Subject Of Research Research Articles

Pair-Soil-Spectra: An Approach for NIRS-Based Soil Total Nitrogen Content Detection with Feature Metrics in Cases of Small Sample Sizes.

Soil total nitrogen (STN) plays an important role in plant growth, and rapid and nondestructive detection of STN content is essential for agricultural production. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) takes advantage of the fast detection speed, low cost, and nondestructiveness, and it can be used for STN content detection. Typically, NIRS-based approaches require a large number of samples for detection model training. However, it is difficult to collect sufficient samples due to various causes (e.g., time-varying state, high assay costs, etc.) in practical application. To tackle this problem, a feature metric approach is introduced to detect the STN content based on NIRS in this work, and a new approach (named Pair-Soil-Spectra) is proposed to mine fine-grained features by contrasting different soil sample pairs, which takes full advantage of soil particle heterogeneity and NIRS penetration. For the validation of this study, three different soil datasets with various collection sources are selected as research subjects, and the performance of Pair-Soil-Spectra is analyzed from different perspectives. According to the results, Pair-Soil-Spectra has significantly improved the performance of STN content detection models (e.g., partial least-squares (PLS), Cubist, extreme learning machine (ELM), and random forest (RF)) in small sample cases. Of these, the coefficient of determination of RF has improved by 0.13, 0.42, and 0.10, and the root-mean-square of prediction has decreased by 0.15, 0.52, and 0.01 g/kg with different datasets, which has gained the greatest improvement. Meanwhile, this approach can be easily expanded to cover other domains.

A BCool survey of stellar magnetic cycles

The magnetic cycle on the Sun consists of two consecutive 11-yr sunspot cycles and exhibits a polarity reversal around sunspot maximum. Although solar dynamo theories have progressively become more sophisticated, the details as to how the dynamo sustains magnetic fields are still the subject of research. Observing the magnetic fields of Sun-like stars can bring useful insights to contextualise the solar dynamo. With the long-term spectropolarimetric monitoring of stars, the BCool survey studies the evolution of surface magnetic fields to understand how dynamo-generated processes are influenced by key ingredients, such as mass and rotation. Here, we focus on six Sun-like stars with masses between 1.02 and 1.06 M$_ and with rotation periods of 3.5-21 d (or 0.3-1.8 in Rossby numbers), a practical sample with which to study magnetic cycles across distinct activity levels. We analysed high-resolution spectropolarimetric data collected with ESPaDOnS, Narval, and Neo-Narval between 2007 and 2024 within the BCool programme. We measured longitudinal magnetic field from least-squares deconvolution line profiles and we inspected its long-term behaviour with both a Lomb-Scargle periodogram and a Gaussian process. We then applied Zeeman-Doppler imaging to reconstruct the large-scale magnetic field geometry at the stellar surface for different epochs. Two of our slow rotators, namely HD\,9986 and HD\,56124 (P$_ rot exhibit repeating polarity reversals in the radial or toroidal field component on shorter timescales than the Sun (5 to 6\,yr). HD\,73350 (P$_ rot has one polarity reversal in the toroidal component and HD\,76151 (P$_ rot $=17\,d) may have short-term evolution (2.5\,yr) modulated by the long-term (16\,yr) chromospheric cycle. Our two fast rotators, HD 166435 and HD 175726 (P$_ rot $=3-5\,d), manifest complex magnetic fields without an evident cyclic evolution. Our findings indicate the potential dependence of the magnetic cycles' nature on the stellar rotation period. For the two stars with likely cycles, the polarity reversal timescale seems to decrease with a decreasing rotation period or Rossby number. These results represent important observational constraints for dynamo models of solar-like stars.

