Reserve Tank Research Articles

Сравнение длины тормозных путей грузового поезда с однотрубным и двухтрубным питанием тормозной системы

Objective: to perform a comparative analysis of the length of the braking distance of a freight train with a single-pipe and two-pipe brake system supply. Based on the laboratory studies carried out, to identify the effect of the speed and amount of filling of brake cylinders on the calculated braking distance of freight rolling stock when using brake systems with two-pipe and single-pipe supply of a spare tank. These studies are aimed at improving the technical speed and safety of freight trains, as well as improving the efficiency of the braking system during cyclic braking, in order to reduce its depletion. Methods: analysis of the filling rate of the brake cylinders, in order to determine the time of preparation of the brakes for action, depending on the method of organizing the power supply of the brake system; comparison of the length of the preparatory and actual braking distance according to the method of speed intervals proposed in the Rules of traction calculations. It was also assumed that the train was braking to a complete stop on a straight horizontal section of the track, with air leaks from the brake cylinders throughout the train. Results: it was revealed that a two-pipe braking system allows to develop a significantly greater braking effect than a singlepipe braking system with a similar technical condition of the pneumatic train system. As a result, with the new method of powering the reserve tank, there is a significant reduction in the time required to prepare the brakes for action, as well as a reduction in the length of the full braking distance. Practical significance: it has been proven that the use of a new braking system will improve the efficiency of the braking system, which leads to a reduction in braking distance. This, in turn, will improve the safety and speed of trains along the sections, as well as increase the average weight of trains.

A novel sleep aid device to reduce sleep latency using air-CO2 mixed gas.

Sleep is an indispensable component of human life. However, in modern times, the number of people suffering from sleep disorders, such as insomnia and sleep deprivation, has increased significantly. Therefore, to alleviate the discomfort to the patient due to lack of sleep, sleeping pills and various sleep aids are being introduced and used. However, sleeping drugs are prescribed only to a limited extent due to the side effects posed by them and resistance to such drugs developed by patients in the long term, and the majority of sleep aids are scientifically groundless products. This study aimed to develop a device that induced sleep by spraying a mixed gas of carbon dioxide and air to create an environment that could induce sleep, similar to the inside of a sealed vehicle, to control oxygen saturation in the body. Based on the stipulated safety standards and the human tidal volume, the target concentration of carbon dioxide was determined to be of three types: 15,000, 20,000, and 25,000 ppm. After analyzing diverse structures for safely mixing gases, the most appropriate shape, the reserve tank, was selected as the best suited structure. Various variables, such as spraying angle and distance, flow rate, atmospheric temperature, and nozzle length, were comprehensively measured and tested. Furthermore based on this aspect, diffusion simulation of carbon dioxide concentration and actual experiments were conducted. To secure the stability and reliability of the developed product, an accredited test was performed to investigate the error rate of carbon dioxide concentration. Furthermore, clinical trials comprising polysomnography and questionnaires confirmed the effectiveness of the developed product not only in reducing sleep latency but also in enhancing the overall sleep quality. When the developed device was put to use in reality, sleep latency was decreased by 29.01%, on average, for those with a sleep latency of 5 min or more, compared to when the device was not in use. Moreover, the total sleep time was increased by 29.19 min, WASO was decreased by 13.17%, and sleep efficiency was increased by 5.48%. We also affirmed that the ODI and 90% ODI did not decrease when the device was used. Although different questions may be raised about the safety of using a gas such as carbon dioxide (CO2), the result that tODI was not reduced shows that sleep aids using CO2 mixtures do not adversely affect human health. The results of this study suggest a new method that can be used to treat sleep disorders including insomnia.

Design of Water Pumping Mechanism using Wind Energy (Analysis Study)

In the past, the main sources of energy were coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear energy and wood. All of these sources are limited in quantities and depleted. Moreover, they are considered the main cause of environmental pollution. Due to their limitations and their negative effects on health and environment, attention was turned to alternative energy sources and their uses in various applications. One of those sources is wind energy which is clean and available throughout Earth's geography and today. Wind energy is used in many applications where it can be converted into electrical energy, stored and transmitted, and it can also be converted into a mechanical form that is used directly in machines like water pumps. The main objective of this study is to design a wind-powered water pumping turbine. One of the most important results of the study is the design of a pump to raise water from a well using wind energy to irrigate farms with an area of ​​(2.5) hectares. A two-piston pump was designed, the first to withdraw water from the well and the second to Push the water into the reserve tank. (Irrigation occurs during periods of unavailability of rain water). Use Programmes in study is matlab for analysis and solidworks for 3d pump.place of work is Iraq, Almousel.

