Reservation Period Research Articles

Full duplex based collision detection to enhance the V2X sidelink autonomous mode

The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) recently introduced the fifth-generation (5G) new radio (NR) sidelink to enable vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications supporting advanced safety services. Nevertheless, improvements over the previous generation still pose challenges to meet the reliability and latency requirements of V2X communications, particularly in the allocation of distributed resources, i.e., Mode 2. In Mode 2, vehicles autonomously select radio resources for their message transmissions and can maintain the selected resources for a given reservation period to efficiently handle periodic data traffic. However, potential collisions during this period may remain undetected due to half-duplex communications and unacknowledged broadcast transmissions, resulting in persistent message losses and posing a threat to road safety. This paper aims to improve the 5G NR-V2X sidelink for systems beyond 5G-Advanced by exploiting full-duplex transceivers. We propose a novel medium access control (MAC) scheme where vehicles can detect collisions while transmitting, dynamically adapt the collision detection threshold according to the measured channel load, and react to detected collisions through appropriate resource reselection and retransmission procedures. Extensive simulations conducted under various settings show that this MAC scheme brings substantial performance gains in terms of reliability and latency, compared to the current legacy Mode 2 procedure and a benchmark full-duplex scheme from the literature.

Patterns of Plunder: Corruption and the Failure of the Indian Reservation System, 1851–1887

Abstract Between the reservation system’s creation in 1851 and its partial dismantling in the Dawes Allotment Act of 1887, the Office (now Bureau) of Indian Affairs tasked Indian agents with administering a complicated mixture of goods and services known as “annuities,” which were designed to make reservations viable and survivable for Native people. This article demonstrates that Indian agents instead systematically swindled Native people of their promised payments, intensifying crippling poverty at a crucial moment in Native history and deepening a climate of distrust and acrimony across much of the American West. Rather than strengthening Native communities, federal expenditures enriched the settler communities that surrounded them, becoming in effect a backdoor subsidy for westward expansion and a key source of economic power in frontier communities. Meanwhile, the supposed failure of reservations to become economically viable in these early decades provided justification for reformers who sought to impose more coercive forms of control and assimilation on Native people, such as boarding schools and land allotment. By focusing on the financial workings of the underexamined early reservation period, this article demonstrates how corruption in the Office of Indian Affairs shaped both Native American and western history in profound and irreversible ways.

Link to the Past and Prosperity for the Future: Niitsitapi Horse Culture in the Twenty-First Century

Programs of forced settlement and assimilation during the Reservation or Resettlement period disrupted many aspects of Niitsitapi lifeways. At the same time, however, they also strengthened the identity of the Blackfoot people as they resisted absorption into Euro-American culture. This persistence is seen in the continued use of and adoration for horses. While many elements of nomadic life were taken away in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, there emerged a new Niitsitapi horse culture adapted for settled life. Through consultation with tribal elders and traditional horsemen and -women, this article explores the continued investment in horsemanship by the Niitsitapi people in the US and Canada.

Dynamics of elemental composition in the sediments of Can Gio mangrove Biosphere reserve period of 13 years after Durian typhoon 2006

Corg levels, Ntot level, and CN ratio are indicators for nitrogen limitation of plants and other organisms in the recovery process of storm-damaged forests. Here we compare between the 2 sections by multifactor-ANOVA analysis sediment characteristics along with the succession of a monoculture of Rhizophora in the South Vietnam with data from from 2007 to 2019 to know the initial state of the sediment after the disturbance and change during the self-recovery of the ecosystem. In the first stage, the Corg levels were much higher, while the Ntot deficiency was a crisis. Due to the presence of tall trees and the recovery process, the growth of nitrogen fixation mediated by attached microalgae on the surface sediments and the microbes living in the rhizosphere. Follow-up assessments and field experiments are needed to understand the sediment characteristics vary during the self-recovery of the ecosystem.