Collaborative Control Strategy of Electric–Thermal–Hydrogen-Integrated Energy System Based on Variable-Frequency Division Coefficient

To address the issues of diverse energy supply demands and power fluctuations in integrated energy systems (IESs), this study takes an IES composed of power-generation units, such as wind and photovoltaic units, along with various energy-storage systems, including electrical, thermal, and hydrogen storage, as the research subject. A collaborative control strategy is proposed for the IES, which comprehensively considers the status of diverse energy-storage systems like battery packs, thermal tanks, and hydrogen tanks. First, a mathematical model of the IES is constructed. Then, a dual-layer collaborative control strategy is designed, considering different operating modes of the IES, which includes a multi-energy-storage power allocation control layer based on second-order power-frequency processing and distribution and an adaptive adjustment layer for adjusting power-frequency coefficients based on adaptive fuzzy control. Finally, MATLAB is used to simulate and validate the proposed strategy. The results indicate that the collaborative control strategy based on variable-frequency coefficients optimizes the allocation of fluctuating power among multiple energy-storage systems, enhances the stability of bus voltage, reduces the deep charge and discharge time of battery packs, and extends the service life of battery packs.

Rapid and reproducible generation of glioblastoma spheroids for high-throughput drug screening

Identifying new substances that could potentially be used for tumor therapy and the precise analysis of their spectrum of action requires models that are as similar as possible to the tumor present in the patient. Traditionally, two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures are used. However, these only resemble solid tumors to a limited extent. More realistic in vivo models, such as tissue cultures, which are invaluable for the final analysis of the effect of new substances, are unsuitable for high-throughput screening (HTS), such as substance library screening. Therefore, we addressed which parameters need to be optimized to produce 3D cultures suitable for HTS using established tumor cell lines and ultra-low attachment plates, and we tested which experimental parameters need to be considered. In our studies, we have focused on cell lines from gliomas. Gliomas are incurable tumors of the central nervous system and are the subject of intensive research. Our studies used ten glioma cell lines from which we generated spheroids using ultra-low attachment plates. We then determined the spheroid size as a function of the initial cell number and the culture time. We analyzed cell viability using propidium iodide staining, evaluated the effects of temozolomide and radiation on spheroids, and compared the effect to that on 2D cultures. We found that spheroid size correlated linearly with the initial cell number. Fewer cells (250–500) generally resulted in better growth than a higher number. However, not all cell lines produced growing spheroids at all. The spheroids had an outer layer of living cells and an inner core of dead cells. The size of the inner core of dead cells was different in the various cell lines and developed differently during the incubation period. Radiation affected spheroids more than 2D cultures, especially at higher cell densities. Our results provide insight into using glioma cell lines to form spheroids as model systems. We have identified initial cell numbers as a critical parameter for their effective use in research, offering a hopeful outlook for tumor therapy research and drug development.

Process for the Preparation of Artificial Analog of Sanbornite–Glass Composites

Barium silicates have been investigated as high-expansion components of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and, therefore, their synthesis and expansion have been the subject of intensive research in recent years. In this article, we briefly present a new process to make glass–crystalline composites, as well as two novel findings related to a synthesis route of sanbornite (BaSi2O5) and the fast in situ formation of a high-expansion sanbornite composite from a Pyrex-type glass powder. The low-temperature synthesis, composition, and expansion of one type of novel glass composite are described. The composites are made by the reaction of BaCO3 and Pyrex-type powders at 850–950 °C for a short time of one hour. The composites are well sintered and hard, and their linear coefficient of thermal expansion is about 12.3 × 10−6 C−1. The crystalline-phase formation, dilatometer measurements, SEM data, and possible applications of the composites are presented and discussed.

Study on nanosecond pulsed laser micro-milling of stainless steel miniature gears with intersecting-axes

The utilization rate of miniature gears has increased sharply with the widespread application of micro-pumps, electronic equipment, and measuring instruments, and therefore the design and processing of miniature gear has become a subject of intense research. Current research has predominantly focused on machining miniature parallel-axes gears, but well-established machining methods for miniature intersecting-axes gears are still lacking. This paper presented a nanosecond pulsed laser micro-milling technology for miniature intersecting-axes gear (MIAG). Firstly, the 3D models of driving MIAG and driven MIAG were established, and the machining schemes were proposed on the basis of the characteristics of the models. Then, the influences of processing parameters such as defocusing distance, pulse overlap, and scanning strategy on the output responses, including removal rate, surface roughness, and shape accuracy were analyzed. Afterward, some miniature structures, such as miniature grooves, cylinders and cones, were machined by combining these process parameters. Finally, the MIAGs were machined, and the accuracy evaluation and kinematics experiment were carried out. The diameter of driving MIAG was 1.21 mm, and the diameter of driven MIAG was 3.389 mm. The experimental results indicate that the proposed machining technology can process MIAG with relatively high precision and can also offer a valuable reference for the manufacturing of other miniature components.

