Reserve Regime Research Articles

Predictions of Carbon Stock in the Southern Moscow Region Forests Under Different Forest Use Scenarios

The results of forest simulation modelling of the dynamics of carbon pools and fluxes in forest ecosystems under different forest management scenarios were considered on the example of the Dankovsky forest enterprise (south of the Moscow region, subzone of coniferous-broadleaved mixed forests). The impact of such changes in forest management practices, as the reserve regime, the reduction in the proportion of forest lands as a result of residential development, and zoning of the territory with an emphasis on increasing the recreational use of forests on the carbon balance was analysed. In computational experiments, a set of Russian models was used: the dynamic model of a forest stand FORRUS-S, the model of soil organic matter dynamics Romul_Hum, the model of the hydrothermal regime of soils SCLISS. Calculations were performed for a time period of 100 years at the forestry unit level, and were also aggregated at the level of the entire forestry district. The diversity of types of forest growth conditions (FGC), together with the species diversity and the initial different ages of stands, determined significant variations of the calculated indicators of forest stands’ production, the quantity and quality of plant litter entering the soil. For all cases, model estimates of changes in carbon reserves occurred in the forest stands within the initial 40–60 years with a subsequent decrease in the calculated values. Under the conservation scenario, an increase in the organic substances reserves in forest litter and soil was observed: for FGCs C2 and C3, an increase over 100 years was approximately 5–10 kg m–2, for the remaining FGCs — at the level of 2–3 kg m–2 in terms of carbon. Under the economic use scenarios, a relative “levelling” of forest enterprise area towards the lower end of the spectrum was shown in terms of soil carbon reserves. The maximum ecosystem carbon stock was calculated for FGC C2 and C3, the minimum — for A5 and C4. Depending on the scenario, over 100 years, the total net sequestration of carbon by the forests of the Dankovsky forest enterprise (with a total area of forested land of 6836 ha) was estimated within the range of 0.15–0.57 Tg.

Changes in monetary policy implementation over time

In this study, we utilise a time-varying parameter vector autoregressive model to investigate the relationship between central bank liabilities and the overnight policy rate across three countries with distinct monetary policy frameworks. Our findings reveal that a consistent negative correlation between these variables is present only in the case of the conventional reserve regime. For the other regimes, an initial significant negative relationship between reserves and interest rates is observed, but this effect diminishes with the adoption of new frameworks. These results suggest that the emergence of novel operational structures for central banks has disrupted the traditional approach to monetary policy implementation. One practical consequence of this” decoupling” between interest rates and reserves is that central banks in the United States, Canada, and similar systems can effectively employ their balance sheets in conjunction with standard interest rate policies. However, this does not apply to reserve regimes that continue to depend on open market operations for steering interest rates

Characteristics and Species Composition of the Subalpine and Alpine Grasslands of Goygol National Park

By the order of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan dated April 1, 2008, Goygol National Park was established in the administrative territories of Goygol, Dashkasan and Goranboy districts from 6739 hectares to 12755 hectares. The grassland vegetation of Goygol National Park and the lake ecosystem it surrounds is one of the floristically rich regions of the Caucasus. The richness and diversity of flora is related to the geomorphological complexity of the area. On the other hand, the reserve regime allows the protection of vegetation. Modern subalpine vegetation has changed dramatically as a result of mowing and grazing. Thus, short (13-15 cm) grass or grass-steppe plant groups have formed in the place of relatively tall plants that existed earlier in many pasture areas. The flora composition of subalpine meadows is much richer than the meadow associations of other mountain zones. 70-80 (100) flowering plants were recorded in many vegetation groups. The climate of the Alpine belt is distinguished by its harshness. Short summer (2.0-2.5 months), low air and soil temperature, abundance of atmospheric precipitation, etc. are characteristic features of the alpine zone.

Highly efficient modulation doping: A path toward superior organic thermoelectric devices.

We investigate the charge and thermoelectric transport in modulation-doped large-area rubrene thin-film crystals with different crystal phases. We show that modulation doping allows achieving superior doping efficiencies even for high doping densities, when conventional bulk doping runs into the reserve regime. Modulation-doped orthorhombic rubrene achieves much improved thermoelectric power factors, exceeding 20 μW m−1 K−2 at 80°C. Theoretical studies give insight into the energy landscape of the heterostructures and its influence on qualitative trends of the Seebeck coefficient. Our results show that modulation doping together with high-mobility crystalline organic semiconductor films is a previosly unexplored strategy for achieving high-performance organic thermoelectrics.