Classifying Insurance Reserve Period via Claim Frequency Domain Using Hawkes Process

In this paper, the insurance reserve period will be classified according to the claim frequency domain, such as high- or low-frequency periods. We use the clustering method to create and group claims data according to their frequency period. Meanwhile, we use a risk process to mimic and predict the movement of the reserve from time to time in each group of claim period that is formed. The risk process model used here is the Hawkes process, which is a one-dimensional simple point process and a special type of self-exciting process. Based on this process, we will estimate the reserve at a certain date in the future and the average historical reserve for each group period.

Effect Of Aromatic Oil Of Three Plants Of Labiatae Gene On Microorganism By Using In Preservation Of Minced Meat

The effect of oil extracts of three plants of Labiatae gene, Mentha longifolia, M. spicata and Ocimum basilicum, by the agar well diffusion method, were studied, the total count of the bacteria responsible for spoilage meat was kept at 4-6˚C for different periods (1, 72,192) hours. The results showed that the oils extract were inhibited all the treatment that were studied and more affected inhibition of the growth of Staphylococcus aureus than the growth of other microbes. The total count of the bacteria responsible for meat spoilage decrease in all treatments extracted oils for all different periods. Statistic analysis results showed high significant variations at the level P≤ 0.01 of all the treatment and control for all reservation periods.

Restructuring family production and reproduction on the Rocky Boy's Reservation, 1916–1934

During the early reservation era federal policies were crafted and implemented with the overarching objective to progress Native peoples along the social evolutionary ladder toward self-sufficiency and societal integration into the fabric of Euro-American civilization. A central area of directed social change among reservation communities was American Indian families and households. Federal bureaucrats and Indian reformers believed that the home was the keystone of political, economic, and social order. A civilized home, policymakers believed, was a cornerstone to living in a civilized society. Thus, American Indian societies must be structurally reorganized, economically and socially, to model targeted attributes of Euro-American society. The ideal familial household was nuclear, composed of a husband, wife, and children. Using primary documentation, in concert with the ethnohistorical record, this paper examines the manner in which federally imposed political policies and socio-economic forces affected Chippewa-Cree family structure and fertility during the early twentieth century reservation period.

Dual‐Source Procurement Strategies of Emergency Materials Considering Risk Attitudes

The uncertainty of emergencies makes the emergency procurement face many risks, so the risk management is particularly important of the emergency procurement. The risk attitude of decision makers will significantly affect the decision‐making of risk management. In this paper, the risk management problem with different risk attitudes of emergency procurement consisting of dual‐source suppliers and the single government is studied, and a government‐led Stackelberg game is used to analyze the risks of each link to establish an emergency procurement model under the option contract, and the optimal decision‐making is obtained. The effects of reserve period, risk avoidance coefficient, and probability of emergency on optimal decision‐making are analyzed with different risk attitude. Moreover, we investigate the coordination of the government‐led supply chain coordination under the risk aversion and risk‐neutral conditions of emergency supply chain participants. The results show that the model can control the risk while reducing the cost of government procurement and ensuring the revenue of suppliers. Finally, the influence of each parameter on the optimization decision is verified by a numerical example.

Analysis of performance parameters for wireless network using switching multiple access control method

The developments of wireless networks have directed to search for opportunities of a broad diversity of improved and new networking contributions. Wireless Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) is a non-synchronous or random mode of transferring information. The advantages of circuit switching include dedicated connections and guaranteed traffic parameters and the benefits of packet switching are the efficiency at the physical layer and a more cost-effective design. ATM is the only protocol that offers the best of both communication methods. Although the Variable Bit-Rate (VBR) transmission presents a promising prospective of stable data quality, it is usually accompanied by network traffic overload and cell packet loss, which extensively weakens that potential. This work overcomes these concerns by developing a switching-based multiple access control model to improve the data transmission performance of wireless ATM. Therefore, this work discusses the effectiveness of the developed approach to minimize the cell packet losses and network traffic overload in wireless ATM. Three control access is processed; polling, token passing, and reservation algorithms for collision avoidance. The reservation stage reserves the data before sending, which includes two timeline intervals; a fixed-time reservation period, and variable data transmission interval. Using OPNET 10.5, the results show that the presented switching-based multiple access control model can achieve a throughput value of 98.3 %, data transmission delay of about 40.2 ms, and 0.024 % of packet losses during data transmission between the source and destination. It is demonstrated that the introduced method effectively transmits information without creating any network complexity and delay

