Research Tactics Research Articles

Non‐Aqueous Liquid Electrolytes for Li‐O2 Batteries

AbstractLi‐O2 batteries (LOBs) have become a research hotspot of energy storage devices because of its high theoretical energy density. Practical applications require that non‐aqueous LOBs can deliver stable and high reversible capacity, which heavily depends on the appropriate electrolyte system. Therefore, it is very important to select electrolytes that are hard to decompose and conducive to modulating the growth kinetics of discharge products. Herein, we will review the current progress and challenges of non‐aqueous liquid electrolytes for LOBs by analyzing the influence factors on electrolyte stability and introducing the design and modification methods of electrolytes with different solvent types. At last, the possible research tactics have been proposed to develop advanced electrolytes for improving electrochemical performance of LOBs.

Tactics of just, equitable, diverse, and inclusive scientific research.

The principles of social justice, equity, diversity, inclusion (JEDI) have received increasing attention in behavior analysis circles, but the conversation has largely centered on implications for applied behavior analysis practice and research. It may be less clear to researchers who conduct basic and translational research how JEDI principles can inform and inspire their work. This article synthesizes publications from behavior analysis and other scientific fields about tactics of JEDI-informed research. We organized this scholarship across five stages of research from developing the research question to sharing findings and curated sources for an audience of behavioral science researchers. We discuss reflexive practice, representation, belongingness, participatory research, quantitative critical theory, and open science, among other topics. Some researchers may have already adopted some of the practices outlined, some may begin new practices, and some may choose to conduct experimental analyses of JEDI problems. Our hope is that those actions will be reinforced by the behavior analysis scientific community. We conclude by encouraging the leadership of this journal to continue to work toward the structural changes necessary to make the experimental analysis of behavior just, equitable, diverse, and inclusive.

Urban identity and perception of the city in management discourse

The discourse on the city, its forms, planning and management under uncertainty is undoubtedly the most widespread and relevant in the last ten years. The prospects for the development of the city and its urban community depend rather on the articulation and representation of the content of social demand from society, the population of specific cities, than on external factors. Citizens have a clear vision for the future and present of their city. The city perception of its inhabitants is correlated with the citizens’ ideas about the modern city and appears as a discourse in their judgments, opinions and assessments. Urban discourse is defined as positioning, representation of urban identity of citizens and reflection of the perception of the city identity. The presence of this discourse is found in the citizens’ narratives about the city. The study is based on the personal experience narratives, specifically the informants’ reflections upon their evaluation and perception of their city were analyzed. Narrative analysis, supplemented by sentiment analysis (positive or negative presentation of the material) was chosen as a research tactic, the research method is content analysis. The major purpose of this work is to study the perception of the identity of the city by citizens. The novelty of the work is determined by the design of the study, combining qualitative and quantitative approaches, the method of triangulation according to N. Denzin., as well as the choice of a subjective parameter (perception by citizens of their city) as a guideline for managerial actions in shaping the identity of the city in order to achieve connectivity “city – citizen”. An additional contribution of this paper is the construction of a paired logic of connectivity: “city – citizen” through the correlation between the citizens urban identity indicators and the identity of the city on the basis of empirical data of six cities in the Tyumen region. The study showed that citizens with a high level of urban identity perceive the city through personal participation in its life, through the manifestation of subjectivity.

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO MANAGEMENT OF THE EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF TEACHERS

The article considers the main methodological approaches to the management of the educational environment for the professional development of teachers. The results of the study made it possible to single out those methodological approaches that most closely correspond to the process of managing the educational environment of the professional development of teachers in the institution of general secondary education. Among them are systemic, person-oriented, competence, activity, environmental, cultural, synergistic, acmeological, androgogical, axiological, technological, qualitative and diagnostic. The mentioned approaches do not contradict each other, but, on the contrary, complement each other, which ensures the choice of the tactics of scientific research, which is related to the development of a system of management of the educational environment for the professional development of teachers in an institution of general secondary education.

