Reserve Supply Research Articles

Peran Kewirausahaan Berbasis Digital Dalam Mengurangi Tingkat Pengangguran

The creation of entrepreneurs is an alternative solution to various problems in society such as poverty and social inequality, increasing unemployment of productive age and dwindling energy supply reserves, all of which require creative and innovative actions. Entrepreneurs are people who are able to turn an opportunity into a profitable business, which is processed through creativity, innovation and uniqueness in making a product and dare to take all possible risks that accompany it and do not make it easy to give up if they fail in building the business. In this case, the author examines that entrepreneurship participates in national development, digital-based entrepreneurship utilizes increasingly sophisticated technology, digital-based entrepreneurship as a solution to reducing unemployment rates, the large number of unemployed in Indonesia, entrepreneurship is something that must be instilled by young people and the Indonesian people. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, Digital, Unemployment.

Enhancing disaster management through multi-objective water wave optimization for medical supplies storage and distribution

This paper conducts a comparative analysis of advanced methodologies aimed at addressing the intricate task of scheduling medical supplies in both civilian and military sectors for epidemic prevention and control. This study introduces a multi-objective water wave optimization (MOWWO) algorithm and enhance its efficacy by incorporating a dynamically adjusted component to the metaheuristic approach (DAMOWWO). The primary goal of this research is to assess the proposed approach in contrast to established state of the art methods with similar objectives. The aim of this study is to optimize multiple aspects simultaneously, including the overall satisfaction rates of medical supply delivery and the reduction of scheduling costs, while ensuring a minimum military supply reservation ratio. This paper offers a comprehensive evaluation of the MOOW algorithm, emphasizing its potential applications in emergency response scenarios.

Study on the Optimization of Site Selection for Emergency Supply Reserve Warehouses Based on Multi-Attribute Weighted Intelligent Gray Target Decision-Making Evaluation Model

To reasonably allocate emergency supply reserve warehouses and enhance the utilization efficiency of emergency supply reserves, this paper proposes a new optimization method for the site selection of emergency supply reserve warehouses based on gray system theory—the multi-attribute weighted intelligent gray target decision-making evaluation model. This method innovatively incorporates the density of road networks, population density, economic density, and post-disaster response capability as key indicators. It then utilizes the multi-attribute weighted intelligent gray target decision-making evaluation model to evaluate the synthetic effect. Based on the evaluation results, optimization recommendations for the site selection of emergency supply reserve warehouses are provided. To validate the credibility of the proposed method, a comparative analysis is then conducted using the EEM-TOPSIS and TOPSIS–Gray Correlation Degree methods, resulting in largely consistent evaluation results. The study demonstrates that the multi-attribute weighted intelligent gray target decision-making evaluation model accounts for both hitting-the-target and missing-the-target scenarios for effect values and vectors of objectives. This approach effectively addresses the limitation of traditional multi-attribute evaluation methods, which can only rank evaluation schemes without effectively distinguishing between superior and inferior ones. This method also proves to be more user-friendly compared to others.

Cassava (Manihot Esculenta Crantz) Processing as Enbal to Support Food Security in Wab Village, Hoat Sorbay Subdistrict, Southeast Maluku Regency

This study aims to explore the process of processing cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) into enbal and its contribution to food security among the community in Wab Village, Hoat Sorbay District, Southeast Maluku Regency. The method used is qualitative, with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, documentation, and questionnaires. The results of the study indicate that the cassava processing process involves several stages, from cleaning, rinsing, grating, pressing, to air-drying. Farmers use simple tools and traditional methods passed down through generations. The processed cassava is stored in open places such as trays and sieves (Sivat) and is immediately processed to prevent spoilage and mold. The quick and efficient production of enbal helps maintain the quality and taste of the final product. The study also found that the abundance of cassava in farmers' fields ensures a stable supply of food reserves, reduces dependence on external food sources, and supports the economic stability of farmers' families. In conclusion, the cassava processing method into enbal applied by farmers in Wab Village not only supports local food security but also strengthens the local economy through optimal and sustainable utilization of local resources.