Stability of phytomass dynamics in protected low mountain-steppe landscapes and pastures in the Southern Urals

In the steppe zone, the high sensitivity of plant cover to humidity contrasts raises the question of what landscape conditions provide a stable predictable phytoproductivity. Authors of the article tested the hypothesis about the inequality of the spatial factors of variability of functioning under the conditions of the reserved regime and anthropogenic impact on the example of the Aytuarskaya steppe. Based on the deviations of the intra-seasonal increments of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for 33 pairs of terms from the mean values, the measure of instability of the types of dynamics of green phytomass (Shannon's index) was calculated. To identify the clusters of high and low phytoproductivity, the Hot Spot Analysis was applied based on Getis–Ord statistics. On grazed areas, the background type of dynamics of green phytomass is not dominant in area in contrast to protected areas. The reserve regime stabilizes the dynamics of phytomass due to a higher subordination to landscape-scale processes. Summer loss of phytomass outside the reserve occurs over a larger relative area than in the reserve. Zones of the most unstable phyto-production functioning with high variability of the shape of spots of increased phytomass are characteristic of catchment depressions, lower parts of slopes, and narrowed sectors of gullies.

Money for the Issuer: Liability or Equity?

Abstract This study analyzes the nature of money through the lens of the international principles of accounting and lays the foundations of what it calls the accounting view of money (AVM). Using international accounting principles, the AVM argues that the fiat monies issued by the state (typically, cash, banknotes, and central bank money) are not debt and that in fractional reserve regimes, only a share of commercial bank money can be regarded as debt. The AVM argues, instead, that state monies and the nondebt share of commercial bank money are net wealth of their holders and net worth (equity) of their issuers and determines how the seigniorage associated with money issuance should be accounted for correctly in the financial statements of the issuing institutions. The AVM points to the correct way to account for the various forms of money in the financial statements of the issuing institutions, clarifies what the different accounting treatments imply for a correct understanding of the concept of money, and evaluates the related economic and economic policy implications.

Bank lending and interest on excess reserves: An empirical investigation

This paper econometrically tests for effects on bank lending of the Federal Reserve’s policy of paying interest on excess reserves (IOER). Following the 2008 financial crisis, US banks decreased their loan allocations and increased holdings of excess reserves. A model of bank asset allocation shows that when the rate of IOER is higher than other short-term rates, banks will switch from zero excess reserves to a regime with higher excess reserves and lower lending. Using a sample of panel data on US banks from 2000 through 2018, we find evidence of a switch to a positive excess reserve regime in the post-crisis period. Controlling for market interest rates, loan demand, and economic activity, we find that IOER accounts for the majority of the decline in bank lending after the financial crisis.

Концентрация и запасы азота в почвах полупустынных ландшафтов Кизлярских пастбищ

The results of research on the current state of the nitrogen fund (reserve regime) the Kizlyar pastures. It was found that the total nitrogen ranges from 0.15-0.2 %, nitrogen easily hydrolyzed from 2.4-5.3 mg/100g in light-chestnut, meadow-chestnut soils and saline typical, and has a medium and low degree of security. The humus horizon is more enriched with nitrogen on soils of meadow-chestnut and light-chestnut compared to typical saline. N and C reserves in the soil in spring are 5.0 and 13.4 t/ha, respectively, and in autumn N and C reserves are 1.5 times lower, due to decrease the number of species and projected coverage up to 40-50% of phytocenoses in autumn, and also depends on the climatic conditions of the annual seasonality. In the control area with intensive grazing, nitrogen and carbon reserves in the soil are 1.6-1.8 times lower.

IMPACT OF THE DEGREE OF ANTHROPOGENIC DISTURBANCE OF NATURAL STEPPE PHYTOCENOSES ON THEIR PRODUCTIVITY AND ACCUMULATION OF MORTMASS