Democracies Across Cultures

Abstract In this discussion of democracy's conceptual pluralism(s), Frederic Schaffer holds a guiding lamp to show what researchers should take into consideration in the study of “the democracies” and their “rough equivalents” as can be found across language, culture, time, and space. This act generates a focus on practical tactics in research and knowledge dissemination. Is it, for example, best to establish an international committee of democracy's epistemic experts to gather, code, and organize the meanings of democracy and their rough equivalents as can be found in the world? And, with such a committee or something altogether different, how can we relate this information to pro-democracy institutions and activists when so many appear to be interested only in liberal conceptions of democracy? The discussion ends with considerations of an open range of research and activism in the fields of democratic theory, comparative politics, and democratization.

Evidence-based governance in education: The differences between privately funded and publicly funded think tanks are in part due to their diverging tactics in scheduling and timetable

AbstractAs the role that publicly owned and private think tanks play in evidence-based governance grows, several parameters that have a bearing on the agenda, schedule and timetable of the think tanks have already been studied. Here we look at the interplay between the funding model (public vs. private) and the analysis intention (the temporal outlook; ex-ante vs. ex-post approach), choosing Lithuanian education policy, system and agents as the study domain. Among other findings, we see that the funding model correlates with the temporal outlook: the investigated representative of private think tanks tends to engage in ex-ante work more intensively, while the publicly funded equivalent is exhibitive of both ex-ante (preparatory) and ex-post (evaluative) research tactic in almost equal measure. We conclude that the private sector may afford the luxury of being more focused and efficient in its information behavior mostly due to the clear and non-debatable ideological commitment. In a deliberative democracy this is rarely possible. It would be of great interest to check whether the same generalizations hold for jurisdictions that are free from the post-Soviet administrative tradition.

Introduction to the special issue on the ACBS taskforce report

In 2021, the Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science (JCBS) published a white paper titled “Report of the ACBS Task Force on the strategies and tactics of contextual behavioral science research.” The focus of this report was to guide research done by members of the Association of Contextual Behavioral Science. This report offered 33 specific recommendations under five themes. This paper is the introduction to a special issue of JCBS that includes eight commentaries written by leaders in their respective fields on the taskforce report. These commentaries offer praise and suggestions based on the ACBS report.

Network ethnography: shifting perspectives and approaches to make sense of education governance

In response to the growing internationalisation and privatisation of education provision and governance, education policy research needs new tools and methods. This paper discusses theoretical and methodological adaptations needed to address new forms of governance. To do so, it draws from the literature on governance and policy mobility, and the methodological tools of Network Ethnography (NE) and following policy. Attention is shifted from structures to mobilities, focusing on new configurations of sociallife and relations, which are increasingly “networked”. This responsive and adaptive assemblage of research tactics and techniques addresses both the organisation and processes of network relations in the shifting terrain of new education governance.

Hydrogen-Bond-Modulated Nucleofugality of SeIII Species to Enable Photoredox-Catalytic Semipinacol Manifolds.

Chemical bond activations mediated by H-bond interactions involving highly electronegative elements such as nitrogen and oxygen are powerful tactics in modern catalysis research. On the contrary, kindred catalytic regimes in which heavier, less electronegative elements such as selenium engage in H-bond interactions to co-activate C-Se σ-bonds under oxidative conditions are elusive. Traditional strategies to enhance the nucleofugality of selenium residues predicate on the oxidative addition of electrophiles onto SeII -centers, which entails the elimination of the resulting SeIV moieties. Catalytic procedures in which SeIV nucleofuges are substituted rather than eliminated are very rare and, so far, not applicable to carbon-carbon bond formations. In this study, we introduce an unprecedented combination of O-H⋅⋅⋅Se H-bond interactions and single electron oxidation to catalytically generate SeIII nucleofuges that allow for the formation of new C-C σ-bonds by means of a type I semipinacol process in high yields and excellent selectivity.