In Situ Measurement of Instantaneous Viscosity Curve of Fluids in a Reserve Tank

A novel method enabling in situ measurement in a reserve tank for evaluating an instantaneous viscosity curve is presented. This aims to satisfy the practical demand of industrial production process for monitoring real-time rheological properties without taking samples. With applicable ranges of shear rate and viscosity, O(10–1–102 s–1) and O(10–2–100 Pa·s), it enables evaluation of fluid properties having shear strain rate dependence, based on ultrasonic spinning rheometry. Since this method evaluates the characteristic of shear thinning viscosity while changing the fluid temperature in a reserve tank, some useful examples are expected as further applications for measuring viscosity during chemical reaction processes, such as gelation, hydrolysis, and polymerization. Efficacy of the method evaluating rheological properties is validated by numerical and experimental results.

EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF METHANOGENESIS DURING ANAEROBIC FERMENTATION OF DAIRY WASTE

Researches have been carried out to determine the methanogenic potential dairy waste and the efficiency of their use in anaerobic fermentation to produce biogas. The most important qualitative characteristics of waste products from two milk production were determined, and a comparative analysis was carried out on the specific methane yield during their anaerobic biofermentation with the addition of different samples granular sludge. The hydrochemical characteristics and inoculating potential of the studied sludge samples were determined, it was established
 that sludge, taken from the reserve tank of JSC “Milkavita”, has a great methanogenic potential and promotes maximum biogas yield during biofermentation of dairy waste (0.85 l/gODM).

The Mathematical Modeling and Simulation of a New Mitigation System Including a Remote Impoundment

After the occurrence of a hydrogen fluoride leakage accident that triggered massive losses in Gumi, South Korea in 2012, the government and companies have been interested in installing mitigation systems to minimize the loss of a leakage accident. What lacks in previous researches studying mitigation systems is an evaluation of how much a mitigation system can reduce the impact of accidents. Therefore, modeling-based simulations of mitigation systems should be urgently developed to analysis of the performance of a mitigation system. This study aims to design a mitigation system to reduce the amount of materials leaked to the outside when a leakage accident of a storage tank occurs and determine its design specifications through the use of modeling. The basic concept is that when leakage occurs, leakage material in a dike is drained to a remote impoundment installed under the ground, while the material in the storage vessel is transferred to a reserve tank by a pump at the same time. To evaluate the efficacy of the proposed system, two case studies are tested. The simulation results indicate that the proposed mitigation system can contribute to the reduction in the dispersion area for the materials as well as a large reduction in the leakage material.

Design and Build Temperature Control and Monitoring in Diesel Engines Using Mobile

Diesel engines is generally used for industrial and agricultural machines. Few people care about the engine temperature so it is forced to reach temperature of 100oC, which causes overheating of the diesel engine and has an impact on the performance itself. This also uses a hopper cooling system which is certainly not effective, because it's necessary to see that the water in the reservoir is still or not, also not equipped with an engine temperature display so it's difficult to ascertain the temperature inside. This study aims to monitor and control the temperature of cooling water. Operation of temperature control uses a telecontrol system that is connected to network (Internet of Things) so diesel temperature control can be done remotely. Monitoring of temperature and water level in the reserve tank using Web Mobile. In addition, there is a temperature sensor that is used to measure the temperature of the cooling water so that users can monitor the temperature of the diesel engine on Web Mobile. The test results obtained, the temperature sensor has an average temperature reading error of 0.031004%. Diesel engines with controlled solenoid valve cooling systems can produce ideal temperatures compared to when the solenoid valve is open (using the radiator continuously) or when the solenoid valve is Closed (without using a radiator). When the solenoid is controlled the engine temperature can be ideal because the solenoid valve opening and closing system has the lowest temperature of 56.34oC and the highest temperature of only 80.85oC.

Módulo didáctico para controlar nivel y caudal de agua, mediante sistema SCADA, PLC y algoritmo PID


 In this project, design and construction of an educational module has been carry out, allowing understand in a practical way, the concepts related to: control system, instrumentation, actuator, programmable logic controller, SCADA system and control algorithm. Module’s principal components are main tank, reserve tank, piping system, fittings, differential pressure transducer, turbine flowmeter, rotameter, control valve, solenoid valves, servovalve, centrifugal pump, PLC and a personal computer (PC). With this, automatic flow and water level control were achieve, through the implementation of a PID control algorithm. In the end, operation tests have been perform, generating changes in set point, and generating disturbances, to observe the response of the process and assess the control system.
 
