Research In Personality Psychology Research Articles

Open access practice in personality research: a bibliometric perspective

The primary aim of this study was to investigate the structure and dynamics of current research in personality psychology, with a particular focus on open access (OA) practices. A set of 57296 research articles in personality psychology indexed in the Scopus database were analyzed based on their online accessibility: closed (39523), green OA (8770), gold OA (4506), bronze OA (2704), and hybrid gold OA (1793). Although the proportion of OA articles in the overall sample was relatively modest (31%), there has been a consistent upward trend since 2012. Notably, the most significant increase was observed in the proportion of gold OA articles, whereas the number of deposited articles (green OA), not otherwise freely available online, experienced a decline. The knowledge domain of non-OA articles in personality psychology can be broadly delineated into five clusters: (Big Five) personality traits, personality disorders, emotion regulation, Dark Triad/Tetrad, and psychometrics. The emergence of COVID-19 as a “hot” research topic resulted with significant differences in the knowledge domain of non-OA and OA articles. Co-authorship network analysis revealed that authors from Western countries act as the central hub in personality research, though this centrality diminishes when only gold OA articles were taken into account. Gold OA articles performed the worst on most impact and outreach metrics except one, significantly surpassed by green OA articles. As a takeaway, it may be said that although you may need a significant amount of money to do the research, you don’t need it to make your research open and make an impact.

Rebalancing social & personality psychology methods: The case for naturalistic observation

AbstractThough naturalistic observation methods are lauded for their utility, they are often neglected in social and personality psychology research. This paper describes evidence of the absence of naturalistic observation methods in our field, and some historical roots of this methodological imbalance in social/personality (SP) psychology. The paper then provides an overview of existing naturalistic observation methods relevant to SP psychology, describes various types of barriers to conducting such research, and concludes with recommendations for overcoming these barriers to produce a more well‐rounded science. It is time to rebalance SP psychological methods by valuing and investing in naturalistic observation research.

GENDER-SPECIFIC LIFE SCENARIOS IN INDIVIDUALS WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF TOLERANCE TO UNCERTAINTY

Purpose. Currently, the scenario line of research in personality psychology seems to be particularly promising, since this line of research allows us to identify the specific features of the transformation of the conscious construction of human life paths under changing conditions of uncertainty. The aim of the study is to determine the gender specificity of life scenarios in individuals with different levels of tolerance to uncertainty.
 Materials and Methods. The sampling consisted of 200 people with different levels of tolerance towards uncertainty. The methods of the study included the semantic differential Lifestyle by V.P. Serkin and the New Questionnaire of Tolerance Towards Uncertainty by T.V. Kornilova. The data obtained were processed by means of factor analysis with the help of the program IBM SPSS Statistics 23.
 Results. The results showed that the life scenarios of people with different levels of tolerance to uncertainty are gender-specific: men with a high tolerance to uncertainty show predominant characteristics of the scenario associated with an active life position and the search for novelty, whereas women show a scenario aimed at activity in the social sphere (the desire to actively participate in the fate of others, to help and support). Men with a low tolerance towards uncertainty show such scenario patterns as striving for security, stability and predictability of events, while women – in addition to striving for a convenient, comfortable life – show tactical patterns: emotional restraint and calculation.
 Field of results application. The results of the study can be used in socio-psychological training and counselling to identify and correct an individual’s life scenario.

The longitudinal interplay of self-esteem, social relationships, and academic achievement during adolescence: Theoretical notions and bivariate meta-analytic findings

Self-esteem and social relationships have been recognized as key socio-emotional predictors of diverse life-outcomes in adolescence and beyond. Despite such recognitions, fairly little is known about their longitudinal interplay with academic variables and thus, to what degree educational outcomes are interrelated with these socio-emotional dynamics during adolescence. Whereas the interplay between self-esteem and social relationships is already well documented in developmental and personality psychological research, the goal of the current paper is to extend this bivariate picture by including the educational perspective. Specifically, the aim of the current study is twofold: From a theoretical point of view, we aim to integrate developmental, differential, and educational concepts to emphasize the importance of a joint consideration of self-esteem, social relationships, and academic achievement during adolescence. Empirically, we aim to present a meta-analytic overview on existing longitudinal studies to illustrate the current knowledge and highlight remaining research gaps in the current adolescent literature. We conclude by outlining important directions for future research.

Translation and Validation of the BFI-2 in a Croatian Sample

Abstract. This paper describes the process of translation and validation of the adaptation of the Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2) in the Croatian language. The translation process from English to Croatian was conducted using a forward and backward translation process. The resulting adaptation was then assessed for structural and construct validity, as well as reliability on a convenience sample of 320 Croatian participants. The results showed good reliability estimates at the domain level and somewhat lower yet satisfying estimates at the facet level. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) supported the proposed hierarchical structure. The BFI-2 domains and facets showed adequate construct validity, estimated via the within- and between-domain correlations of the facet scales. Overall, the preliminary results of the Croatian adaptation are satisfactory and support efforts for further improvement and assessment in a larger sample, adequate for research in personality psychology.