The Mediating Role of HRM Outcomes in the Relationship Between Managerial Staff Development and Company Performance Results: A Contextual Study of MNCs in Central Europe

ABSTRACTThe main goal of the article is to determine the mediating role of human resources management (HRM) outcomes in the relationships between managerial staff development (MSD) and company performance results in multinational companies (MNCs) and to establish whether there are any identifiable regularities in this scope in four types of contexts, that is, the pre‐pandemic and pandemic period in the headquarters (HQs) and foreign subsidiaries of MNCs. This article presents an innovative approach to analyzing the relationship between these variables. To capture the actual relationships, the efficiency index was introduced which makes a novelty in the studies on management of MNCs. Additionally, the empirical research was conducted in MNCs established in Central Europe, which is not a frequent subject of research. The research findings show that in the foreign subsidiaries of MNCs, during a pandemic, the results in HRM mediate the relationships between MSD and company's performance results in finance, innovativeness, and quality stronger than in the pre‐pandemic time. As for the HQs during the pandemic, this mediation effect was stronger when innovativeness was considered, stayed the same for quality, and decreased for finance.

Development of audio-visual media to enhance student comprehension in Islamic education

This study aims to develop audio-visual media to enhance student understanding in Islamic Education at Madrasah Aliyah Tulungagung. A qualitative approach with a case study design was employed to explore in-depth the processes and experiences associated with the use of this media. The research subjects included Islamic Education teachers, students, the headmaster, and curriculum staff. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, focus group discussions (FGD), participant observations, and documentation. Data analysis involved transcription, coding, categorization, and interpretation. The findings indicate that audiovisual media are effective in assisting students in understanding complex and abstract concepts in Islamic education. This media also boosts student motivation and engagement in learning. However, the use of this media faces challenges such as limited technological facilities and preparation time constraints. The study recommends enhancing support for facilities and providing training for teachers to optimize the use of audio-visual media. With appropriate support, this media has the potential to become an effective tool in improving the quality of Islamic education at Madrasah Aliyah Tulungagung and other madrasahs in Indonesia.

The advent of Paracoccidioidomycosis Ceti and new views on lobomycosis (Jorge Lobo’s disease)

The disease caused by the fungus Paracoccidioides lobogeorgii – called lobomycosis – is an uncommon morbid condition that produces skin lesions in humans. Since its formal description in the 1930s, the disease has continued to be the subject of research, especially concerning a better characterization of its etiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects. In addition to a series of questions about the disease’s pathology that have persisted over the decades, the possible involvement of cetaceans, whichhave lesions similar to those described in Homo sapiens, must also be investigated. The debate about the etiology of the proliferative verrucous cutaneous lesions caused by non-cultivable yeast that has been reported in dolphins has been almost completely resolved in recent years, as all the evidence points to the etiological agent belonging to the genus Paracoccidioides. There is no molecular evidence of infection by Paracoccidioides lobogeorgii in cetaceans. Based on these preliminary considerations, the objectives of the present article are (1) to review the main etiological, pathogenic, clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic, and ecoepidemiological findings of human lobomycosis and (2) to present the most important aspects of the ceti PCM of aquatic mammals.

PERAN LITERASI DALAM MENINGKATKAN MINAT BACA SISWA KELAS VI DI SDN TALANG II

The purpose of this study was to determine the role of literacy activities, obstacles and efforts made by the school in increasing elementary school students' interest in reading. This research is a qualitative research. The research subjects were the principal, teachers and students of grade VI of Talang II State Elementary School. Data collection techniques through interviews, observation and documentation. Based on the results of the research, it can be seen that 1) literacy activities play a role in increasing students' interest in reading, 2) obstacles in implementing literacy activities at school include the lack of infrastructure, the methods applied are less varied and the low discipline of students in the process of habituation of literacy activities, and 3) efforts made by the school in overcoming these obstacles are by providing socialization about literacy activities, adding facilities and holding competition activities as a means of active participation of students.