 Keywords — control system, instrumentation, flow control, level control, PLC, SCADA, PID controller

Operation mode optimization of centrifugal pumps of a water supply system booster pumping station with a reserve tank

A technique of the optimal selection of power units and their operation mode in the booster pumping station of the water supply system with a reserve tank is proposed. The optimization mathematical model of pumping station in the form of a non-linear, multi-criteria, partially integral mathematical programming problem is developed. Necessary data for optimization problem definition: the structure of daily water consumption by consumers and resistance of the water-supply system were found on the base of a full-scale experiment results. The adopted approach has provided both mathematical rigor of the problem formulation and solution, and real data recording of consumer behavior and water supply system conditions. The processing of the full-scale experiment data was carried out by statistical methods of analysis of non-stationary random processes. The optimization procedure was realized with the help of genetic algorithm method. Comparison of booster pumping station operation optimal plans on the base of different centrifugal pumps has allowed choosing such a type of pump, that when using it, maximum energy efficiency of the water supply system is achieved and operation of pumping station with minimum number of pumps with maximum possible efficiency is provided. Minimum essential dimensions of a reserve tank, optimal operation speed of the centrifugal pumps are determined.

Effect of different sources of water on water quality and growth performance of growing bull

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different sources of water on feed intake and growth performance of growing bull. For this study, sixteen indigenous bulls (Bos indicus), around two years age (132.5±20.5 kg of LW), were divided into four groups having four animals in each treatment group. The animals were supplied with four different sources of water viz. Deep Tube Well Water (DTW =T1), Supply Water from reserve tank (SW = T2), Pond water (PW = T3) and River water (RW = T4). All the animals were fed German Grass (Echinochloa polystachya L.) and concentrate mixture. All the animals were free access to water. Live weight was recorded initially and week interval till end of the feeding trial (12 weeks). The results revealed that animal belonging T1 treatment group showed best growth performance was better in comparison to other treatment groups. Dry matter intake (DMI) was highest for T1 group (3.08 ± 0.08 kg/d) and lowest for T4 group (2.81 ± 0.18 kg/d). The digestible nitrogen free extract (DNFE) and total digestible nutrient (TDN) were higher (P<0.05)in T1 group compared to other groups. The highest daily body weight gain (336.49±59.40 g/d) was observed in T1 group. Based on the results, it is concluded that deep tube well water (T1) is suitable for cattle for its quality which showed positive impact on intake and growth of animals. Further study might be needed to compare the cost involvement for different sources of water and economy of growth of animals.
 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2019. 48 (1): 9-16

RECOLECCION Y REUTILIZACION DE LAS AGUAS DE LLUVIA EN EDIFICIOS COMO BENEFICIO PARA LAS CIUDADES

La investigación surge de la problemática que afrontan las ciudades debido a las intensas precipitaciones, y obsoletos sistemas de infraestructura de desagües llevan a colapsar los sistemas de evacuación de aguas de lluvia. Aportar a la resolución del problema, por medio de la recolección, reutilización y/o evacuación a través de los retardadores u otros sistemas al interior del predio. De esta forma, disminuirá el caudal excedente en los medios de escurrimiento, reduciendo los impactos negativos en la ciudad y otorgando beneficios de tipo sustentable a este recurso natural. Entendemos que los retardadores no convencionales son fáciles de combinar con los convencionales, permitiendo potenciar sus resultados no solo a nivel de evacuación pluvial urbana (posibilidad de absorberretener el 100%), sino también aportando a la consideración ecológica (Ej: reducción en la emisión de calor de las cubiertas naturadas, con devolución al ambiente del agua por el proceso de evapotranspiración) y también las de tipo sustentable (Ej: reciclado de agua con la captación y almacenado de un tanque de reserva). La validación se realiza a partir de la intervención en un edificio existente, esto permite ensayar la factibilidad de aplicación de los distintos sistemas de reguladores pluviales analizados.

