Reservation Of Seats Research Articles

Intergenerational effects of affirmative action in higher education: Evidence from India

We study the intergenerational effects of affirmative action in higher education on children's nutritional outcomes. Our context is India, where we exploit a policy-induced introduction of reservation of seats in higher education for the socially disadvantaged Other Backward Classes. We find that children of exposed mothers are less likely to be stunted. The effect is more pronounced for daughters. Higher levels of education and greater autonomy amongst treated mothers plausibly drive these results.

Women Reservation Bill in Lok Sabha: A Century Long Struggle for Gender Equality

Women in India have been granted various rights over the years to establish gender equality and to improve their number in decision making. Efforts were started when the demand for separate political reservation for women was made in 1920 during the national movement for Independence. It was the Government of India Act, 1935 by which reservation of seats for women was given. The issue was debated at length during the debates of Constituent Assembly. Committee on the Status of Women in India (CSWI) 1971, recommended reservation for women in local bodies. National Perspective Plan for Women 1988-2000 recommended reservation for women in all elected bodies from Panchayats to Parliament that resulted in 73rd and 74th Amendment. To ensure their presence in national and state legislatures, a Bill seeking to reserve seats for women was introduced in 1996 in the Parliament. But due to narrow political interests of different political parties and lack of consensus among them, it could not succeed to get the approval of the Parliament. Finally, the passage of Women Reservation Bill in September 2023 with conditions is a golden moment in Indian Parliamentary history.

Can Reservation Ensure Women’s Participation in Local Governance: A Study Among Tiwas

The 73rd constitutional amendment has made historical changes to Indian local self-governance, that is, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), by introducing 33% reservation for women. Accordingly, a considerable number of women entered into these institutions as elected representatives. However, although reservation has enhanced the representation of women, their participation remains an important question due to prevailing patriarchy both within and outside the household. In this background, an attempt is being made to understand and analyse the participation of tribal women in Gram Panchayat—the lowest level institutions of PRIs among the Tiwas of Assam, India. This study found that reservation of seats has indeed enabled women to enter into local governance. However, the reservation could not alter the patriarchal nature of GP. Thus, there is a need for institutional reforms in the GP.

Gender Quota and Women’s Participation in Rural Local Bodies in India: The Context, Constraints and Consequences

Gender quota in democratic institutions is now widely regarded as a tested tool to promote gender justice despite limitations. In this article, an attempt has been made to capture and analyse in the light of secondary source material including my own small study in one of the Indian States, West Bengal, on the impact of reservation of seats for women as elected women representatives in rural local government in India, with special reference to the challenges experienced by them. It has been argued that, despite a number of inherent structural constraints, women elected leaders have been able to prove their competence to run the institutions of governance and to bring about positive change in the agenda of governance and development. It has also been suggested that there is a need for a much more proactive role of the state which has created space for women through an amendment of the Constitution.

Breaching The Limit: A Critical Evaluation Of The Increase In Reservation Limit In Karnataka

The Government of Karnataka had, in October 2022, promulgated an ordinance to increase the reservation limit of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to 17 percent and 7 percent respectively. The ordinance was promulgated in furtherance of the recommendations made by the Justice HN Nagamohandas Commission which is also supported by the Justice Subhash Adi Committee report. Further, in December 2022, the Government of Karnataka had, seemingly as an act of appeasement and prior to the 2023 Assembly elections, tabled a Bill [The Karnataka Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Reservation of Seats in Educational Institutions and of Appointments or Posts in the Services under the State) Bill, 2022] in the Legislative Assembly which reiterates the increase in reservations for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the State just as the previously promulgated ordinance. The bill was eventually passed. The relevance of the ordinance and the bill is based on the observation that such an increase in reservation quota for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes would bring the overall reservation quota above 50 percent, which is against the desirable limit prescribed by the Supreme Court on reservation. This paper mainly aims to critically analyse the bill and the possible legal hurdles it might encounter. The paper shall, in the first part, deal with the history of reservation in India and the various constitutional provisions regarding the same. Secondly, the various landmark Supreme Court judgements on reservation, especially the decisions on the desirable limit of reservation, would be elucidated. The paper would also delve into the recommendations of the Commission and Committee that have been cited as the main reasons for the introduction of such an ordinance and thereafter the bill. This shall be followed by an analysis of whether this is an exceptional circumstance which demands the breach of the 50 percent rule. The paper shall, in conclusion, pose the various challenges that the Bill raises if the introduction of it is merely a political gimmick rather than a special circumstance requiring the breach of the desirable 50 percent reservation limit.