Board Structure and Financial Stability of Commercial Banks in Rwanda

Purpose: To assess the relationship between board structure and financial stability has been a subject of extensive research and debate globally. Methodology: The target population for this study consists of the board members from the 13 commercial banks operating in Rwanda. The sample of the study was nine commercial banks based on purposive sampling technique. Findings: Panel regression analysis was used and the findings indicated that board size significant affected financial stability of the banks negatively; board independence insignificantly affected financial stability of the banks positively. The outcome further indicated that board gender diversity insignificantly affected the banks financial stability negatively while board age affected the financial stability of Rwandan commercial banks insignificantly and positively. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study recommends that the regulatory bodies and bank management should consider implementing guidelines to optimize board composition. Specifically, banks should aim to establish a more streamlined board structure that balances diversity of thought with effective governance. This could involve setting a maximum limit on the number of board members, ensuring that boards remain manageable and conducive to clear communication and swift decision-making.

BRINCAR NA EDUCAÇÃO INFANTIL: CRIANÇAS, COTIDIANO, POLÍTICAS E FORMAÇÃO

This text brings issues related to play decisions within early childhood education institutions, specifically with children aged between 3 and 5 years. The aim is to investigate, in the reports of early childhood education teachers, at what moments children decide how, where, with what and with whom to play in the daily life of school institutions. As defined in the National Early Childhood Education Guidelines (2009), the playing is the axis of pedagogical practices (just like interactions); it is also a prerequisite for this work, that defends playing as a child’s free action. This qualitative research used semi-structured as its data collection tool, in an attempt to understand the motivations and actions of the research subjects. It results come from a master’s thesis; through the analysis, it was possible to infer that educational practices are the result not only of the actions of educators, but they are inserted in a complex institutional mechanism, which covers other spheres that directly interfere in the activity of teachers. We consider that even with advances in the academic production of childhood studies and in legislation for a conception of children as active and participants, in everyday life we realize that actions in early childhood education institutions are still conditioned by an adult-centric vision.

Analysis of the current status of knowledge, attitudes, and practices among stroke-related healthcare professionals in the treatment of shoulder pain in hemiplegic patients

Objective To investigate the current status of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of healthcare professionals in stroke-related departments of primary-level tertiary hospitals regarding the prevention and treatment of hemiplegic shoulder pain, and to analyze influencing factors. This aims to provide a reference for further training, guidance, and management of hemiplegic shoulder pain. Methods A total of 123 healthcare professionals from stroke-related departments of two tertiary hospitals in a county-level city in Zhejiang province were selected as the research subjects from March 6, 2023, to March 14, 2023. Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants prior to their inclusion in the study. A questionnaire survey was conducted to assess their KAP status on the prevention and treatment of hemiplegic shoulder pain, and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 23. Results The scores for knowledge (29.97 ± 9.94), attitude (27.7 ± 2.81), and behavior (29.86 ± 7.86) among the 123 healthcare professionals indicated that department and position were influencing factors for KAP (P < 0.05). Conclusion The overall KAP of healthcare professionals in stroke-related departments of primary hospitals regarding the prevention and treatment of hemiplegic shoulder pain needs improvement. Strengthening relevant knowledge and skills training is necessary to reduce the incidence of hemiplegic shoulder pain and improve patients’ quality of life.

Penerapan Model Discovery Learning Berbantuan Permainan Ular Tangga untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Konsep Matematis Peserta Didik Kelas IX-4 UPT SMP Negeri 8 Medan

This Classroom Action Research aims to improve students' ability to understand mathematical concepts through the application of the Discovery Learning model supported by snake and ladder games. The research subjects consisted of 29 students. The instruments used in this study include observation sheets, written tests, and documentation. The data obtained was analyzed through several processes, namely data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The success of the mathematical concept comprehension test in this study is determined by two criteria, namely the average score of the mathematical concept comprehension test results and the percentage of students who achieve a minimum completeness score. The average score of the mathematical concept comprehension test results in cycle I and cycle II was 67.5 and 78.5 respectively. The percentage of students who completed the first and second cycles were 65.5% and 80.1% respectively. This shows that in the second cycle, the average score of the mathematical concept comprehension test results and the percentage of students who completed it have met the set criteria. Thus, the application of the Discovery Learning model supported by the snake and ladder game has proven successful in an effort to improve the ability to understand mathematical concepts of students in grades IX-4 of UPT SMP Negeri 8 Medan