Wasserstoffbrücken‐modulierte Nukleofugalität von SeIII‐Spezies ermöglicht photoredox‐katalytische Semipinakol‐Prozesse

AbstractDie Aktivierung chemischer Bindungen mittels H‐Brücken‐Wechselwirkungen zwischen elektronegativen Elementen wie z. B. Stickstoff und Sauerstoff stellt eine hoch wirkungsvolle Taktik in der modernen Katalyseforschung dar. Dem gegenüber sind artverwandte Katalyseverfahren, in denen schwerere, weniger elektronegative Elemente wie Selen an der Ausbildung von H‐Brücken beteiligt sind, beispielsweise zur oxidativen Aktivierung angrenzender C‐Se ‐Bindung, praktisch unerforscht. Klassische Strategien zur Erhöhung der Nukleofugalität von Selanylgruppen beruhen auf der oxidativen Addition von Elektrophilen an SeII‐Zentren, was in der Regel die Eliminierung der resultierenden SeIV‐Spezies zur Folge hat. Katalytische Verfahren, in denen diese SeIV‐Nukleofuge substituiert anstatt eliminiert werden, sind sehr selten und waren bislang nicht auf die Knüpfung von C‐C‐Bindungen anwendbar. Wie in der vorliegenden Arbeit erstmals gezeigt wird, können durch die Kombination von O−H⋅⋅⋅Se H‐Brücken‐Wechselwirkungen und katalytischer Einelektronenoxidation stabilisierte SeIII‐Nukleofuge erzeugt werden, die die Bildung neuer C‐C‐ ‐Bindungen mittels einer Typ I Semipinakol‐Umlagerung in hoher Ausbeute und ausgezeichneter Selektivität ermöglichen.

Forwarding the ACBS Task Force recommendations: The case for the functional-cognitive framework and out-of-sample prediction

It is important that scientists reflect on their scientific aims and on how to achieve those aims. The report of the ACBS Task Force on the strategies and tactics of CBS research is an important document in that it provides explicit recommendations on what is needed to realize the aims of CBS. In this invited commentary on the report, we reflect on two ways in which several of the recommendations in the report can be fulfilled. More specifically, we specify the ways that the Functional-Cognitive framework can be used to foster communication and collaboration at different levels of analysis, and the ways in which modern data scientific approaches (specifically out-of-sample prediction) can be used in the context of existing statistical methods to provide ideographic prediction.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE AND SURVEYS. MODERNITY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE ANNIVERSARY OF M. P. KUCHERA

The paper presents a brief analysis of the territorial, quantitative, and qualitative scope of M. P. Kuchera’s explorations; organizational principles, methodological principles, and practical techniques for ensuring the functioning and livelihood of his archaeological exploration expedition are defined. The peculiarities of the methodology, research methods and style of the researcher’s scientific investigations are characterized.
 Due to visiting and detailed examination in different years of numerous Old Rus sites in different lands of Rus-Ukraine the scientist could to conceptualize and formulate a probable typology of Old Rus settlements and fortifications as well as to build a well-founded dating scheme of Old Rus kitchen pottery. The conscious understanding of necessity of the development of source base and research interest required the most comprehensive coverage of the entire scope research object. At least twice M. P. Kuchera set such tasks and successfully fulfilled them: he created a comprehensive, consolidated and complete study of the Old Rus settlements of Ukraine and the Zmievy Walls.
 A brief description of the author’s personal exploration experience within the scope of the student scientific Early Slavic archaeological expedition and as part of the expedition of M. P. Kuchera is presented.
 The combination and understanding of previous experience, strategies and methods allowed the author to synthesize, develop and implement the program of complex multi-year and multi-seasonal archaeological explorations of the historical Ovruch Volost. The concentrated description of the main principles and features of exploration in the Ovruch project, their key methods and results is provided. Multiple trips, observation in dynamics, monitoring of the state of preservation are some of the main components of the field research strategy of the expeditions of the Ovruch project. The main result was a more than tenfold increase in the number of archaeological sites known in this area before the start of work. Such drastic qualitative and qualitative changes prompted the development of a new special scientific and practical field of archaeological knowledge — the study and assessment of the degree of archaeological research (SAD). The methods of SAD ensure the determination of the archaeological potential of the territory, the creation of its detailed regional models, special techniques and methods of studying and assessing the level of accounting and protection of the historical and archaeological heritage objects of the certain region, the identification and assessment of risks and threats to them.
 Finding the critical modern state of study, recording and preservation of domestic archaeological sites makes it obvious the need to develop and implement urgent and large-scale tasks in this field, first of all, to find out at least approximate parameters of the real archaeological potential of the relevant territories of the state. This task requires specially designed, planned and implemented broad and detailed archaeological exploration.
 In the paper the author once again emphasizes the vital need for the development and implementation of the National Program of Archaeological Survey of Ukraine and the corresponding changes in the strategy and tactics of scientific research of the Instituteof Archaeology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