WOMEN REPRESENTATIVES IN UNION PARISHAD OF BANGLADESH

The study was conducted through a survey on 108 women representatives elected in the Union Parishad (UP) election of 2003 purposively selected from 36 Unions of Bagerhat District of Bangladesh with an interview schedule. These women representatives mainly came to UP through the provision of reserved seats of Union Parishad Act, 1997. They are not given equal access in project distribution, committee memberships and their opinions in the UP decision making were ignored. The adversarial conditions were manifested by the patriarchal social structure that does not put up with women in the leadership position. The surveyed women representatives suggested that significant political and institutional changes will be required for them to be empowered. To ensure good governance and to remove gender discrimination in local government, more supportive policies and laws have to be incorporated and implemented along with the reservation of seats for women.

FEATURES OF ETHNO-POLITICAL LEADERSHIP IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PARLIAMENTARY REPRESENTATION OF MINORITY ETHNIC GROUPS IN UKRAINE

Ethno-political leadership is an important indicator of the social and political representation of minority groups in a multicultural social environment. The most effective form of its implementation provides for the representation of the ethnic community at the level of the highest legislative body of the state. A number of countries in Central and Eastern Europe have developed their own models of such representation over the last past decades. They are implemented through guaranteed reservation of seats for representatives of ethnic communities, lower numerical thresholds for representation in parliament, inclusion of ethno-political leaders in the lists of national parties, single-member districts may provide sufficient minority representation as well. The relevance of the study of the ethno-political leadership in the context of parliamentary representation of ethnic minorities is objectively determined by the multi-ethnicity of Ukrainian society, declaration of Ukraine's integration into the EU structures and implementation of European democratic principles of governance.The subject of the research are public and political leaders, mostly heads of national-cultural societies, foundations, ethnopolitical parties. The author applies the method of electoral statistic analysis for parliamentary elections of 1990, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2007, 2012, 2014 and 2019. Synthetically generalized of minority representation in the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of all nine convocations. Emphasis is made on the political participation of representatives of the multi-ethnic regions in Ukraine (Crimea, Eastern Ukraine, Northern Azov, Southern Bessarabia, Bukovina, Transcarpathia).Adequate representationof people's deputies of Russian and Jewish ethnic origin has considered in the article. Among the ethnopolitical leaders of Jewish ethnicity, the figure of Kharkiv resident Olexander Feldman stands out, who since 2002 has invariably been a people's deputy of Ukraine. Vadim Rabinovych, the leader of the All-Ukrainian Jewish Congress is represented in parliament for only the last two terms. The most constant (since 1998 as a people's deputate) is the position of the Crimean Tatar leader, national democrat Mustafa Dzhemilev. A similar ideological orientation is taken by the head of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar people Refat Chubarov. The co-founder of the «Our Land» Party Anton Kisse is a stable ethno-political leader of the Bulgarians in Ukraine. The unbalanced position of the ethno-political leadership of the Romanian (Ivan Popescu) and the Hungarian (Ishtvan Haidosh, Vasyl Brenzovich) representatives is also has considered. It is indicated about the first steps at the parliamentary representation of the Azov Greeks in the person of Dmytro Lubinets.The author concludes about the low efficiency of parliamentary representation of ethnic minorities in Ukraine, which is caused by permanent changes in electoral legislation, negative electoral and engineering practice of gerrymandering and neglecting of European good practices of including minority ethnic groups in politics, which are defined in international documents.

Loyalty, resistance, subalterneity: a history of Limbu ‘participation’ in Sikkim

ABSTRACT This paper explores the process of construction of the interconnection between ethnicity, indigeneity, and political participation in Sikkim concerning the Limbu ethnic community. It firstly discusses Limbu associations’ claims for the reservation of seats for the Limbu community in the state legislative assembly, following the recognition of the group as a Scheduled Tribe in 2003. From this point on, the paper goes further back in time, and, based on archival documents, shows that the view of the lack of political representation of the Limbu as a result of ethnic discrimination is grounded in a ‘uncertain’ membership, which has historical roots dating back to the foundation of the kingdom. It shows that the troubled relations between the Limbu and the leading power in Sikkim in the early days of the kingdom long continued to inform their subaltern form of political membership.