The Recent Evolution of the Federal Funds Market and its Dynamics during Reductions of the Federal Reserve’s Balance Sheet

Following its May 2024 meeting, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) announced that it would slow the pace of its balance sheet reduction starting in June 2024. This will allow for a more gradual transition from an abundant to ample supply of reserves. As reserves decline, conditions in money markets, including the federal (fed) funds market, will be important in judging whether the supply of reserves is approaching ample.

The reserve supply channel of unconventional monetary policy

We find that central bank reserves injected by QE crowd out bank lending. We estimate a structural model with cross-sectional instrumental variables for deposit and loan demand. Our results are determined by the elasticity of loan demand and the impact of reserve holdings on the cost of supplying loans. The reserves injected by QE raise loan rates by 7.4 basis points, and each dollar of reserves reduces bank lending by 7.7 cents. Our results imply that a large injection of central bank reserves has the unintended consequence of crowding out bank loans because of bank balance sheet costs.

Development of a maintenance scheduling method for power generators considering large penetration of variable renewable energy sources and system inertia

AbstractConventional methods to schedule power generators maintenance aim to secure enough supply reserve margin to the power system when its power generators have to go under maintenance. However, the use of such methods in scenarios of large penetration of VRE, might be problematic. This is because in such scenarios conventional scheduling methods might inadvertently concentrate maintenance operations when residual demand is particularly low, creating situations in which there is insufficient supply‐demand balancing capability and inertia to operate the power system properly. In this study, we present the development of a new method to schedule generator maintenance that ensure inertia and balancing capability constraints, and show its effectiveness.

Experimental and simulation study on the flotation separation of smithsonite from dolomite using phosphoryl carboxyl copolymer as a novel depressant

The increasing need for zinc resources and the diminishing supply of sulfide zinc ore reserves have made the extensive application of zinc oxide a significant topic of interest. This study investigates the effects of a newly depressant, phosphorus acyl carboxylic acid copolymer (POCA), in the sodium oleate (NaOL) collector system on the flotation separation of smithsonite from dolomite. Micro-flotation experiments under optimal conditions (pH 9, NaOL 80 mg/L) reveal that adding a minute quantity (5 mg/L) of POCA effectively inhibit dolomite, resulting in a significant recovery rate difference (>80 %). The assessment of POCA adsorption strength on the surface of the mineral, together with the level of ions in solution, provides convincing proof of POCA's dual behavior in selective adsorption and dissolution on the dolomite surface. These discoveries are additionally substantiated by the outcomes of zeta potential and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) tests. These tests show that the pre-adsorption of POCA diminishes the bond between NaOL and dolomite, while the impact of POCA on smithsonite is negligible. Furthermore, the chemical adsorption between POCA and dolomite has been confirmed through X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) reveals that POCA has a stronger adsorption-dissolution effect on dolomite than on smithsonite. These findings align with the outcomes of molecular dynamics and Density functional theory (DFT) simulations.

Economic scheduling method for voltage‐dependent loads in a power system based on a multitime scale framework

AbstractThere are many voltage‐dependent loads (VDLs) in power systems. When the unit reserve supply is low, the transmission network adjusts the voltage of grid‐connected nodes to provide additional resources. Many reactive power devices with different regulatory performance levels and timescales must be coordinated to employ flexible VDLs to the maximum extent, and consequently, a transient stability‐constrained optimal power flow (TSCOPF) problem with mixed integers and multiperiod coupling must be solved. A multitimescale scheduling ‘day‐ahead‐intraday‐real‐time’ framework is designed for the optimal economic scheduling of VDLs. In the day‐ahead stage, the optimal scheduling period of the discrete reactive power control devices is determined. In the intraday stage, a rolling optimization model based on model predictive control is established, and the specific action times of the discrete reactive power devices are determined. In the real‐time stage, the optimal regulation strategy of the continuous reactive power control device is optimized by rolling. Then, to consider the speed and accuracy of the solution at the same time, a continuous sensitivity correction method is adopted to simplify and solve the original model. Finally, with a modified IEEE‐39 system and a modified IEEE‐118 system as examples, it is verified that the multitimescale scheduling framework maximizes the exploitation of the flexible resources of VDLs to ensure voltage security and stability and improve the economy of system operation under different scenarios.