Моральные интуиции: как революция в нейронауках влияет на этику, политическую философию и политические науки

New methods in neuroscience, which emerged at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, allowed to make a breakthrough in comprehension of the human brain functioning principles, including the situations of ethical choice. The turn to the analysis of moral intuitions was so fruitful that it led to the flourishing of moral psychology, for which moral intuitions became the main research subject. Discoveries in neuroscience and moral psychology were bound to influence the areas of knowledge, where moral dilemmas and moral intuitions have traditionally been studied, primarily ethics and political philosophy. They have also affected political science. One of the most prominent and influential in its impact on ethics and political philosophy is the concept of deep pragmatism by Joshua Greene, based on numerous empirical studies of the human brain’s response to ethical challenges. Another concept of equal and, potentially, even greater importance for these disciplines, and especially for political science, is moral foundations theory by Jonathan Haidt, which is also based on brain research and neural processes investigation. The article examines in detail Greene’s research, which led him to articulate his own normative political-philosophical concept, as well as the concept of deep pragmatism itself. It shows that even though Greene attempts to distance himself from utilitarianism, his concept is, in fact, only a new iteration of the utilitarian theory of justice, which is inferior in terms of justification to other modern versions. In the final section of the article the author explores Haidt’s moral foundations theory and its implications for philosophy and political science.

Demon Possession, Theology, and Mental Health

Beliefs that human distress may be caused by demon possession have a long history and are very common around the world. They have been the subject of research across multiple academic disciplines and are a topic of theological as well as medical and scientific controversy. It is proposed that the theological diversity of perspectives may helpfully be represented as a spectrum of views ranging from theological realism to theological purity, with a middle ground of theological complexity. The range of interdisciplinary perspectives may also be represented using a spectrum model, incorporating anthropology, psychiatry, psychology and theology. This approach emphasises a practical, collaborative, and inter-professional approach to deliverance ministry within the Christian tradition.

Hubungan Lingkungan Kerja dan Disiplin Kerja terhadap Performa Karyawan pada PT Dea Warna Abadi

PT Dea Warna Abadi, a large textile company based in West Jakarta, is currently striving to overcome challenges in achieving sales targets, as well as addressing issues related to the work environment and work discipline that affect employee performance. This study focuses on analyzing how the work environment and work discipline are related to employee performance through a quantitative approach. A total of 50 employees from the marketing division were selected as research subjects using a saturated sampling technique. Data collection was conducted through questionnaires, and the data were then analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) based on Partial Least Squares (PLS). The study results revealed that both the work environment and work discipline impact employee performance.

МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНИЙ ІНСТРУМЕНТАРІЙ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ПЕНІТЕНЦІАРНОЇ СИСТЕМИ УКРАЇНИ: ПОНЯТТЯ ТА ЗМІСТ

