSB dummy capacitor. This dummy capacitor can be configured to represent the 2-LSBs or reconstruct 4-LSBs. The reconfigurability of the ADC is achieved through the control of the reset timing of a 5-bit counter enabled by an external signal. The proposed ADC was fabricated using a Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) n-well 1-poly 8-metal process. Experimental measurements revealed that the ADC operates at a speed of 454 kS/s with power consumption of 18.7 μW. The Effective Number of Bits (ENoB) achieved by the ADC is 10.9 bits based on a 14-bit scale or 10.2 bits based on a 12-bit scale. The Figure of Merit (FoM) for the ADC is calculated to be 21.5 fJ/step for the 14-bit scale and 22.1 fJ/step for the 12-bit scale.

Tight-binding model subject to conditional resets at random times.

We investigate the dynamics of a quantum system subjected to a time-dependent and conditional resetting protocol. Namely, we ask what happens when the unitary evolution of the system is repeatedly interrupted at random time instants with an instantaneous reset to a specified set of reset configurations taking place with a probability that depends on the current configuration of the system at the instant of reset? Analyzing the protocol in the framework of the so-called tight-binding model describing the hopping of a quantum particle to nearest-neighbor sites in a one-dimensional open lattice, we obtain analytical results for the probability of finding the particle on the different sites of the lattice. We explore a variety of dynamical scenarios, including the one in which the resetting time intervals are sampled from an exponential as well as from a power-law distribution, and a setup that includes a Floquet-type Hamiltonian involving an external periodic forcing. Under exponential resetting, and in both the presence and absence of the external forcing, the system relaxes to a stationary state characterized by localization of the particle around the reset sites. The choice of the reset sites plays a defining role in dictating the relative probability of finding the particle at the reset sites as well as in determining the overall spatial profile of the site-occupation probability. Indeed, a simple choice can be engineered that makes the spatial profile highly asymmetric even when the bare dynamics does not involve the effect of any bias. Furthermore, analyzing the case of power-law resetting serves to demonstrate that the attainment of the stationary state in this quantum problem is not always evident and depends crucially on whether the distribution of reset time intervals has a finite or an infinite mean.

Modified Kirschner wire percutaneous rotation prying reduction combined with elastic stable intramedullary nailing in children with Judet IV radial neck fracture

PurposeThis study was to investigate the feasibility and treatment effect of using modified Kirschner wire (K-wire) percutaneous rotation prying reduction combined with Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nailing (ESIN) in children with Judet IV radial neck fracture.MethodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on 47 children with Judet IV radial neck fracture who underwent treatment with modified K-wire percutaneous rotation prying reduction combined with ESIN from April 2019 to November 2022, including 25 males and 22 females, with an average age of 8.79 years old (ranging from 5 to 14). The study recorded the surgical time, fluoroscopy time, reduction time, and reduction quality evaluated according to the Metaizeau radiological standard. During the last follow-up, the flexion-extension and forearm rotation function of the affected and healthy sides were recorded, and the Mayo Elbow Performance index was used to evaluate the elbow joint function.ResultsThe average duration of the operation was 25.51 min (ranging from 14 to 43 min), with a mode of 2 reset times (ranging from 1 to 5) and 8 fluoroscopic times (ranging from 4 to 15). Based on the Metaizeau radiological standard for assessing reduction quality, 45 cases were deemed excellent, while 2 cases were considered good. Following 3–4 weeks of postoperative long-arm cast immobilization, exercises were performed to promote elbow joint and forearm rotation. The ESIN was removed after satisfactory fracture healing around 4 months postoperatively. The average follow-up period was 26.79 months (ranging from 5 to 48). At the final follow-up, the range of motion for the affected limb in flexion, extension, pronation, and supination was (140.23 ± 4.80)°, (4.43 ± 3.98)°, (84.09 ± 4.97)°, and (83.83 ± 4.55)°, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference compared to the healthy side, which had a range of motion of (141.36 ± 3.27)°, (5.28 ± 2.25)°, (85.66 ± 3.20)°, and (84.98 ± 2.57)° (P > 0.05). According to the Mayo Elbow Performance index, 44 cases were rated as excellent and 1 case was considered good.ConclusionThe modified K-wire percutaneous rotation prying reduction combined with ESIN is an effective treatment for severe radial neck fractures in children. This technique offers several advantages, including the ability to easily “capture” significantly displaced radial heads, achieve rapid and accurate reduction, and reduce radiation exposure.