Potential Revenue from Reserve Market Participation in Wind Power- and Solar Power-Dominated Electricity Grids: The Near-Term, Mid-Term, and Long-Term

As electricity systems become increasingly dominated by variable inverter-based generation (such as wind and solar photovoltaics (PV)), additional sources of variability appear, while the share of dispatchable thermal power plants decreases. Maintaining a stable grid frequency requires new sources of inertia to slow the frequency changes, as well as new sources of reserve power to counter the imbalances. This work uses a linear optimization modeling approach to analyze the reserve market of the electricity system during the transition to a carbon-free system with high shares of variable electricity generation. The modeling is performed for three regional contexts and with varying degrees of available flexibility technologies. As for the reserve supply, batteries, electrolyzers, electric boilers and heat pumps for district heating, curtailed wind and solar power, and hydropower and thermal power plants are all included. The results indicate that of these suppliers of reserves, the introduction of grid-scale batteries into the system drastically reduces the reserve market size. Only early in the transition is revenue from the reserve market greater than 5% of the total revenue for any technology. While the demand for reserves increases as the share of solar PV and wind power increases, the modeling reveals that access to flexible loads, storage units, and emulated inertia from wind power also increases. Depending on the choice of flexibility measures available, demand-side participation could play a major role in minimizing the cost of grid stability in the future.

The transmission of monetary policy shocks through the markets for reserves and money

This paper identifies supply and demand curves for bank reserves and a Divisia aggregate of monetary services within a structural vector autoregressive time-series model. Estimated over four sample periods spanning 1967 through 2020, the model illustrates how monetary policy actions can be interpreted with reference to their initial impact on bank reserves and the federal funds rate and their subsequent effects on Divisia money, nominal consumption spending, the aggregate nominal price level, and the unemployment rate. Model estimates attribute strong inflationary effects to monetary policy in the late 1960s and 1970s and also show that changes in the supply of reserves associated with the Fed's large-scale asset purchases since 2008 worked, as intended, to offset deflationary pressures and reduce unemployment. The model describes a much richer monetary policy process than one focused on interest rates alone.

СУЧАСНІ ПІДХОДИ ДО ОЦІНКИ ФІНАНСОВОЇ СТІЙКОСТІ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА

This article examines modern methodical approaches to assessing the level of financial stability of an enterprise. The location of the analysis of the level of financial stability as a component of a comprehensive study of the financial state of the enterprise is determined. The main approaches to the analysis of the level of financial stability of the enterprise are considered.It was determined that the aggregate approach to the assessment of the financial stability of the enterprise involves the analysis of absolute indicators of financial stability. The absolute indicators of financial stability are considered, which characterize the degree of supply of reserves and expenses by the sources of their formation. Four types of financial stability of the enterprise are characterized. The coefficient approach to the assessment of financial stability was studied, which involves the analysis of relative indicators of financial stability and their comparison with the recommended (normative) values of financial stability. The main indicators of financial stability within the limits of the coefficient approach are considered. The marginal approach was analyzed, which allows to estimate the margin of financial stability, which provides a certain level of protection of the main activity of the enterprise at the moment. Indicators within the margin approach were considered: marginal income, profitability threshold, safety zone, as well as indicators of operational, financial and operational-financial leverage. The basics of using a point-based approach to assessing the level of financial stability, which is implemented on the basis of a formed point-based assessment, have been studied.Within the framework of the use of an integral approach to the assessment of the financial stability of the enterprise, the peculiarities of the formation and use of the integral indicator are determined. Peculiarities of using point and matrix approaches to assessing the financial stability of the enterprise are considered. It was determined that the matrix approach to assessing the financial stability of the enterprise is one of its most effective tools. It is based on a matrix model that reflects the results of all the financial work of the enterprise, gives a qualitative description of the efficiency of activities and helps to understand at what cost they were achieved. Peculiarities of forming the matrix balance and the balance of differences are considered. It is emphasized that the matrix balance at the end and the beginning of the year has a static character (on a certain date), and the matrix balance of differences characterizes changes, therefore it has a dynamic character.