Introduction. The influence of anthropopressing on the formation of the aboveground and underground biomass and the combination of these factors on the accumulation of litter in steppe phytocenoses were studied. A comparative analysis of natural plant communities with the ones located in the area with the absolute reservation regime was carried out. Quantitative relations between the aboveground biomass and litter depending on the species composition of phytocenoses, edaphic conditions and anthropogenic pressure were found.The aim of this article is to analyze the productivity and accumulation of mortmass in steppe phytocenoses depending on anthropogenic pressure in order to establish the specifics of their functioning in the conditions of Southern Kryvyi Rih Area.Methods. The method of 1 m2 mowing squares in 20-fold repetition with definition of absolutely dry weight was used to study the aerial part of grass stand phytomass and mortmass. The distribution of the underground organs of the grass stand in the soil pedons was determined by washing the soil monoliths in I.Kh. Uzbek modification. The weight and volume of the roots were determined. According to the preliminary data, we calculated the surface area and total root length. The data obtained were processed by the method of variation statistics.Results and conclusions. As a result of the conducted studies, it was ascertained that the productivity of steppe phytocenoses and the accumulation of litter in them depends on the dominant species in their composition, the conservation regime, the position in the relief and pasture digression. The dominant of these communities prevails in all monitoring sites in the studied phytocenoses in the phytomass, with the species with different biomass indicators being subdominant. The highest indices of the aboveground, underground phytomass and mortmass are characteristic of the plant communities of the protected area, which should be considered as the effect of reserve-pathogenic mesophytization. Productivity and mortmass indicators for steppe communities on the slopes depend on the biological characteristics of the dominant in the phytocenosis, the position in the relief, the degree of rockiness of the substrate and the anthropogenic load. The most root-saturated soil horizons in all studied phytocenoses are the ones at depth of 0–10 cm, where the main root mass of herbaceous plants is located. Also, this soil layer is characterized by high values of volume, surface area and length of roots. Keywords: steppe; plant communities; productivity; mortmass; reserve regime; anthropopressing; South Kryvyi Rih area.

Materials on phenology and ecology of the Batyrevskaya population of Iris aphilla L. (Chuvash Republic)

The paper presents the history of discovery and distribution of Iris aphilla L., listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation (status 2 category) in the Batyrevsky area of the State Nature Reserve Prisursky. It has been reported that the steppe biogeocoenosis, which was severely beaten out by cattle, is being reanimated and restored after 35 years after the establishment of the reserve regime. The results of phenological observations of the beginning of blooming of I. aphilla L. from 2004 to the present time (n = 17) are summarized. According to observations from 2004 to 2020, the early dates of the blooming phase of I. aphilla L. in the Batyrevsky population were noted in 2009, 2010, 2016 (May 14), 2019 (May 12), 2020 (May 10), and later in 2017 (May 23), 2011 (May 26), 2004 (May 28). The average date when the phenophase blooms is on May 1718 (or 5659 days from the vernal equinox). The influence of abnormally cold weather in the pre-winter period 20092010 on the population of I. aphilla L. has been analyzed. The results of this analysis suggest that the ecological scale of D.N. Tsyganov for this species should be extended by the parameter of cryothermal resistance from Cr 712 to Cr 112 for the northernmost Batyrevskaya population of the specified iris.

The evolution of policy instruments used in water, land and environmental governances in Victoria, Australia from 1860–2016

Debate continues regarding which policy instrument should be used to ensure land, water, and environmental governance that promotes the sustainability of social-ecological systems (SESs). Policy instruments and Social Ecological Systems have played important roles in the theoretical development of natural resource governance systems. They, however, have been considered in isolation from one another. This study aims to bridge between the two by interpreting policy instruments as rules of interaction in a social-ecological system. Specifically, a longitudinal study on Victorian Acts was conducted to understand how policy instruments for land, water, and environmental governances adopted from 1860 to 2016 worked in the governance of SESs. Through a content analysis of the Acts, we constructed a simple typology of the ways in which policy instruments manage components of SESs. This typology includes the reserve regime, authority regime, information regime and integration regime. The study shows the circumstances under which interactions among components of biophysical and social systems deserve attention as partial shapers of policy instruments. The present work can be used to understand, examine and reflect on policy instruments currently used for resource governance and to make strategic improvements that account for current conditions rather than adopting new policies without understanding the existing context.