The clinician, the clinician-researcher, and the contextual behavioral science research agenda

The research agenda described in the Report of the ACBS Task Force on the Strategies and Tactics of Contextual Behavioral Science Research (Hayes et al., 2021) calls for investigations that address many pressing needs clinicians encounter daily, and I highlight several: the study of assessment methods and tools, the study of interventions, the study of change processes in treatment, and the study of functioning and well-being. I also describe two topics that are important to clinicians that were not featured in the Report: clinical decision-making and the case conceptualization. Finally, I highlight ways the CBS research agenda lends support to clinicians’ efforts to undertake research in their practice settings.

Twenty years in the 21st century: identification technologies for and multimodal research on chemical changes in exploration of processing mechanism of Chinese medicine

Chinese medicine undergoes complex chemical changes during processing and identifying these changes is the key to the processing mechanism. In the past 20 years of the 21 st century, research on the chemical changes in Chinese medicine after processing has focused the changes in the biopharmaceutical process in addition to the variation during processing. With the surging of information technologies, various identification technologies(instrumental analysis techniques, molecular biological techniques, data mining techniques, and biotransformation techniques) have developed rapidly and been widely applied to the research on processing mechanism. Thus, based on the chemical changes in the processing and biopharmaceutical process, the author suggested a research tactic of multimodal identification as the core by reorganizing key technologies for chemical identification from studies of the processing mechanism of Chinese me-dicine, aiming at establishing an interdisciplinary multi-dimensional research model for the processing mechanism of Chinese medicine.

10 years of stagnant clinical research in the Italian academic context.

This article is about current challenges to evidence-based medicine (EMB) in Italy. The authors, who share a 20-year commitment to the field of clinical research, discuss what they define as a phase of "stagnation" in practicing and teaching methods and research tactics, both in clinical and academic settings. Early success of EBM cultural movement was not persistent. The authors reason about how the teaching of EBM has remained a niche, concerning few professionals compared to the needs of the country. The authors identify some reasons that might have led to inconsistent attention to research methodology and address ways to strengthen the contribution of academic medicine to clinical research.

Assessment of the factors influencing on the formation of energy-oriented modes of electric power consumption by water-drainage installations of the mines