Research on Collaborative Mechanism for Emergency Medical Supplies Reserve and Supply Based on Scenario Analysis

Ensuring an adequate reserve, timely supply, and rational distribution of emergency medical supplies in the aftermath of public health emergencies is a critical factor in enhancing emergency response capabilities. To address this issue, this paper first establishes a scenario analysis model for emergency medical supply reserve and supply systems based on convolutional neural networks, using case attribute similarity. Subsequently, by analyzing the information sharing mechanism of reserve and supply entities, a multi-agent emergency medical supply reserve and supply system framework is constructed. Different scenarios such as material demand, entity responsibility, and emergency objectives are considered both vertically and horizontally to achieve resource balance and establish collaborative mechanisms for human, material, financial, and information resources. Taking the emergency medical supply reserve and supply during the COVID-19 pandemic as a case study, simulations are conducted using the Simpy platform. The results demonstrate that 1）scenario analysis models can ensure precise provisioning of emergency medical supplies; 2) the utilization of multi-agent technology promotes intelligent management of emergency medical supplies; 3) collaborative operational mechanisms reduce the risk of disruptions in the emergency medical supply chain. Finally, targeted measures are proposed for the assurance of emergency medical supply reserves and distribution to mitigate the impact of unforeseen events on societal stability.

Advantages and Disadvantages of a Government Solely Depending on Money Newly Created on Banks

Government spending is essential because it makes it possible to provide essential public goods and services and to build the necessary infrastructure. Taxes have historically been a major revenue source for governments. To fund government operations, taxes are charged on a person's or company's income, profits, or consumption. It would be a radical shift from the status quo if the government instead relied on money that was generated by the bank. In this alternate scenario, the central bank prints money to fund government spending instead of collecting massive amounts of tax revenue. By raising the supply of currency or reserves, the central bank expands the monetary base and injects fresh money into the economy. This study will analyze the pros and cons of having governments increasingly rely on bank-created money rather than tax revenue.

Frequency-constrained expansion planning for wind and photovoltaic power in wind-photovoltaic-hydro-thermal multi-power system

Frequency security is one of the most critical factors for ensuring the safe and stable operation of power systems. In wind-photovoltaic-hydro-thermal multi-power systems (WPHTMPS), the increase in new energy share and the water hammer effect weaken the frequency modulation (FM) capability, threatening the frequency security of the power system. To address this issue and ensure the frequency security of WPHTMPS under the trend of large-scale development of wind and photovoltaic (PV) power, this paper proposes a novel expansion planning method for wind and PV power in WPHTMPS that considers FM capability in the planning stage. The method realizes the coordinated optimization of long-term planning and short-term operation while adhering to the frequency security constraints. The constraints are derived from the multi-power system frequency response model (MPSFR) which integrates virtual inertia, synchronous inertia, and the water hammer effect. However, due to the high-order characteristic of the MPSFR model, the frequency security constraints cannot be expressed explicitly to be embedded in the planning model by current study. Therefore, the boundary equivalence method is proposed to deal with this problem, which is effective to convert the frequency security constraints into inertia constraints and embed them in the planning model according to their relationship with installed capacity and unit commitment. Finally, simulation for a power system in Southwest China validates the proposed method, with results indicating that around 13% more capacity of new energy is needed to provide adequate FM reserve and power supply. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the FM capability of new energy can improve the installed share of new energy from 46.5% to 70% while effectively ensuring frequency security.