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The paper identifies regularities of temporary dynamics of the communities of juvenile fish communities in different types of reservoirs of the Dnipro-Orylskiy” Nature Reserve during 1997–2015 and assesses the role of the Reserve as a factor of fish population reproduction within the water area, which is exposed to a significant anthropogenic impact. During the research period, we have identified representatives of 38 fish species. The main trends in the dynamics of synecological characteristics of the juvenile fish communities are explained by the influence of three sources of variation: controlled discharge of the Dnieper River as a result of the creation of a dam cascade, eutrophication, and the reserve regime. The first two sources of influence are negative, while the creation of a protective regime in the Reserve is a positive factor. Eutrophication in the direction of its influence coincides with the negative effects of regulated discharge and significantly enhances them. The creation of a reservoir and regulation of the Dnieper River flow manifests itself differently in different types of reservoirs in the Reserve depending on their typological characteristics. The influence of the eutrophication factor may also manifest itself differently in different types of lake systems. The results we have obtained indicate that for the studied system of reservoirs in general, there is no tendency to change the number of fish communities and this indicator is stationary over time. For the channel part of the Dnieper River and its immediate vicinity, the Orel River mouth has established a trend of increasing the number of fish fry communities, while in other types of reservoirs there is no stable trend, except for reservoirs of Obukhovskie floodplain, where the number of juvenile fish communities has been constantly decreasing. In terms of biomass, there is also an upward trend in these water bodies as well as in the water bodies of the Taromsk ledge. An increase in the number and biomass of communities is accompanied by an increase in the number of species and diversity in Shannon. We explain the decrease in the number of fry communities in the Obukhov floodplain by intensive eutrophication processes, which are most active in these very reservoirs. We attribute the greatest activation of eutrophication processes to the construction of the Orel Canal in the Obukhov floodplain reservoir system. This artificial reservoir drains the lakes of the Obukhovskaya system, eventually contributing to the accumulation of organic matter and the development of oxygen deficiency phenomena in them. In the event of flooding, which is generally less likely due to the regulated flow of the Dnieper River, a fixed level in the Obukhov floodplain is maintained due to the close proximity of the Orel Canal. Water exchange and the associated evacuation of excess organics from the lakes are significantly limited. Stagnation and constant accumulation of organic remains create unfavorable conditions for life and development of young fish. As prospects for further studies, we plan to carry out geobotanical descriptions of aquatic macrophyte communities for phytoindication of ecological regimes of living conditions of fish population in water bodies.

Testing the \u2018Fear of Floating\u2019 Hypothesis: A Statistical Analysis for Eight African Countries

This paper revisits the fear of floating hypotheses for eight African countries from the collapse of the Bretton Woods fixed exchange rate system in the early 1970s up until December 2017. This long period of calendar time allows us to extend previous studies by examining the fear of floating hypotheses in two distinct ways. First, we look at a set of descriptive statistics to compare the degree of exchange rate flexibility under alternative de jure exchange rate regimes. We find no statistical difference between exchange volatility between declared floaters and fixers, but greater reserve volatility between the floaters, which is suggestive of fear of floating. Second, we use a non-linear, threshold VAR model, estimated for each country, to test for a relationship between exchange rate changes and reserve changes. The results suggest some evidence of a fear of floating for countries which have declared a de jure floating regime, with the regime-dependent impulse responses indicating that exchange rate appreciation due to positive reserve shocks is more prevalent in the high reserve regimes, indicative that level of foreign reserves available are important for their exchange rate policies. In general, although the countries with de jure floating regimes have a lower threshold than those with pegged regimes, reserves adjust by more than the exchange rates showing a fear of floating.

Гидроакустическое исследование макроскопической донной растительности в заповедной морской акватории у мыса Мартьян (Крым, Чёрное море)

В заповедной акватории у мыса Мартьян (Южный берег Крыма) выполнено обследование макроскопической донной растительности (МДР) с применением гидроботанических (контактных) и гидроакустических (дистанционных) методов. Показана принципиальная возможность и эффективность использования мобильного акустического комплекса на базе эхолота SeaCharter 480 DF и специализированного программного обеспечения WaveLens для детектирования и установления общей характеристики МДР, а также для выявления границ её обитания, проективного покрытия, высоты растительного покрова и пр. Модифицирована и апробирована методика, включая программное обеспечение, для автоматического определения высоты зарослей МДР по профилю обратного рассеяния звука. С помощью дистанционных методов показано, что распределение сублиторальной МДР вдоль берега характеризуется поясностью, причём нижняя граница распространения ограничена изобатами 10–12 м, что соответствует результатам, полученным контактными методами. Общая площадь зарослей МДР — около 0,39 км²; максимальные значения проективного покрытия, достигающие 95–97 % на глубинах 2–3 м, к нижней границе снижаются до 50–70 %. Установлено, что общие запасы сублиторальной МДР составляют до 1431,3 т, из которых 99,6 % приходится на сообщества Cystoseira. Отмечено, что цистозиры (Cystoseira barbata (Stackhouse) C. Agardh, 1820 и Cystoseira crinita Duby, 1830) и взморники (Zostera marina Linnaeus, 1753 и Zostera noltei Hornemann, 1832), доминирующие в растительных сообществах исследованного участка, являются сильными звукорассеивателями вследствие значительной разности акустического сопротивления (импеданса) воздуха, содержащегося в органах и тканях, и воды, что существенно повышает результативность детектирования и описания МДР. За нижней границей МДР, на глубинах до 32 м, зафиксированы неопознанные придонные акустические объекты в виде одиночных или групповых целей высотой до 2–4 м. Вероятно, их природа различна и обусловлена наличием в исследованном районе метановых сипов либо плотных скоплений рыбы. Отмечено, что проведение количественного исследования МДР с использованием гидроакустических методов снижает негативное трансформирующее воздействие на объект изучения: данная методика не предполагает значительного изъятия МДР, что особенно важно для соблюдения условий заповедного режима в границах особо охраняемых природных территорий (ООПТ). Полученные результаты наглядно показали эффективность совместного применения контактных и дистанционных методов. Предложено в дальнейшем использовать гидроакустические методы для мониторинга МДР, картирования растительного покрова и определения запасов макрофитов заповедной прибрежно-морской акватории у м. Мартьян и других аквальных ООПТ.