This article presents the author’s own position regarding the methodology of the study of the penitentiary system of Ukraine, since there is no single point of view in penitentiary science regarding the needs of methodological support for the study of the penitentiary system of Ukraine. The methodology of the study of the penitentiary system of Ukraine is considered by us as the cognitive basis of the subject of research, and therefore we show the methodology as a system that combines: theoretical principles, general scientific and private scientific methods of cognition, combining dialectics, epistemology and logic. It is certain that the research methodology of the penitentiary system of Ukraine is included in the system of scientific knowledge not only of law, but also of pedagogy and psychology. This can be explained by the fact that the knowledge of these sciences fully corresponds to the order and conditions of execution/serving of punishment. European rules and international standards for the treatment of convicts and prisoners are based on this conceptual basis. At the same time, the methodology of the study of the penitentiary system of Ukraine not only creates effective and optimal conditions for learning the content of the object and the subject of the study, but is also necessary for conducting such a scientific search, since this study is designed to accompany the reforms carried out by the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine under the conditions of the legal regime martial law. At the same time, the outlined problems show the existence of methodological approaches in penitentiary science and provide not only recognition of methodological knowledge about the penitentiary system, but also adequate solution of the problems of the criminal-executive direction. Taking into account the fact that the state policy in the field of execution of punishments and probation belongs to complex system objects of research, therefore their complexity, multifacetedness and social nature require a comprehensive study of the methodology of research of the penitentiary system of Ukraine, since it is the methodology in scientific sources that is interpreted differently. Therefore, the methodology of the study of the penitentiary system of Ukraine is carried out by us using general philosophical, general scientific and special legal methods. The combination of different types and levels of methods in the scientific research made it possible to objectively and comprehensively highlight certain aspects of the problems of the penitentiary system of Ukraine in the state mechanism of socialization, resocialization and reintegration of convicts in places of imprisonment of the State Criminal Enforcement Service of Ukraine. Therefore, the understanding of various research methods of the penitentiary system of Ukraine is extremely necessary for future applicants and postgraduate students. After all, for them, knowledge of research methods is a guarantee of quality scientific research of the research subject. The author’s definition of the methodology of the study of the penitentiary system of Ukraine is formulated – it is a pluralistic system of scientific knowledge about the order and conditions of execution/serving of punishment through the use of general scientific, special scientific and individual preventive methods, which can ensure the completeness of the objective penitentiary analysis of the studied subject. Key words: methodology, toolkit, penitentiary system, research, problems, cognition, places of imprisonment, State Criminal Enforcement Service, punishment, personnel.

Identification and Genome Sequencing of Novel Virulent Strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Causing Rice Bacterial Blight in Zhejiang, China

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is the causative agent of rice bacterial blight (RBB), resulting in substantial harvest losses and posing a challenge to maintaining a stable global supply. In this study, Xoo strains isolated from Shaoxing, Quzhou, and Taizhou, where RBB occurred most frequently in Zhejiang Province in 2019, were selected as the subjects of research. Three isolated pathogenic bacteria of ZXooS (from Shaoxing), ZXooQ (from Quzhou), and ZXooT (from Taizhou) were all identified as novel Xoo strains. These novel strains demonstrate greater virulence compared to Zhe173, the previous epidemic Xoo strain from Zhejiang Province. Subsequent genomic sequencing and analysis revealed that there existed significant differences in the genome sequence, especially in effector genes corresponding to some known rice resistance (R) genes between the novel strains and Zhe173. The sequence alignment of avirulent genes (effector genes) indicated that nucleic and amino acid sequences of AvrXa5, AvrXa7, AvrXa10, and AvrXa23 in the novel strains varied prominently from those in Zhe173. Interestingly, it seemed that only the genome of ZXooQ might contain the AvrXa3 gene. In addition, the phylogenetic analysis of 61 Xoo strains revealed that the novel strains were situated in a distinct evolutionary clade separate from Zhe173. These results here suggest that the emergence of novel Xoo strains may lead to resistance loss of some R genes used in commercial rice varieties, potentially serving as one of the factors leading to RBB resurgence in Zhejiang Province, China.

A Guidebook for Assessing Mathematical Logic Intelligence in Kindergarten

Many children still need help understanding numbers; children also cannot differentiate between round, triangular, and square shapes. Apart from that, teachers only carry out assessments at the end of the learning semester and do not use assessment guides, especially on aspects of children's mathematical logic intelligence in their daily activities at school. Based on this, this research aims to develop a guidebook for assessing mathematical logic intelligence in kindergarten. This type of research is development research. This research uses the ADDIE model. The research subjects are learning media experts and learning material experts. The test subjects were fifteen teachers. The methods used to collect data are interviews, documentation, and questionnaires. The data collection instrument uses a questionnaire sheet. The data analysis technique used is quantitative descriptive statistical analysis. The research results are the results of material media validation tests with a test percentage value of 96.3% and the eligibility criteria being "very valid." The assessment from media experts was 98.7%, with the eligibility criteria being "very valid." The assessment score from the effectiveness instrument expert has a test percentage value of 97%, with the eligibility criteria being "very valid." The effectiveness test of individual trials were 95.69% "very effective" and small group 91.67% "very effective". It was concluded that the mathematical logic intelligence assessment guidebook is very suitable and adequate for teachers in kindergarten. The research implication is that the developed mathematical logic intelligence assessment guidebook can be used in learning activities.