The Optimal Supply of Central Bank Reserves under Uncertainty

This paper provides an analytically tractable theoretical framework to study the optimal supply of central bank reserves when the demand for reserves is uncertain and nonlinear. We fully characterize the optimal supply of central bank reserves and associated market equilibrium. We find that the optimal supply of reserves under uncertainty is greater than that absent uncertainty. With a sufficient degree of uncertainty, it is optimal to supply a level of reserves that is abundant (on the flat portion of the demand curve) absent shocks. The optimal mean spread between the market interest rate and administered rates under uncertainty may be higher or lower than that absent uncertainty. Our model is consistent with the observation that the variability of interest rate spreads is a function of the level of reserves.

Vaccinating Health Care Supply Chains Against Market Failure: The Case of Civica Rx

Summary This article focuses on the value of introducing novel business models into health care to address market failures that are hurting people — delving deeply into learning from real-world examples within the generic drug supply chain and its failure to supply critical medicines reliably at a low cost. Some problems in health care are so complex that traditional private-sector or governmental interventions alone have not been able to solve the problems. In an original response to ongoing generic drug shortages, in 2018, seven U.S. health systems and three philanthropic organizations founded a novel not-for-profit drug manufacturer, Civica Rx, to address the issue. Civica is a new entrant in this supply chain and utilizes a new business model called a health care utility that prioritizes access over profit. The company has been scaled rapidly and now provides more than 75 critical medications that are most at risk for shortages to more than 55 health systems across the United States. This article provides the first empirical evidence of Civica’s effect on security and cost of supply for one of its member health systems by utilizing internal supply chain, pharmacy, and external market data between 2016 and 2022. Results show that Civica was able to improve generic drug access above the wholesaler model. Using data related to 55 Civica orders of 20 distinct products between 2020 and 2022, the authors estimate Civica’s fulfillment of its contractually guaranteed volume at 96% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 92%–100%), whereas data on 302 wholesale orders for the same products over the same period estimate the wholesaler order fulfillment rate at 86% (95% CI = 82%–90%); the difference between these rates is statistically significant (P = 0.03). In addition, through its reserve supply of product, Civica offered a product access benefit of a further 43% above the Civica-guaranteed minimum viable volume floor. Wholesaler prices, at the order level, were estimated to be on average 46% above the Civica price for the same product in the same year (95% CI = 27%–64%, N = 302), with a P value of the difference of less than 0.001. However, through optimizing its wholesaler orders by buying more volume when prices were low from the 62 different non-Civica manufacturers, this closed the actual achieved cost-savings gap between the wholesalers and Civica to 2.7% in aggregate, with Civica still being the lower-cost option.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ КРАТКОСРОЧНЫМИ СТАВКАМИ ДЕНЕЖНОГО РЫНКА В УСЛОВИЯХ УСТОЙЧИВОГО ПРОФИЦИТА ЛИКВИДНОСТИ НА РЫНКЕ МЕЖБАНКОВСКОГО КРЕДИТОВАНИЯ

One of the central bank’s operative objectives is control of short-term interest rates. It means that monetary authority maintains short-term interest rates within a specified corridor and provides their conformity to the policy rate level. Monetary policy tools, which provide liquidity and absorb it from the interbank lending market, insure effective interest rate steering policy. In conventional times central banks implement their monetary policy in case of insignificant deficit of reserve money preserving control over money market interest rates. After the Great Recession central banks of developed countries had to bring tools of unconventional monetary policy in operation, what resulted in unprecedented growth of supply of excess reserves and expansion of central banks’ balance sheets. Basing on experience of Federal Reserve System this article covers the issue of short-term interest rates steering within the scope of significant sustainable structural liquidity surplus on reserve money market.