Religious Revitalization among the Kiowas: The Ghost Dance, Peyote, and Christianity

In Religious Revitalization among the Kiowas, Benjamin R. Kracht has crafted an important contribution to Native American religious practice, one drawing on more than thirty years of extensive ethnography on the Kiowa reservation in Oklahoma and illuminated with detailed archival research. As a result, this book skillfully describes the religious responses of Kiowa people during the first half of the twentieth century to the harsh realities of reservation life and increasingly intensified Christian missionization. Kracht’s dedication to ethnohistorical detail shows in his intimate portrayal of how people, both Kiowa and non-Native, navigate the religious diversity of this reservation community and their own beliefs. Volumes have been written about the Ghost Dance and the Native American Church, but there is little recent scholarship about Native American Christianity, with important exceptions including Mark Clatterbuck’s Crow Jesus (2017) and Clara Sue Kidwell, Homer Noley, and George Tinker’s A Native American Theology (2020).Kracht takes on the difficult task of relating a holistic depiction of Kiowa religious change from the tumultuous early reservation era through the post–World War II period, drawing together Indigenous Kiowa religious practice, the Ghost Dance, the Native American Church, and Christianity. In the final chapters, he brings his narrative up through current practice, documenting an incredible sweep of history. He has brought extensive archival materials to bear on his ethnographic research to build a complicated historical narrative, relating perspectives of both Kiowa people and of the government officials and missionaries working in these communities. He has crafted a rich ethnohistory that can only come from decades of work in one community. Such in-depth research allows him to illuminate the multiple perspectives of Kiowa people as they approached these new religious forms. Accounts of Native religion, and particularly the Ghost Dance, can present a monolithic perspective, but Kracht provides a nuanced account, demonstrating that Kiowa people held a multitude of opinions about religion depending on band, family history, personal experience, economic situation, and other social factors. By beginning the narrative in the early reservation period, Kracht sensitively depicts the challenging choices Kiowas made during a time when their religious practices were under threat from both government officials and missionization. As he continues the narrative to the present, he also relates how perceptions of religious practice have changed over time.In this book, Kracht provides lengthy quotes from his voluminous interviews, giving voice to Kiowa people, letting their perspectives and observations speak for themselves. He also relates with sincerity his own experiences, providing even more nuance to the reader. His analysis of shifting Kiowa religious practice leans a little heavily on revitalization-movement theory to explore the Ghost Dance and peyotism, an approach that can be essentializing. Regardless, he successfully reveals that Kiowa religious action throughout the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries has not simply been a response to deprivation. This book makes an important contribution to the literature by demonstrating that Christianity has not simply existed in opposition to peyotism or other Indigenous forms of Kiowa religion, but that Kiowa people themselves have actively shaped all of these religious practices in conversation with one another. Kracht builds a strong case for his argument that Kiowa people molded each new religious movement they encountered to their current circumstances, even indigenizing Christianity. Scholars of Plains Indian history, the Ghost Dance, the Native American Church, Native Christianity, and early reservation life on the Plains will find this book useful. I believe that scholars researching missionary activity in the United States, revitalization movements, syncretic religious change, and Indigenous responses to missionization and colonization would also find insight in this book.