Occupational Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields-Different from General Public Exposure and Laboratory Studies.

The designs of in vivo, in vitro and in silico studies do not adequately reflect the characteristics of long-term occupational EMF exposure; the higher exposure levels permitted for employees are nevertheless extrapolated on this basis. Epidemiological studies consider occupational exposure only in a very general way, if at all. There is a lack of detailed descriptive data on long-term occupational exposure over the duration of the working life. Most studies reflect exposure characteristics of the general population, exposures which are long-term, but at a comparably low level. Occupational exposure is often intermittent with high peak power followed by periods with no exposure. Furthermore, the EU EMF-Directive 2013/35/EU states a demand for occupational health surveillance, the outcome of which would be of great help to epidemiologists studying the health effects of EMF exposure. This paper thus aims to outline and specify differences between public and occupational exposure and to increase the understanding of specific aspects of occupational exposure which are important for long-term health considerations. This could lead to a future protection concept against possible hazards based on adequate descriptions of long-term exposures and also include supplementary descriptive features such as a "reset time" of biological systems and accurate dose quantities.

A multichannel readout integrated circuit with column-wise pseudo differential extended counting ADCs for an uncooled infrared focal plane array based on silicon diodes

This paper presents a multichannel readout integrated circuit (ROIC) with column-wise extended counting (EC) ADCs, which is targeted toward silicon diode uncooled infrared focal plane arrays (IRFPA). The column ADC features a direct connection with the detectors without extra pre-amplifiers. The ROIC incorporates 9-bit folding integration ADCs for coarse conversion and 5-bit single-slope ADCs for fine conversion. A pseudo-differential architecture combined with blind pixels is adopted to cancel even-order distortion. To improve linearity without increasing power consumption, a ping-pong integrator is adopted to reduce reset time by charging alternatively. A prototype consisting of 32 columns is fabricated in 180 nm 1P5M CMOS process for verification. The power consumption of one column is 50.5 μW. According to the measurement results, the input-referred noise is 1.21 LSB (2.36 μVrms), and the peak SNR is 82.5 dB. The INL and DNL are +2.43/-2.21 LSB and +0.33/-0.31 LSB, separately.

Comparison of Brownian jump and Brownian bridge resetting in search for Gaussian target on the line and in space

We consider a Brownian searcher with diffusion coefficient D in d-dimensions, for , that starts from the origin and searches for a random target with a centered-Gaussian distribution. The searcher is also equipped with a resetting mechanism that resets the searcher back to the origin. We consider three different resetting mechanisms. One is a Poissonian reset with rate r whereby at the reset time the searcher instantaneously jumps back to the origin, one is a periodic reset with period T whereby at the reset time the searcher instantaneously jumps back to the origin, and one is a Brownian bridge reset with period T, whereby the Brownian motion is conditioned to return to the origin at time T. Unlike the first two search processes, this last one has continuous paths. For d = 1 and d = 3, we obtain analytic formulas for the expected time to locate the random target, and minimize them over r or T, as the case may be. In one dimension, this expected time scales as , which is not surprising, but in three dimensions we obtain the anomalous scaling . We compare the relative efficiencies of the three search processes. In two dimensions, we show that the expected time scales as for the Poissonian reset mechanism.