Моделювання комплексного формування запасів військової техніки в зоні воєнного конфлікту з використанням компонентного методу

The task of researching the multi-component composition of military equipment (tanks, artillery, aviation equipment, etc.) for supplying and forming the necessary stockpiles of weapons and their components in the military conflict zone to establish military parity of forces, is developed and solved. The research relevance is related to a comprehensive solution to the problem of forming the necessary stockpiles of weapons and their components in the combat zone, under the conditions of military threats. The purpose of this study is to use the component method to represent weapons and their components in the process of complex supply of military equipment to the combat zone for creating military parity of forces. The problems of the supply of weapons and their components in martial law conditions, which are associated with the complex multi-component structure of military equipment, the limited capabilities of manufacturers and suppliers of weapons, and the logistical risks of supply in conditions of military threats, are analyzed. A multi-layered component structure of military equipment is proposed for the systematic presentation of weapons and their components in the process of supply and formation of reserves in the combat zone. The logistics of the weapons and their component supply from army warehouses and military equipment from manufacturers’ warehouses are analyzed. The limited capabilities of manufacturers and suppliers of military equipment lead to the complication of the formation of necessary military equipment stockpiles in the military conflict zone, which can affect the nature of hostilities (transition from offensive to defensive actions). The lack of military equipment leads to the need to form defense orders for the creation and production of new types of weapons, including those with increased combat capability characteristics (range, accuracy, damage zone, etc.). Therefore, for the creation of new weapons or the modernization of existing models, it is proposed to use the multi-component architecture of a modern model of military equipment, considering the possible types of components (reusable, adaptive, new). An algorithm for the formation of a multi-component and multi-layered architecture of modern weapons using a precedent approach is proposed. For this, a precedent database is created, which is used to search for existing reusable components. Both quantitative and qualitative assessments of proximity are used in the process of searching in the database of precedents to assess the proximity of components. The model was created to optimize the logistic costs of supplying weapons and their components to the combat zone. The quantities of weapons and their components, the time of supply, and the risks of supply in conditions of military threats are used as supply indicators. The requirements for the supply of military equipment in the conditions of the risks of martial law are formed. The scientific novelty of the study is related to the component method use, which is used to form the logistics of the supply of weapons and their components to the military conflict zone, considering the limited capabilities of manufacturers and suppliers of military equipment in conditions of threats of martial law. The results of the study should be used to model the plans and logistics of supplying weapons and their components to the combat zone to create military parity of forces.

MODELING THE IMPACT OF EXTERNAL RESERVES ON ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA: AN APPLICATION OF AUTOREGRESSIVE DISTRIBUTED LAG

The article investigates the effect of foreign exchange reserves on Nigerian economic growth from 1970 and 2022. The methodology used to confirm the presence of a correlation between Nigeria’s external reserves and economic growth was the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model Bounds Test and Error Correction Model. It was revealed that an increase in the gross domestic product was positively and significantly correlated with external reserve. The findings suggest that, over the long term, Nigeria’s external reserve, currency rate, export, import, and money supply all have a significant and beneficial impact on the country’s gross domestic product growth. However, during the study period, import, money supply, and export had more positive effects on GDP growth than external reserve and exchange rate. At a 5% level, the coefficients are statistically significant. These findings have a key consequence that external reserves are crucial for economic growth in Nigeria since they have a positive and significant link with both short- and long-term GDP growth. Given that these macroeconomic indicator variables have a large impact on GDP development, the government and other relevant organizations should develop policies that would help Nigeria increase its external reserve and achieve a stable and favorable exchange rate. Government, however, ought to concentrate on maximizing reserve building. As a result, optimal reserve is recommended in relation to the shocks the economy will experience and the debt’s existing value. The accumulation of reserves makes it necessary to pay for the importation of goods and services, infrastructural needs, agricultural needs, servicing of the country’s external debt, and financing domestic fiscal expenditure. As a result, optimal reserves will balance both economic growth and external reserves.