Fast tag identification for mobile RFID robots in manufacturing environments

Purpose In manufacturing environments, mobile radio frequency identification (RFID) robots need to quickly identify and collect various types of passive tag and active tag sensor data. The purpose of this paper is to design a robot system compatible with ultra high frequency (UHF) band passive and active RFID applications and to propose a new anti-collision protocol to improve identification efficiency for active tag data collection. Design/methodology/approach A new UHF RFID robot system based on a cloud platform is designed and verified. For the active RFID system, a grouping reservation–based anti-collision algorithm is proposed in which an inventory round is divided into reservation period and polling period. The reservation period is divided into multiple sub-slots. Grouped tags complete sub-slot by randomly transmitting a short reservation frame. Then, in the polling period, the reader accesses each tag by polling. When tags’ reply collision occurs, the reader tries to re-query collided tags once, and the pre-reply tags avoid collisions through random back-off and channel activity detection. Findings The proposed algorithm achieves a maximum theoretical system throughput of about 0.94, and very few tag data frame transmissions overhead. The capture effect and channel activity detection in physical layer can effectively improve system throughput and reduce tag data transmission. Originality/value In this paper, the authors design and verify the UHF band passive and active hybrid RFID robot architecture based on cloud collaboration. And, the proposed anti-collision algorithm would improve active tag data collection speed and reduce tag transmission overhead in complex manufacturing environments.

The Wisselbank and Amsterdam Price Volatility: A fractal test of the Austrian fractional-reserve banking hypothesis

Using 1708-1788 historical data, we test the Austrian hypothesis that fractional-reserve banking destabilizes commodity prices, complicating eco­ nomic calculation and entrepreneurial planning, and contributes to boom-bust cycles. The Bank of Amsterdam («Wisselbank», 1609-1819) maintained high reserve requirements until the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War (1780-1784), when its reserve ratio plummeted from nearly 100% in 1778 to around 20% by 1788. We compare price volatilities for 1722-1779 and 1780-1788 using fractal Hurst exponents. For all commodity prices tested, fractal volatility was higher during the lower fractional reserve period, except for rye, wheat, and Hamburg Bills of Exchange. Bill of Exchange stability was likely attributable to Hamburg transport ships’ ability to evade British incursion and to the Wisselbank’s legal monopsony in the secondary commercial paper market. However, rye and wheat prices — directly indicative of bread prices — generally (and contrary to Austrian theory) stabilized even though British blockades significantly re­ duced Dutch bread grain imports. We attribute this unexpected result primarily to emergency wartime provision by the Amsterdam municipal granary. The Wisselbank experience may confirm, or at least does not clearly falsify, the economic relevance of the Austrian Fractional-Reserve Banking Hypothesis.
 Keywords: Fractional reserve banking, monetary expansion, price stability, equilibrium.
 JEL Codes: E42, E44, N13, N23, N83.
 Resumen: Analizando los datos históricos correspondientes al Banco de Áms­ terdam de 1708 a 1788 concluimos que la evidencia empírica confirma (o al menos no refuta) la hipótesis austriaca sobre los negativos efectos de la banca con reserve fraccionaria.
 Palabras clave: Banca con reserva fraccionaria, expansión monetaria, estabili­ dad de precios, equilibrio.
 Clasificación JEL: E42, E44, N13, N23, N83.

A Real-Time, Distributed, Directional TDMA MAC Protocol for QoS-Aware Communication in Multi-Hop Wireless Networks

Time division multiple access (TDMA) based medium access control (MAC) schemes are widely used for communication among directional nodes since they can provide a conflict-free transmission schedule. However, the existing directional TDMA schemes introduce significant overhead and delay, and cannot adapt in real-time to topology changes in a directional multi-hop network. These schemes also incur considerable overhead and delay in order to support the QoS (quality of service) traffic. In this paper, a novel, real-time, distributed, directional TDMA scheme is presented for directional multi-hop wireless networks. This scheme adapts to the topology changes and/or flow requirements in real-time , and facilitates QoS-aware communication with no notification overhead . In the proposed scheme, the 1-hop neighborhood of every node is divided into fully connected 1-hop neighborhoods , which allows the node to intelligently serve multiple routes without requiring a globally converged scheduling solution. This feature allows the use of a low-complexity rank-based mechanism to obtain a distributed, real-time transmission schedule for a directional multi-hop network. The following new features are also added in the proposed scheme: ( ${i}$ ) REQ period which reduces slot wastage, ( ii ) throughput scaling which ensures fairness and helps in congestion management, and ( iii ) piggyback reservation period which increases the spatial reuse and adapts to the dynamic requirements of multiple flows in real-time. The control-period overhead in our scheme is low and linearly changes with the number of nodes in a fully connected 1-hop neighborhood, instead of the total number of nodes in the entire network. Simulation results and comparisons with other recent, distributed TDMA-based schemes show that our scheme provides a higher throughput with very low control overhead for both static and mobile network topologies.