Grazing Effect on Soil Properties in Dry Subtropic Steppes of Azerbaijan

The article presents changes in the morphological and diagnostic parameters of gray-brown soils of dry steppes under the effect of grazing on a reserve and with regulated and free grazing. It has been revealed that, in comparison with the reserve regime, long-term intensive free grazing on gray-brown soils of dry steppes resulted in a 50–55% decrease in the projective vegetation cover, a poorer (loose) soil structure, compaction, and a 9.45% decrease in humus content and a 6.07% decrease in organic carbon content in the top horizon. The thickness of the humus horizon decreased by about 50%. There was a twofold decrease in the nitrogen content, while the drop in available phosphorus and potassium compounds was relatively smaller. The physical and mechanical soil properties also worsened: soil compactness in the 0–10-cm layer dropped by 0.13%, valuable clay particles were washed from the topsoil, the soil structure became more powdery, and the content of valuable water-stable aggregates and their water resistance decreased. The goal of the study is to develop more efficient pasture use for grazing in dry steppes.

International Organizations and reservations to treaties: a critical review of the International Law Commission’s work

Reservations to multilateral treaties by International Organizations (IOs/Organizations) is one area where the distinction between the States and IOs is blurred. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1986 (1986 Vienna Convention) places IOs in a position analogous to that of States by establishing a similar regime for reservations. Besides, the International Law Commission’s Guide to Practice on Reservations to Treaties, 2011 (ILC Guide to Practice, 2011) chose to persist with the same approach. The question whether the nature of IOs could have any bearing on the subject of reservations needs closer scrutiny. Accordingly, the issues of compatibility of the system of reservations with the nature of IOs as well as the implications of the specificities of IOs for a regime of reservations that could be extended to them have been addressed in the present paper. The author argues that the system of reservations extended to IOs is compatible with the existing framework of international law. Nevertheless, the transposition of the specific reservations regime developed in the context of States to IOs is problematic and suffers from multiple challenges. The author explains how the existing reservations regime applicable to IOs fails to appreciate the complex relationship between “member-States” within Organization as well as the juridical distinction that exists between the States and IOs.

Structural comparative analysis of forest and steppe plant communities in the south of Kryvyi Rih region