Purpose. Performing the analysis to determine energy-efficient modes and assess the characteristics of the main indicators of electric power consumption by mine water-drainage installations based on the developed research mathematical model. Methods. To achieve the purpose set, a methodology is used to develop the multiple multifactor correlation-regression modeling with respect to the modes of electric power consumption by electrical and mechanical complexes of mine water-drainage installations. The amount of consumed electric power is found as an effective feature. The expediency of using the nonlinear multiple regression analytical ratios has been substantiated during the model development. A comparative analysis of a multiple multifactor regression model, presented in the form of a power and linear function, has been performed. Findings. The research results make it possible to determine that the greatest influence on the electric power consumption is made by water inflow, and the smallest influence – by the depth of water pumping from underground horizons. The expediency of using a multiple multifactor regression model in the form of a power function has been substantiated. The elaborated quantitative values of the factors of electric power consumption by electrical and mechanical complexes of mine water-drainage installations have become the basis for the introduction of innovative technological solutions at the relevant iron ore enterprises to optimize the cost characteristics of the electric power consumption. Originality. For the first time for the analysis and assessment of the operating modes of the main water-drainage installations of mines, the use of mathematical modeling based on the multiple correlation-regression method is proposed. The developed model takes into account a complex of technological parameters of influence on the water-pumping process. The analysis of the proposed model makes it possible to identify significant factors influencing the modes of electric power consumption by electrical and mechanical complexes of water-drainage installations in the mines and to conduct water-drainage assessment for constructing an algorithm for optimal control of this process in the cost-target direction. Practical implications. The research tactics are proposed for determining the energy-efficient operating modes of the main water-drainage installations of the mines by the method of mathematical modeling. The analysis of the obtained results of mathematical and statistical modeling makes it possible to take into account the complex of technological parameters of the influence on the water-pumping process, to identify and assess the modes of electric power consumption by the main water-drainage installations, as well as to obtain the initial data for the development of the structure of the control algorithm for mine stationary installations of this type in the cost-target aspect.

Functions of a professional brand-building foresight technology in modelling the competitiveness of university graduates in the labour market

Introduction. The emergence of social, political and economic processes in the modern world leads to the development of innovative educational technologies, among which the researchers’ attention is drawn to a professional brand-building foresight technology. The professional brand-building foresight technology is a system of principles, methods and techniques for expert analysis of current achievements of students, young professionals and anyone who seeks self-improvement. Moreover, this training technology includes the development of programmes to optimise the professional and personal self-development of an individual in terms of his/her possible career growth.The aim of the current research was to justify the professional brand-building foresight technology developed by the authors, and to check the effectiveness of its application in the formation of brand-building and foresight competencies in a future specialist in the educational process of higher education.Methodology and research methods. The theoretical and methodological strategy in the study is a competency-based approach, which contributes to the formation of brand-building and foresight competencies. The conceptual provisions of the foresight approach, implemented in a complex of brand-forming tools of a single foresight trajectory in order to model and design a professional brand in relation to the strategic goals of a future specialist, became a practice-oriented research tactic. The authors used the following general scientific and specific scientific methods: questionnaire survey based on random systematic (mechanical) sampling, in-depth interview, expert survey, document analysis, self-assessment of readiness for personal brand-building.Results. The authors presented the professional brand-building foresight technology, the essence of which lies in the design of a professional brand and future career path. Its structure includes four programmes: self-marketing, personal branding, brand-building case and a road map to success. As a result of training, brand-building and foresight competencies are developed. The approbation experiment demonstrated that without special brand-building and foresight training of students, these competencies are formed spontaneously. Based on the results of the conducted surveys, the authors analysed the level of formation of brand-building and foresight competencies and the interest in the technology of personal brand-building as a factor of career self-development. A survey of university graduates revealed the dependence of employment on special teaching methods and the professional brand-building foresight technology. The interviews held with Russian and Latvian teachers determined the effectiveness of this technology. The study of the employers’ opinions showed the reasons that hinder the successful employment of young specialists. In addition, the authors revealed a lack of knowledge and a non-systematic limited nature of teaching these competencies in universities.Scientific novelty lies in the replenishment of interdisciplinary (at the intersection of pedagogy, brand building, forecasting, professional studies) scientific knowledge about foresight methodology. The emphasis is on the innovativeness of the professional brand-building foresight technology, which contributes to the competitiveness of university graduates and increases their chances of professional success.Practical significance. The results of the research can be useful for developing ideas about brand-building and foresight competencies development, personal brand-building, professional brand-building foresighting. The research materials can be employed by students and teachers of higher education institutions, heads of educational systems in the organisation of the educational process, as well as by various specialists and practitioners.