Low power 10T phase and frequency detector for high frequency phase locked loop

AbstractThe high‐frequency circuits used in communication systems significantly depend on the functioning of the Phase‐Locked Loop (PLL). The power consumption is traded with the performance in the high‐frequency PLL. The proposed robust Phase and Frequency Detector (PFD) has multiple benefits of low‐power and reliable functioning at high frequency. The PFD highly contributes to the stable performance of the PLL, and this work proposes a 10T PFD for low‐power. The proposed PFD employs Gate Diffusion Input (GDI) logic based D‐flip flop and the pass transistor logic in the reset path to reduce power consumption. The PFD uses only 10 transistors, enabling a faster reset path and consuming less power at high frequencies. The 10T PFD was designed using 90 nm CMOS PDKs and simulated using CADENCE Specter for functional verification and performance analysis. The 10T PFD achieved a reset time of 61.4 ps at 3 GHz alongside a power consumption of 189.2 nW. Also, the overall power consumption of PLL using the proposed PFD at 3 GHz was demonstrating the effectiveness of 10T PFD over other conventional PFDs.

Improved response model of a superconducting nanowire array for high photon count rate communication

In high-speed photon-counting communication where the slot duration is close to the scale of detector reset time, the detection efficiency recovery characteristics of superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD) become the key factors affecting counting and communication performance. We introduced the nonlinear detection efficiency recovery model derived from the kinetic inductance model combined with the nonlinear efficiency-current relationship into the pulse position modulation (PPM) optical communication system based on the SNSPD array, and studied the impact of the recovery characteristics on the counting and communication performance of the system. On this basis, we introduce the efficiency recovery model into the correction of the channel logarithmic likelihood ratio (LLR) to estimate the SNR of each slot more accurately. Relevant results show that compared with the existing Poisson channel model, fixed deadtime model and detection efficiency exponential recovery model, this modification combined with FEC can provide the best decoding performance, especially in scenarios with high PPM order, small array pixel number and strong noise level. Besides, the nonlinear detection efficiency recovery model also reflects the best consistency with the experimental measurements of the SNSPD array in terms of response count rates near saturation.

Multicriteria analysis for optimal reconfiguration of a distribution network in case of failures

This work presents a methodology for the optimal reconfiguration of a distribution network in the presence of a failure, through a multicriteria optimization algorithm. For this purpose, the optimal network reconfiguration alternative is verified in the IEEE 33 bus test system and 123 bus test system. The variables analyzed within the multicriteria decision matrix include the total interruption time per nominal kVA installed (TITK), mean frequency of interruption per nominal kVA installed (MFIK), reset time for reconfiguration, energy not supplied, total losses in the lines of the system and operation and maintenance costs. The result enables selecting the best scenario based on analyzing every decision criterion; the multicriteria decision algorithm is developed in the Matlab environment. Subsequently, the winning reconfiguration alternatives are validated through simulations in Cymdist for different failure scenarios. In the analysis of results, metrics are presented that enable us to observe a significant improvement in the typical problems that occur in an electric system.

Two-dimensional cuprate nanodetector with single telecom photon sensitivity at T = 20 K

Detecting light at the single-photon level is one of the pillars of emergent photonic technologies. This is realized through state-of-the-art superconducting detectors that offer efficient, broadband and fast response. However, the use of low T C superconducting thin films limits their operation temperature to approximately 4 K and below. Here, we demonstrate proof-of-concept nanodetectors based on exfoliated, two-dimensional cuprate superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8-δ that exhibit single-photon sensitivity at telecom wavelength at a record temperature of T = 20 K. These non-optimized devices exhibit a slow reset time and a low detection efficiency (). We realize the elusive prospect of single-photon sensitivity on a high-T C nanodetector thanks to a novel approach, combining van der Waals fabrication techniques and a non-invasive nanopatterning based on light ion irradiation. This result paves the way for broader application of single-photon technologies, relaxing the cryogenic constraints for single-photon detection at telecom wavelength.