SCMAC: A Slotted-Contention-Based Media Access Control Protocol for Cooperative Safety in VANETs

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) can improve the safety during the traffic by enabling cooperative communication among the vehicles. The media access control (MAC) protocol should be well designed so that cooperative messages can be exchanged efficiently and reliably. Because vehicles move fast on the road, the network topology changes rapidly, which makes it harder to design the MAC protocol. This article introduces SCMAC, a slotted-contention-based time-division multiple access MAC protocol. SCMAC combines the advantages of the contention-based protocols and the contention-free protocols, and hence, can accommodate different traffic densities and channel conditions. Each time slot is divided into two periods: 1) reservation period (RP) and 2) transmission period (TP) in the protocol. Nodes compete in the RP to confirm whether the channel can be used before the transmission can take place in the TP. Analysis and simulation results are also presented to evaluate the performance of SCMAC in various scenarios. The results show that SCMAC can adapt different traffic densities and channel conditions and can provide more real time and efficient services compared to the other protocols.

Efficient coordination of supply contracts with demand learning and two production modes

We study a supply contract between a manufacturer and a retailer in a two-period newsvendor model with demand learning. The retailer needs to determine the order quantity at the beginning, and can adjust the amount at the end of the first period after receiving the updated demand information, as the demand forecast for the second period (sales period) is dependent on the order quantity during the first period (reservation period). Compared to the traditional buy-back contract, although the quantity adjustment (QA) can yield higher profits for both parties, the channel profit improvement by QA decreases with demand uncertainty.

Assessment of Acoustic Emission and Triaxial Mechanical Properties of Rock-Cemented Tailings Matrix Composites

Acoustic emission (AE) test is a powerful technique for examining the sounds of cracks growing, breaking, and other modes of damage in cementitious materials deforming under stress, such as rock-cemented tailings matrix composites (RCTMC). RCTMC, an engineered mixture of tailings, cement, rock, and water, is widely used to fulfill numerous important roles at underground mine sites as a construction material and a ground support tool. To study the mechanical strength and AE properties of RCTMC, compression testing was carried out using a triaxial compression test system (TAW-2000) and AE monitoring system (PCI-2), and the failure modes of samples were also examined. Results have shown that (1) the failure process of RCTMC samples can be divided into six main stages: compaction, linear elastic characteristic, crack growth, primary damage development, cemented tailings backfill withstand stress zone, and secondary damage development stage. CTB has the strengthening effect on mechanical strength of rock; (2) the AE process can be also divided into six main stages: the prepeak quiescence period, the elastic energy reserve period, the first destruction development AE area, the secondary energy reserve period, the second damage development stage, and the postpeak calm period; and (3) samples’ cumulative ring count is “stepped” distribution over time, and the ring count has entered the postpeak flat stage after many active periods. The process of RCTMC samples from tensile to shear failure mode is represented by numerical simulation. Finally, the obtained experimental results can offer a useful reference for the further study of the mechanism of the surrounding rock and cemented tailings backfill structure.

The RitualThiyóšpayeand the Social Organization of Contemporary Lakota Ceremonial Life

AbstractThis paper examines continuity and change in Lakota belief and ritual, focusing on the social organization of contemporary Lakota ceremonial life. For many Lakotas of Pine Ridge Reservation ritual structures life. The contemporary religious landscape consists of a number of ritual groups, which I call ritualthiyóšpayes, after the Lakota word for band or lodge group, the extended family and historical basic unit of kinship. At the center of these groups is a religious practitioner, a symbol of group identity and solidarity. Ritualthiyóšpayes consist of core and sub‐core member families that regularly attend rituals and other corporately sponsored social events. The cohesion of a ritualthiyóšpayeis based largely on equality, mutual help, participation, and one‐mindedness. The relationship between a practitioner and his ritualthiyóšpayeis dynamic, characterized by reciprocity, mutual influence, and exchange: the practitioner shapes the beliefs, worldview, and identity of his followers, symbolizing the group to both members and nonmembers, while simultaneously being shaped by his followers as a representative of their social, psychological, and religious needs, beliefs, and values. Although patterns of social interaction have changed since the dawn of the reservation period, there remains a distinct and undeniable continuity with past traditions.