Making doctors available for rural India:

In the backdrop of acute shortage of allopathic doctors in rural India, this paper looks at the interplay and tension between central and state regulatory measures aimed at improving the availability and retention of allopathic doctors in the rural areas, within the overarching framework of centre-state relations and division of legislative powers between them, with respect to regulation of medical education. While the Central Government has introduced certain provisions in the central law to promote availability of doctors in rural areas, some States have implemented provisions with the same objective, that go beyond the stipulations of the Central Act. Several such measures taken by state governments; be it reservation of post graduate seats for doctors serving in government rural institutions or developing cadre of medical practitioners for rural area under certain conditionalities; have been challenged in courts and held to be violative of the central legislation which inter alia, regulates standards of medical education and registration of doctors. The measures introduced by the state governments for increasing availability of doctors in rural areas, even though struck down as invalid, were intended as instruments of equity and social justice, with far reaching implications for improving availability of health care services in underserved areas. Unless the Medical Council of India Act is amended or the subject matter of medical education is moved from Union list to State list, state interventions are likely to continue to be struck down if they are found to be affecting the standards of medical education.

Women's Representation in Bureaucracy: Reservation Policy in Nepali Civil Service

This paper analyses women's representation in Nepali bureaucracy after the implementation of the reservation policy in 2007. The motivation behind the reservation was that people from marginalized and weaker section of the society should be uplifted. Moreover, representative bureaucracy refers to a bureaucracy that embodies the demographic structure of the society. Following descriptive research method, I collected data from secondary sources such as annual reports and other publications of Public Service Commission, Nepal. The amendment of Civil Service Act-1993 in 2007 with the provision of 45 per cent reservation of civil service seats for women along with indigenous community, <em>Madhesi</em>, <em>Dalit</em>, disabled people and people from backward areas has resulted in the growing number of women’s participation. The growing number of women civil servants in the recent years is expected to change the landscape of civil service in near future. Implications for public administration research and practice are discussed.

MODERN STATE OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE OF TOURIST DEPARTMENT OF UKRAINE

The purpose. Analyze the state of affairs, development prospects and disadvantages of the transport infrastructure of the tourist industry of Ukraine and the perspective directions of development of components of the transport infrastructure of the tourist sector of Ukraine. Method. In order to achieve this goal, the following research methods have been used in the work: monographic (when studying the state of transport infrastructure in Ukraine), comparison (in assessing transported passengers by type of transport in Ukraine). System analysis allowed to characterize the main problems of the transport infrastructure of the tourist industry of Ukraine. A dialectical approach to studying the phenomena and processes of the transport infrastructure of the tourism industry was also used. The Results. In this work the modern state of transport infrastructure of the tourist industry of Ukraine, as well as problems and prospects of development of tourist transport infrastructure is investigated, and ways of solving concrete problems for strengthening of Ukraine's positions on the world market of all transport infrastructure of Ukraine are proposed. Scientific novelty. The directions of improvement in the field of transport services organization are proposed to achieve a synergistic effect in the system of transport infrastructure of the tourism industry, which, unlike existing ones, are based on the economic results of the economic activity of transport companies of Ukraine, which require significant investments in the restoration of existing transport infrastructure, improvement of organizational structures of management of the tourism sector and the achievement of careful coordination and coherence of flight schedules , trains and other vehicles, with the co-ordinated organization of baggage and control of its movement throughout the journey, as well as with the observance of the integrated international standards of reservation of seats and ease of transplantation. The practical significance. Using the above suggestions will allow the management of transport companies to take scientifically grounded and organizational decisions on the development of transport infrastructure of the tourism sector of Ukraine in the future and will contribute to strengthening the tourist potential of Ukraine, improve transport services, promote the socio-economic development of the adjacent territories and at the same time play a significant role in the further development of tourism.

“Gender Quotas” in French and Italian Public Law: A Tale of Two Overlapping and Then Diverging Trajectories

AbstractThis Article compares the French and Italian experiences with gender quotas—understood as mechanisms intended to increase women's participation in public life, including but not limited to, the reservation of seats in certain positions and the modulation of electoral lists— in public entities such as legislative and executive bodies (including political parties), the judiciary, and public universities. The comparison between France and Italy demonstrates that even between two countries whose constitutional history and trajectory with regard to gender quotas has been portrayed as being essentially identical, a closer analysis of the recent developments in both countries’ constitutional and administrative case law shows a slightly more nuanced picture. Using Rodolfo Sacco's approach of legal formants, this Article argues that the difference stems mainly from the different attitude and interpretation of equality by the judicial formant.