We made a comparative analysis of the floristic structure of 11 various-aged (30–50-year-old) forest and four steppe communities in the south of Kryvyi Rih region. We ascertained that the forest communities have low specific richness (2–90 species), whereas steppe ones contain from 167 to 251 species. The ten families leading in the species number are: Asteraceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Boraginaceae, Apiaceae, Brassicaceae and Polygonaceae. Specific representation of the steppe communities depends on the geomorphologic formation, grazing pressure, soil cover composition; respective order of families differs slightly: Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Lamiaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Brassicaceae, Apiaceae, Boraginaceae. The core of the geographical structure of forest vegetation is the species with a palaearctic type of range (30.3–54.5%), and in the steppe, species with the Black Sea area group (15.6–24.0%). The second and the third most numerous in forest groups are groups of species of transitional areas (3.6–23.3%) and holarctic species (7.0–17.2%). In the steppe communities, almost the same proportions are formed by the species of the palaearctic group and the plants of group of transitional areas (15.8–23.1% and 18.3–21.7% respectively). We revealed that in the forest and steppe communities the most numerous group in the spectra is the biomorph of hemicryptophytes (25.6–42.4% and 45.8–47.0% respectively). According to the structure of the above-ground shoots, identical proportions are formed by rosetteless and semi-rosetted species (38.3–60.5% and 37.2–56.7% respectively) in the forest communities, and semi-rosetted species (47.4–49.1%) in the steppe ones; as for the type of structure of underground shoots in forest communities, species without special underground formations (33.3–65.1%) and caudex formations (18.6–36.4%) prevail, and, in the steppe communities – caudex species do (39.1–47.9%); xeromesophytes (33.3–100%), and mesoxerophytes (32.9–40.6%) dominate in the hygrospectra of forest and steppe communities respectively; in heliospectra, there is the predominance of heliophytes (62.3–97.1% and 50.8–67.5% respectively); in trophoscopes, the mesotrophs are prevalent (57.1–98.4% and 47.0–52.1% respectively). The ecological and coenotic spectrum of forest communities is characterized by the domination of synanthropophants (36.3–58.6%), and in steppe ones – steppants (51.8–55.0%). We revealed the similarity of the floristic composition of forest and steppe communities (6.8–39.4%), and the largest index is noted for the plot with a strict nature reserve regime (19.4–39.4%). In forest communities, this value is 15.6–66.7%, and it varies in different-aged plantations of the same species. The analysis shows that there are significant differences in the floristic and biomorphological composition of forest and steppe communities; it confirms the concept of O.L. Belgard on the environment transforming function of artificial steppe forests, changing the biotic circulation, which is inherent in the steppes.

Accounting Meets Economics: Towards an 'Accounting View' of Money

This study lays the foundations of the 'Accounting View' of money. Using international accounting principles, the study argues that state and central bank monies are not debt, and that in fractional reserve regimes only a share of commercial bank money can be regarded as debt. The study determines how the seigniorage associated with the issuance of these monies should be accounted for in the financial statements of the issuing institutions, and examines what this implies for the correct understanding of money. The new view throws light into such issues as the true nature of central bank capital, commercial banks, and digital currencies. Drawing on it, new measurements of seigniorage are derived and applied to the case of the UK (for which recent estimates exist). The results reveal that seigniorage, in particularthat extracted by commercial banks, is a quantitatively relevant phenomenon.

Restoration of soil fertility of the southern chernozem in conditions of the reserve regime of the Orenburg State Nature Reserve

This paper presents a comparative-temporal ecological characterization of the southern chernozem under the regime of the Aituar steppe site command of the Orenburg State Nature Reserve. The degree of ecological rehabilitation of chernozems in specially protected natural areas is shown. Quantitative data are provided on the supply of soil with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and the content of heavy metals in the soil. Determination of the content of heavy metals and trace elements in soil samples (according to the method of Krupsky and Aleksandrova in the modification of the Central Institute of Agrochemical Services for Agriculture) was conducted in accordance with GOST 5068394. The determination of mobile compounds of phosphorus and potassium was carried out by the method of Machigin (GOST-2620591), organic matter by the Tyurin method (GOST 262139), alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen by Kornfield. The paper presents the results of a comparison of agrochemical and ecology-toxicological studies of southern chernozem in 19962016. The main morphogenetic characteristics of the soil profile of the chernozem of the southern carbonate low-humus low-mass medium loamy are given. Data of morphological, physical and agrochemical properties of soils were subjected to mathematical and statistical treatment. This allowed the authors to determine morphological parameters, qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the soil and their variation within the elementary soil areas, depending on the position in the landscape and the nature of use. The data obtained indicate a positive dynamics in the provision of soil with humus and elements of mineral nutrition of plants, as well as a significant reduction in the content of heavy metals throughout the soil profile. Thus, we can talk about the natural restoration of soil fertility in conditions of a protected regime in specially protected natural areas.

Elementary steps in electrical doping of organic semiconductors

Fermi level control by doping is established since decades in inorganic semiconductors and has been successfully introduced in organic semiconductors. Despite its commercial success in the multi-billion OLED display business, molecular doping is little understood, with its elementary steps controversially discussed and mostly-empirical-materials design. Particularly puzzling is the efficient carrier release, despite a presumably large Coulomb barrier. Here we quantitatively investigate doping as a two-step process, involving single-electron transfer from donor to acceptor molecules and subsequent dissociation of the ground-state integer-charge transfer complex (ICTC). We show that carrier release by ICTC dissociation has an activation energy of only a few tens of meV, despite a Coulomb binding of several 100 meV. We resolve this discrepancy by taking energetic disorder into account. The overall doping process is explained by an extended semiconductor model in which occupation of ICTCs causes the classically known reserve regime at device-relevant doping concentrations.