Simultaneous removal and recovery of boron from waste water by multi-step bipolar membrane electrodialysis

We have developed bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BPED) for simultaneous removal and recovery of boron from waste water. BPED is performed with a two-cell electrodialysis unit composed of an anion exchange membrane (AEM) sandwiched between two bipolar membranes (BPM). A semi-batch type operation was performed by circulating solutions through the cells, namely, the removal and concentration cells. The volume ratio of the reserve tanks for the feed stream to the cells was set to 4:1 (removal: concentratation). Tetrahydroxyborate ions were transported from the removal cell to the concentration cell through the AEM. In the ideal case, the boron concentration in the concentrate should be concentrated to 5 times the initial concentration, when the solutions of the same initial concentration were supplied to both cells of concentration and removal. The concentrated solution was then used for second step to further concentrate the solution. This concentrated solution was then used for third step, and so forth. The operation was continued step-by-step until the boron concentration was sufficiently high to easily recover boric acid. The experimental results with a stack of five cells for the sodium borate solutions (initial concentration: 100 mg/L) showed that the boron concentration in the concentrate was about 4, while that in the diluate was less than 10 mg/L, which is below the regulatory value for waste water in Japan. After four steps, the boron concentration in the concentrate reached close to the solubility of boric acid (ca 10,000 mg/L), at which boron can be recovered for recycling.

Evaluating the Potential for Gasoline Geysering From Small Engine Fuel Tanks

Abstract This paper explores an infrequently encountered hazard associated with liquid fuel tanks on gasoline-powered equipment using unvented fuel tanks. Depending on the location of fuel reserve tanks, waste heat from the engine or other vehicle systems can warm the fuel during operation. In the event that the fuel tank is not vented and if the fuel is sufficiently heated, the liquid fuel may become superheated and pose a splash hazard if the fuel cap is suddenly removed. Accident reports often describe the ejection of liquid as a geyser. This geyser is a transient, two-phase flow of flashing liquid. This could create a fire hazard and result in splashing flammable liquid onto any bystanders. Many existing fuel tank systems are vented to ambient through a vented tank cap. It has been empirically determined that the hazard can be prevented by limiting fuel tank gauge pressure to 10 kPa (1.5 psi). However, if the cap does not vent at an adequate rate, pressure in the tank can rise and the fuel can become superheated. This phenomenon is explored here to facilitate a better understanding of how the hazard is created. The nature of the hazard is explained using thermodynamic concepts. The differences in behavior between a closed system and an open system are discussed and illustrated through experimental results obtained from two sources: experiments with externally heated fuel containers and operation of a gasoline-powered riding lawn mower. The role of the vented fuel cap in preventing the geyser phenomenon is demonstrated.

Double-action compression/vacuum–impact machine

The authors present the schematic circuit of the new-generation compression/vacuum–impact machine (CVIM) and its operation using an adjustable magnetic lock, which allows varying the machine power performance and extends the machine capacities in mining, construction and seismic exploration. The operational cycle of CVIM is tested. The authors determine technical parameters of the machine and mechanisms of interaction between the lock, striking unit, air reserve tank and compressed air source. CVIM unit blow energy is estimated at different space positions of the machine. The field trial has assisted in denoting ways of further improvement of the machine.

My Challenge: The Ephyra in the Loophole

The husbandry of jellyfish started in 1965 at the Ueno Zoo's Aquarium in Tokyo just by a lucky chance. In one of the reserve tanks ephyra larvae of the Moon jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) were one day observed, quite unexpectedly. These creatures awoke the interest of the aquarium curator and he succeeded by trial and error to keep and exhibit this jellyfish continuously. It was the first time that an aquarium succeeded in the husbandry of jellyfish and could show the visitors the whole life cycle of jellyfish. Because of this success the Ueno Aquarium became famous worldwide, and aquarium curators from the US and Europe visited the Ueno Aquarium to learn their husbandry and exhibition methods. After these colleagues returned home again, it was Antwerp Zoo in Europe and the Monterey Bay Aquarium in the US, which tried the jellyfish husbandry as the first on their continents.In the meantime Jellyfish exhibitions became very popular, and most aquariums today keep jellyfish successfully, although it is even today difficult to keep jellyfish continuously over several years. But some aquariums have specialized in the exhibition of jellyfish. The Kamo Aquarium is an example for such a new trend.