Minorities and Indian Constitution

This paper examines the provisions relating to minorities in India with respect to their rights and representation. It begins with the definition of minorities and analyses various viewpoints which were put forward in the Constituent Assembly relating to reservation of seats in the legislature for them as well as the means of representation. It discusses and examines the provisions related to minorities within the Constitution of India. By way of conclusion, it concludes that though the Indian Constitution contains several provisions relating to minorities, but still the minorities feel alienated. In order to remove this feeling of alienation, it suggests measures in the form of reservation to economically backward sections among the minorities in educational institutions, as modern education would enable them to become a part of the mainstream of Indian society which in turn would go a long way in removing their alienation.

Why are medical graduates not joining the rural services in India

There are significant differences in the health parameters between the urban and rural areas of India. While most parameters have reached levels comparable to the developed world in the metropolises, they remain significantly lower in the rural areas of the country. One of the major reasons for this difference is the insufficient deployment of human resources, especially doctors in the health institutions located in rural areas. Physicians are reluctant to take up jobs in rural locations. The government of India estimated in 2010 a short-fall of 10.3% for doctors at primary health centers (PHCs) and 62% for specialists at the secondary level1. The doctor: population ratio is 13: 10000 in the urban areas but only 3: 10000 in the rural areas of the country.2Joining in and adhering to rural health services are often defined by the availability of benefits like financial incentives in the form of loan repayment and scholarships for students willing to serve in rural areas, as in the United States. Monetary incentives along with professional development opportunities are also used for recruiting and retaining physicians to rural areas in several other countries. The government of India provides incentives such as the rural or hardship allowance and reservation of post graduate seats for physicians serving in the rural areas. However, these are not considered enough motivation by the vast majority of medical graduates in India, who take up jobs in city based hospitals, sometimes for lesser remunerations. Professional isolation and lack of infrastructural facilities, less salary, low standard of living and limited exposure as a doctor continue to discourage physicians from joining rural service. This trend is not unique to India and reluctance of medical graduates to set up rural practice or join rural health services have been in seen in countries both from the developing as well as the developed worlds.

Women’s Political Reservation, Early Childhood Development, and Learning in India

This paper analyzes the long-term impacts of reservation of local political seats for women on children's learning and nutritional outcomes in rural Andhra Pradesh. Using the random rotation of seats reserved for women over different election cycles, and three rounds of a panel dataset, we analyze the impact of exposure to political reservation during critical periods in early childhood. The paper shows that the reservation policy for female leaders had the largest impact on learning outcomes in primary school when children were exposed to reservation in utero and very early in life.

IMPACT OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND EDUCATION ON TRIBAL FAMILIES AND YOUTH - POLICIES AND ISSUES ON INDIAN GOVERNMENT

The present study intends to highlight the issues and policies of government and its impact on tribal youth in particular and their families in general to develop their educational as well as their economic status. At the same time the study, also focus on the factors responsible for their unemployment along with the suggestions for improvement in the present status. To explore all these ideas four objectives are framed along with same number of research questions. After a critical analysis we find that the present policies and issues made by the government are praise worthy but the implementation level is not at all fruitful in the grass root level. For that we have made some suggestions for up-gradation of the present situation for tribals like: strict implementation of reservation of seats in public sector employment, proper looking into reservation of seats in institutions of higher learning, formulation of proper welfare schemes for prosperity of tribals based on fact data, in private sector also these should be reservations for schedule tribes. The present 7.5% of reservation for government services should be increased whenever necessary. Article visualizations:

Public Participation in the General Elections of India: An Overview since 1951

Democratic process of any country is based on the participation of the public to form the government through their elected representatives, and the nation having an electoral system in place to choose their representatives can be termed as a nation living true to its democratic essence, while as, the nation elusive of ground level public participation in forming governments can never be termed as living true to democratic colour. The present study is an attempt to understand the electoral process of India, the public participation in the democratic process of the country, which is already fifteen general elections old, lasted over the period 1951 to 2014. Attempt has been made to understand the areas like, growth of parties over the period of time, seat distribution, reservation of seats, electoral participation, polling stations, performance of major national political parties along with electoral turnout both collectively and on gender basis etc. Existence of the multi party system in India and the growth in parties over a period of time gets equally reflected by the fact that in 1951, 54 parties participated in the electoral process and the number grew up to 466 in 2014, reflecting a growth of over 792%. During all the general elections contested by candidates 77.43% contestants forfeited their deposits with an average of 135 political parties contested each general election. Over 80.45% elected candidates to the parliament during all the general elections held so far, represent national parties.