THE ANALYSIS OF PERSONALITY AND CONFLICTS OF HARRY POTTER NOVEL

The purpose of this study is to analyze the psychology of personality and conflict experienced by the main character. Researchers used library research methods. The results of Harry Potter's Personality Psychology research found that he was a brave, self-confident and not easily discouraged person. Apart from that, the conflicts that were found were Harry Potter being attacked by a giant dog in the corridor on the third floor, the main character finding a deadly plant, the event where they fought to find flying keys, the event where there was a game of chess, and finally the event where the main character got lucky in the struggle. stone.

Activism for Whom? The Role of CEO Narcissism on Firm Engagement in Socially Contentious Issues

Research has extensively documented how executives’ personality traits, experience, and personal values shape firm behaviors and outcomes. Narcissism in Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) has been convincingly associated with pursuing risky market strategies but has not been explored in regard to influencing a firm’s nonmarket strategies. We investigate narcissistic CEOs’ involvement with contentious sociopolitical issues (SPIs) to understand whether they also engage in risky nonmarket actions. Drawing from the wider constructs on narcissism in personality psychology research, we argue narcissistic CEOs steer firms toward risky nonmarket actions due to: insensitivity to risks, search for attention, and the need to expose socially desirable identities. Testing for interactions with celebrity status and the degree of national public opposition to the SPI also reflect the likelihood that such involvement is driven strongly by selfish motives. We tested our theoretical model examining firms’ support to the same-sex marriage from 2004-2015 with a random sample of 209 S&P 500 firms. We found support for our model showing that narcissistic CEOs were more likely to engage in SPI, and both low celebrity status and high degree of public opposition strengthen this involvement.

Patterned person-situation fit in daily life: Examining magnitudes, stabilities, and correlates of trait-situation and state-situation fit

Person-situation fit can be operationalized as within-person associations between profiles of personality traits and situation characteristics ( trait-situation fit) as well as personality states and situation characteristics ( state-situation fit). We provide an initial examination of basic properties (magnitudes, individual differences, reliabilities, intercorrelations), short-term stability (across weeks), and nomological correlates of overall and distinctive profile-level person-situation fits. In a real-life, multi-method multi-occasion design ( N = 204–209), we obtained data on participants’ traits (self- and informant-reported) as well as, at four time-points from their everyday lives, on situation characteristics (self- and coder-reported) and states (self-reported). Profile scores ( q-correlations) were computed across 35 cognate items between the CAQ (traits), RSQ (situations), and RBQ (states). Our descriptive and exploratory findings indicated that trait-situation and state-situation fits were sizable (overall more so than distinctive forms), and that there were substantial individual differences, which were only modestly stable during a short period and had some plausible nomological correlates (i.e., lower depression and neuroticism, but higher psychological well-being and happiness) that were driven mainly by normativity. Most findings replicated across measurement sources (self- vs. other-reports). Person-situation fit concepts, once further corroborated, could further personality-psychological research.

‘Baby brain’ in pregnancy: A review of social psychological explanations and future research directions

AbstractThe colloquial concept of ‘baby brain’ suggests that throughout pregnancy and into the immediate postpartum period, women have reduced cognitive abilities and are more distracted, forgetful, and incompetent. To date, a plethora of cognitive and neuropsychological research testing the cognitive functioning of pregnant women relative to other groups has yielded inconsistent and unclear findings. However, there is a notable lack of literature that adopts a social psychological perspective, critically assessing the contribution of social context to the ‘baby brain’ phenomenon. In this paper, we review the current ‘baby brain’ literature and outline two potential social perspectives that provide insights into this research area: stereotype threat theory and objectification theory. We argue that inconsistencies in the ‘baby brain’ cognitive literature may be impacted by under‐explored social phenomena, which may result from activation of stereotypes or objectifying cues throughout pregnancy and into early new motherhood. We end with suggestions for future social and personality psychological research directions in the area of ‘baby brain’.

Can Becoming an Entrepreneur Shape Your Personality Traits? A Three-Wave Longitudinal Investigation

Micro entrepreneurship research has predominantly adopted the dispositional perspective of personality traits, assuming that entrepreneurs possess certain personality traits that are distinctive from non-entrepreneurs, and interpreted the findings as personality traits driving individuals to become entrepreneurs, not vice versa. As such, micro entrepreneurship research has yet to examine the possibility that entrepreneurship experiences may foster personality development over time. Recent theory and research in personality psychology suggest that adult personality traits are both relatively stable, and subject to change as people transition into novel life roles. In this research, we adopt a role-based perspective and a quasi-experimental design to examine personality development of a group of individuals that transitioned from employees into entrepreneurship roles (i.e., self employment) in a three-wave longitudinal study across approximately twenty years and compared their personality development with an equivalent group of individuals (matched via propensity score matching) that remained as employees over time. We theorized that transitioning into entrepreneurship roles from employees may foster decreases in agreeableness and increases in neuroticism and conscientiousness. We found support for hypotheses on changes on agreeableness and neuroticism. This research advances entrepreneurship research on the causal interpretation of the relationship between personality and entrepreneurship status and offer practical implications for employees, entrepreneurs, and entrepreneurship training.