Planning UBD in Horizontal Well to Minimize Formation Damage

Underbalanced drilling (UBD) is defined as a condition which generated when effective downhole circulation pressure of the drilling fluid system in touch with reservoir rock is less than presenting formation pressure. Underbalanced drilling (UBD) has been utilized as a mean to eliminate or significantly reduce the problem associated drilling like formation damage which often this problem greatly reduce oil and gas productivity in open hole horizontal well section. The advantage of reduced formation damage results from the fact that the wellbore pressure is intentionally maintained lower than formation pressure during drilling operation. In order to achieve this condition several drilling techniques are used such as aerated drilling, foam drilling which based on low drilling density. In appropriate design or inability to maintain well in underbalanced condition during operation will be potential source of sever invasion damage which linked to several mechanism for damage like spontaneous imbibition, glazing, and macroporosity. Therefore, it is significant to select reservoir candidate carefully, to achieve high profitability. Furthermore, during UBD formation fluid invade into to wellbore therefore the size and design of surface equipment like separator and reserve tanks are required to handle the produced well fluid. Therefore, the ability to accurately estimate the influx volume and rate of produced fluid is critically significant to size and design surface equipment. In this project a mathematical model has been designed based on rigorous reservoir borehole-cross flow which used to determine the influx volume during UBD and investigate how aerated and foam drilling fluid acts during UBD.

Numerical Simulation of Storage Tank Based on Control Theory of Fuzzy Rough Sets

In this paper we introduce the computer rough set theory and fuzzy control theory into the numerical simulation, and use the multimedia virtual simulation to do simulation on the heat transfer process of mechanical reserve tank, and establish 2D simulation model of tank, and add heat boundary condition in the oil tank bottom. Through the numerical simulation we obtain the curve of oil tank temperature and pressure with time. And through comparison of virtual computing results and experiment results, it verifies the reliability of the algorithm. At the end of this paper, we apply the multimedia virtual simulation technology to the basketball match, and analyze the technical parameters of the match. It provides the technical reference for the training of basketball players.

Spheroid formation of human thyroid cancer cells in an automated culturing system during the Shenzhou-8 Space mission

Human follicular thyroid cancer cells were cultured in Space to investigate the impact of microgravity on 3D growth. For this purpose, we designed and constructed a cell container that can endure enhanced physical forces, is connected to fluid storage chambers, performs media changes and cell harvesting automatically and supports cell viability. The container consists of a cell suspension chamber, two reserve tanks for medium and fixative and a pump for fluid exchange. The selected materials proved durable, non-cytotoxic, and did not inactivate RNAlater. This container was operated automatically during the unmanned Shenzhou-8 Space mission. FTC-133 human follicular thyroid cancer cells were cultured in Space for 10 days. Culture medium was exchanged after 5 days in Space and the cells were fixed after 10 days. The experiment revealed a scaffold-free formation of extraordinary large three-dimensional aggregates by thyroid cancer cells with altered expression of EGF and CTGF genes under real microgravity.

Effects of Different Application Methods of Controlled-release Fertilizers on Capillary Wick Culture of Tomato

Application of controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) to root-proof capillary-wick irrigation systems (a type of subirrigation method) has both economic and environmental benefits because it does not require any equipment for fertigation and minimizes water leaching. In this study, we compared three CRF fertilization methods: 1) mixed with the substrate completely [“mixed-fertilization” (MF)]; 2) packed in bags and placed on the wick [“packed bag-fertilization” (PF)]; and 3) supplied in the water reserve tank [“tank-fertilization” (TF)] in tomato cultivation using the root-proof capillary-wick irrigation system. We also refined the TF method to simplify and reduce labor requirements for fertilization of CRF and reuse of substrate. Fruit yield was lower in PF and TF than in MF because of high incidence of blossom-end rot (BER) in PF and TF during both cultivation periods, spring−summer and fall−winter. However, promotion of nitrification in TF by supplying nitrogen through the addition of bark compost and aeration of the water reserve tank increased fruit yield to the same level as that observed in MF as a result of a decrease in BER incidence. Nutrient residue in the substrate was lower in TF than in MF. On the basis of the analysis of nitrogen concentration in xylem exudates, the uptake ratio of NH4-N/NO3-N was thought to be lower in MF than in PF and TF. The high NH4-N uptake in PF and TF could be the cause of calcium (Ca) deficiency and increased incidence of BER. Thus, the use of “tank fertilization” of CRF in the root-proof capillary-wick irrigation system for tomato production is possible by promoting nitrification in the water reserve tank.

Manufacturing Design of the Novel Multi-Layer Blending Machine

In this study, a multi-layer blending machine was designed to mix cotton evenly. Being put inside via the feeding port, cotton was spread evenly by the oscillator which moves from left to right back and forth successively. Subsequently, cotton was stored as the multi-layer fibrous cotton in the rear reserve tank. Delivered by the first and the second conveyer belt, the fibrous cotton was sent to the front storage chamber to be cut by a lattice which pulled and dragged the marching cotton vertically. Finally, the processed cotton was rolled out by a striper roller, falling at a certain spot as scheduled, after which spread and blended evenly and thoroughly.