A Novel Coordinated Medium Access Control Scheme for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks in Multichannel Environment

Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) aim to provide efficient safety and infotainment services. Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE), which is a standard designed specifically for VANETs, stipulates seven 10-MHz channels: one control channel (CCH) for safety message transmission and six service channels (SCHs) for service message transmission. However, providing reliable broadcasting of safety messages on the CCH and efficient coordination of vehicles for service message transmission across the multiple SCHs in highly dynamic VANET environment is a nontrivial problem. In this paper, we propose a coordinated, adaptive, and reliable multichannel medium-access control scheme for the VANETs (VCAR-MAC). In VCAR-MAC, a novel time-division multiple access (TDMA)-based scheme that considers real-world environmental conditions is proposed to identify every vehicle quickly so that a time slot on the CCH can be allocated efficiently for reliable safety message transmission. On the SCHs, VCAR-MAC provides a multi-SCH coordination scheme, which adaptively adjusts the SCH reservation period in order to fully utilize the channel bandwidth. Furthermore, a dynamic contention window (CW) mechanism is proposed, in which the initial CW size is adaptively optimized to maximize the number of successful SCH reservations, thereby maximizing the service message throughput. It has been proven via the mathematical analysis and simulation experiment that VCAR-MAC can significantly improve throughput and reduce delay for both safety and service messages.

Yield optimization for airlines from ticket resell

During the reservation period of some flights, the demand significantly fluctuates due to changes in the business environment. Some demand variations can hardly be anticipated by airline revenue management systems. Therefore, it often happens that the sales policy applied at a given time in a flight turns out to be suboptimal a posteriori. A mechanism of ticket buy-back can then be an interesting tool for the airlines aiming at boosting revenue from these flights. This paper addresses the main stages of a buy-back process triggered by an airline. The process includes the revenue management-based solutions to support the selection of the tickets and the computation of the proposed prices to get them back. The main contribution of this paper is a new mathematical model which optimizes airline-expected revenue from buy-back according to the probability of passenger acceptance. This model can be applied for many different compensation schemes that could be put in place by an airline to spur some of their passengers to sell back air tickets to the airline. Three of them are further analyzed. We simulate buy-back campaigns for four flights with data drawn from real operations and compare additional revenue due to buy-back, according to the selected compensation scheme. Results emphasize our intuition that business benefits can be expected from a well-automated mechanism of ticket buy-back and resell in the airline industry. Depending on the flight and demand characteristics, up to over $$10\%$$ additional revenue can be expected to be added on top of the revenue obtained from a standard revenue management system on a single flight.

Heavy traffic analysis of a polling model with retrials and glue periods

We present a heavy traffic analysis of a single-server polling model, with the special features of retrials and glue periods. The combination of these features in a polling model typically occurs in certain optical networking models, and in models where customers have a reservation period just before their service period. Just before the server arrives at a station there is some deterministic glue period. Customers (both new arrivals and retrials) arriving at the station during this glue period will be served during the visit of the server. Customers arriving in any other period leave immediately and will retry after an exponentially distributed time. As this model defies a closed-form expression for the queue length distributions, our main focus is on their heavy-traffic asymptotics, both at embedded time points (beginnings of glue periods, visit periods, and switch periods) and at arbitrary time points. We obtain closed-form expressions for the limiting scaled joint queue length distribution in heavy traffic. We show that these results can be used to accurately approximate the performance of the system for the complete spectrum of load values by use of interpolation approximations.