Report of the ACBS Task Force on the strategies and tactics of contextual behavioral science research

Throughout its history the strategy and tactics of contextual behavioral science (CBS) research have had distinctive features as compared to traditional behavioral science approaches. Continued progress in CBS research can be facilitated by greater clarity about how its strategy and tactics can be brought to bear on current challenges. The present white paper is the result of a 2 1/2-year long process designed to foster consensus among representative producers and consumers of CBS research about the best strategic pathway forward. The Task Force agreed that CBS research should be multilevel, process-based, multidimensional, prosocial, and pragmatic, and provided 33 recommendations to the CBS community arranged across these characteristics. In effect, this report provides a detailed research agenda designed to maximize the impact of CBS as a field. Scientists and practitioners are encouraged to mount this ambitious agenda.

Behavioral Interventions to Improve the Performance of Collegiate Volleyball

The purpose of this study was examining the three interventions across practice and in-game settings (i.e., goal setting plus verbal feedback; public posting plus verbal feedback; and goal setting, public posting, and verbal feedback together) on the percentage of correct blocks of collegiate volleyball players. Participants of this study consisted of three female volleyball players at the collegiate level, that are a part of a 4-year private college in the Midwest. Data were collected by videotape and analyzed by the primary researcher after respective practices and games. Each performance of blocking attempts, blocking footwork, and arm movement for the swing blocks were coded as either correct or incorrect and subsequently converted to percentages for both practices and games. The experimental design used was an ABACAD design as reported by Cooper (Applied behavior analysis, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, 2007; as reported by Johnson Strategies and tactics of behavioral research, Taylor, and Francis Group, New York, 2009). Three packaged intervention conditions were evaluated after an initial baseline (i.e., A) was conducted: (1) goal setting plus verbal feedback (i.e., B); (2) public posting plus verbal feedback (i.e., C); and (3) goal setting, public posting, and verbal feedback together (i.e., D). The results of the study indicate improvement in volleyball blocking skills across all three participants, across both practice and game settings, when involved in the behavioral intervention procedures. Consumer satisfaction rating by the target players and their respective collegiate volleyball coaches are also presented. Additionally, interobserver agreement and procedural integrity data are provided to additional credibility and internal validity for both the measurement system and the implementation of the intervention. Implications and recommendations for practice in highly competitive collegiate settings, as well as possibilities for future research in women’s athletics, are also discussed.

Planning for a neighborhood and city-scale green network system in Qatar: the case of MIA Park

In the past decade, Doha has witnessed fast-urban growth, an increased population rate, and an over-reliance on the automobile as the main mode of urban transportation. These factors caused social and environmental problems related to (1) the loss of a compact urban pattern, (2) an increased level of air pollution (3) high traffic congestions and (4) increasing landscape fragmentation. In consideration of such concerns, The State of Qatar invested large funds into the urban landscape development of Doha, as envisioned by Qatar National Vision 2030. As a result, in the past five years various parks and/or green areas, such MIA Park, a major public green space located around the Museum of Islamic Art (MIA), were planned and developed within metropolitan Doha. The authors argue that this park is currently facing issues and challenges related to (1) accessibility to/from the neighboring districts, and (2) connectivity to/from the neighboring parks. Therefore, this research study aims at assessing the existing conditions of MIA Park, at considering the broader city context and, at recommending strategies for implementing MIA Park’s green network system. It approached the investigative challenge using a multi-pronged comprehensive methodology, that deployed focus groups, semi-structured interviews and a comprehensive network analysis based on graph theory. The findings, revealed through these hybrid research tactics, allowed the researchers to generate a framework to enhance accessibility and connectivity of MIA Park through a green network system, planned at inter-related neighborhood-scale and city-scale levels. While the research examines most notably a single case, it is advocated that the proposed framework represents not just an optional feature pertaining to the case in Doha, but a valuable reference for the sustainable master planning of future cities in the State of Qatar and across the GCC. The paper proffers numerous key contributions, including the critical exploration of manufactured landscapes in Doha Qatar and the delineation of broadly applicable environmental design strategies to improve the fabric and livability of cities.