Evaluate the Participation Level of Elected Women Representatives (EWRs) in Panchayati Raj Institutions and Challenges Faced by them: A Study of Kadwa Block in Katihar of Bihar

Even after 68 years of independence and 23 years of implementation of 73rd amendment devolving 29 subjects to the panchayats and reserving 33% of the seats for women at panchayat level, Elected Women Representatives (EWR) are on the margin, dependent on their husbands, other male family members as the case may be in Kadwa block of Katihar District of Bihar. The EWR are mere proxies to their husband, male family members, who cannot fight election and hold offices due to the reservation of seats for the disadvantages section including women. There are numerous challenges facing EWRs like low level of education, patriarchal society, cultural norms, household liabilities, economic concerns etc, preventing their effective participation in governance process. Mere reserving the seats for the disadvantages including women and implementing them half-heartedly and in piecemeal steps will not put the women and disadvantaged to the fore front and undo the historical injustices meted out to them, but the state has to adopt integrated, whole hearted approach to ensure full participation of the women representatives in the process of the governance.

Socio-economic and political status of panchayats Elected representatives (A Study of Mysore District-Karnataka)

The paper presents the structure and functions of Panchayati raj Institutions. It also highlights the social composition of elected members and their participation in the decision making process in PRIs. Liberal Democracy is one of the basic features of the Indian Constitution. Mahatma Gandhi advocated Panchayat Raj even before Independence. The further of the Nation felt that as issues at the village levels must be addressed by the people only under self-governance and the State or the Central Governments only facilitate such self-rule through grants and by conferring autonomy on them. Panchayat system had earlier an informal setup to redress the local issues and problems of communities which were mainly social and economic in nature. They were popular institutions at micro levels and the main objective was to keep the local community in harmony and to encourage participation in the process of development. The Mysore Government in 1902 passed the Mysore Local Boards Act with a view to revitaling the rural local Government. In 1918, the Mysore Government enacted the Mysore Local Boards and Village Panchayat Act making provisions for elected representatives at the district and taluk levels. After Independence, District and Taluk Boards were set up by the Mysore Government. The first independent legislation on Panchayat Raj Institutions was enacted by the Ramakrishna Hegde Government in 1983 and was brought into effect from April 1987 with the first elections to these local bodies in rural areas. This was amended during 1993. The salient features of the Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act 1993 are: To establish a 3-tier Panchayat Raj System of elected bodies. Reservation of seats to SC/ST and 50% seats to women at all levels; reservation of seats to persons belonging to other backward classes. Reservation of offices of Chairpersons in favour of SC/ST, women and backward classes. Establishing Finance Commission and District Planning Committee. Constituting a State Panchayat Council. Mysore district consists of seven revenue taluks, namely, H.D. Kote, Hunsur, K.R. Nagar, Nanjangud, Periyapatna, T. Narasipura and Mysore (Urban and Rural). For administrative purposes, Mysore district is divided into two subdivisions, which are Hunsur and Mysore and the district has 1,216 villages, 11 statutory towns, 235 grama panchayats and 226 wards. The District Commissioner is responsible for managing the district administration and the Assistant Commissioners are responsible for managing the sub-divisions of the district. Objectives of the Study; To study the socio-economic and political background of the rural political leadership. To examine the nature of the power, structure of the panchayat raj leadership in mysore district, Karnataka. To analyse the problems in implementation of the rural development activities of the panchayats in mysore district, Karnataka. The methodology consists largely of methods of primary survey, namely the questionnaire survey and individual interviews. The primary sources of data are the collected from panchayats elected members in the mysore district. The mysore district has 235 Grama Panchayats (GPs) in which 23 (10 per cent) respondent to a questionnaire. The total number of GPs elected members is 4300, of which 215 (05 per cent) of respondent to a questionnaire. Samples were selected from all the taluks of the district. Word Key: PRIs, presidents, members, Socio, Economic, political

Dalit Women Empowerment in Panchayat Raj Institutions

Empowerment is a multi-dimensional concept and relates to the social attainment, e economical participation and political participation of people. Further, empowerment being an ongoing process, there is no final goal. One does not arrive at a stage of being empowered in some absolute sense. The 73rd Amendment to our constitution in 1993 was a major milestone in this direction. The amendment, besides making provision for reservation of seats for scheduled castes and tribes proportionate to their population in the panchayat area, also ensured reservation of not less than one third of these reserved seats for the women. The impact of reserving one third of seats for women in the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) has been fruitful, and has empowered women both politically and socially. At present, there are approximately 260,000 panchayat representatives in India, out of which around 75,000 are women making it the largest number of elected women in the world.