Fast Reset Protocol for Superconducting Transmon Qubits

For larger-scale quantum information processing, qubit reset plays an important role, as the coherent times for qubits are limited. However, previous schemes require either long reset times or a complex pulse calibration technique, leading to low efficiency in qubit reset. Here, we propose a fast and simple reset protocol for superconducting transmon qubits based on the coupler-coupled qubits architecture. In this setup, a mixing pulse is used to transfer the qubit excitation to the combined excitation of a low-qulity coupler and readout resonator, which will quickly decay to their respectively ground states, leading to efficient qubit reset to the ground state. Our numerical results show that the residual population of the qubit’s excited state can be suppressed to 0.04% within 28 ns; the reset time will be 283 ns if photon depletion of the readout resonator is required. Thus, our protocol provides a promising way for the high-efficiency superconducting qubit reset.

A 5.42~6.28 GHz Type-II PLL with Dead-Zone Programmability and Charge Pump Mismatch Trimming

This paper proposed a 5.42~6.28 GHz type-II phase locked loop (PLL) for the sake of both loop filter switching capability and extensive programmability. An on-chip loop filter is used in conjunction with off-chip one to form a switching filter pair for diverse application scenarios. In order to strike a balance between dead-zone elimination and noise contribution minimization, a 3-bit programmable reset time ranging from 25 ps to 200 ps with a step of 25 ps is brought into PFD (phase frequency detector) design while CP (charge pump) current is programmable from 200 μA to 900 μA with a 100 μA/step digital control. Power management units (PMU) including bandgap and low dropout regulators (LDO) are integrated on-chip with resistor string trimming which effectively counteracts fabrication variations. In addition, a piecewise linear VCO with 3-bit control is designed with a fully digital 6-bit multi-modulus divider (MMD) chain cascaded. The proposed PLL is implemented in a 40-nm bulk CMOS process and the power consumption is 8 mA@1.2 V, in which around 5 mA@1.2 V is consumed by output buffers. The fabricated PLL chip achieves a frequency tuning range of 5.42~6.28 GHz, a phase noise ranging from −107.2~−110.4 dBc/Hz@1 MHz offset from carrier, a reference spur of lower than −70 dBc when on-chip active loop filter bandwidth is set to be around 500 KHz. Its FoM is approximately −176.98~−180.18 dBc/Hz while FoMT is approximately −180.32~−183.52 dBc/Hz@1 MHz offset from carrier. Its most specifications are comparable to or better than most existing literature.

Initial experimental results on a superconducting-qubit reset based on photon-assisted quasiparticle tunneling

We present here our recent results on qubit reset scheme based on a quantum-circuit refrigerator (QCR). In particular, we use the photon-assisted quasiparticle tunneling through a superconductor–insulator–normal-metal–insulator–superconductor junction to controllably decrease the energy relaxation time of the qubit during the QCR operation. In our experiment, we use a transmon qubit with dispersive readout. The QCR is capacitively coupled to the qubit through its normal-metal island. We employ rapid, square-shaped QCR control voltage pulses with durations in the range of 2–350 ns and a variety of amplitudes to optimize the reset time and fidelity. Consequently, we reach a qubit ground-state probability of roughly 97% with 80-ns pulses starting from the first excited state. The qubit state probability is extracted from averaged readout signal, where the calibration is based on Rabi oscillations, thus not distinguishing the residual thermal population of the qubit.

Output synchronization of wide-area heterogeneous multi-agent systems over intermittent clustered networks

In this paper, the communication network associated with a linear heterogeneous clustered multi-agent system (CMAS) contains several clusters, each of which is modeled by a strongly connected digraph and contains a leader. Intra-cluster agents are in continuous communication with their intra-cluster neighbors during the communication period, whereas only the inter-cluster leaders can communicate with other leaders at a series of discrete moments, known as the reset time. Thus this paper presents a reduced-order observer-based reset output feedback controller that solves the output synchronization problem associated with the linear heterogeneous CMAS. Specifically, a reset internal model is built to solve the output synchronization for each agent, and a reset reduced-order observer is developed to estimate the unavailable states of each agent. Then an output feedback control strategy is developed using only the output information, internal model state, and observer state. Sufficient conditions are also obtained for ensuring the output synchronization of the CMAS. Finally, an illustrative example is provided to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed control strategy.