The Dynamics of Personality Approach (DPA): 20 Tenets for Uncovering the Causal Mechanisms of Personality

Over the last few decades, most personality psychology research has been focused on assessing personality via scores on a few broad traits and investigating how these scores predict various behaviours and outcomes. This approach does not seek to explain the causal mechanisms underlying human personality and thus falls short of explaining the proximal sources of traits as well as the variation of individuals’ behaviour over time and across situations. On the basis of the commonalities shared by influential process–oriented personality theories and models, we describe a general dynamics of personality approach (DPA). The DPA relies heavily on theoretical principles applicable to complex adaptive systems that self–regulate via feedback mechanisms, and it parses the sources of personality in terms of various psychological functions relevant in different phases of self–regulation. Thus, we consider personality to be rooted in individual differences in various cognitive, emotional–motivational, and volitional functions, as well as their causal interactions. In this article, we lay out 20 tenets for the DPA that may serve as a guideline for integrative research in personality science. © 2020 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology

Experimental manipulation of extraverted and introverted behavior and its effects on well-being.

Research in personality psychology has remained predominantly correlational. For example, 3 decades of research demonstrate a robust cross-sectional relationship between extraversion and positive affect. A handful of studies, however, have examined this link experimentally, showing that extraversion boosts positive affect over short durations. If this is true, behaving in an extraverted manner should be a reliable method for increasing positive affect and, thus, suitable as a well-being-increasing practice. The current study instructed participants to engage in both extraverted and introverted behavior, each for 1 week. Participants increased in well-being when they were assigned to act extraverted and decreased in well-being when they were assigned to act introverted. These findings suggest that changing behavior associated with personality is possible and can impact well-being. More broadly, this study adds to a growing body of research on the potential of experimental methods in personality psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

A new agenda for personality psychology in the digital age?

•The present paper hypothesizes how research in personality psychology will change with the recent emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT). In a society, where humankind is digitally interconnected and all machines in one's own household or at work are linked to the Internet, manifold data from human-machine-interaction can be used to predict psychological traits and states.•In the present theoretical paper, we first explain why it is (still) important to study personality and we also give a short (historical) overview on different theoretical and methodological approaches to study personality. Second, this work will focus on a recent addition to the toolbox of a personality psychologist, namely digital phenotyping via methods from Psychoinformatics, which falls into the realm of the aforementioned IoT. Aside from an introduction into these new concepts, we discuss strengths and limitations of this new data layer of interest for personality psychologists.•Finally, it is argued that in these modern times personality psychology research is conducted in many scattered scientific areas with researchers sometimes unaware of each other. Therefore, tremendous collaborative efforts need to be invested in order to reunify the psychological/neuroscientific oriented personality science to ultimately understand why we are the creatures we are.

In memoriam of Marvin Zuckerman: His impact on Spanish Psychology.

The work of recently deceased Marvin Zuckerman is well-known in Psychology. Zuckerman is mainly known around the world for describing the nature of the Sensation Seeking personality trait (with a strong biological basis related to physiology, endocrinology, brain biochemistry and genetics), and its practical usefulness in explaining many human behaviors, especially high-risk behaviors. The article refers to biographical aspects of Zuckerman's career, and presents and presents an outline of results produced in Spain within the Zuckerman framework. We summarize studies conducted in our context with the Sensation Seeking Scale, form V (SSS-V), the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire (ZKPQ), the new Zuckerman-Kuhlman-Aluja Personality Questionnaire (ZKA-PQ) and its short form (ZKA-PQ/SF) about psychometric and biological aspects of Zuckerman's theory. Results support the good psychometric properties of the Zuckerman instruments, the transcultural viability of his personality model, and their multiple biological correlates (gonadal hormones, genetic polymorphisms, and electrophysiological variables such as the startle reflex and frontal spectroscopy [fNIR]). The whole picture demonstrates the great usefulness of Zuckerman's theoretical framework in personality psychology research.

From dictators to avatars: Furthering social and personality psychology through game methods

AbstractFrom football to the ultimatum game to chess to World of Warcraft, games have been used in social and personality psychology research for decades. Games are a unique and powerful method: They are engaging and have the potential to both manipulate and measure psychological constructs. In fact, researchers have used physical games, board games, behavioral economics games, and digital games to study a range of individual differences, interpersonal processes, and social cognitive processes. Furthermore, researchers have the opportunity to create their own games that can be targeted directly toward their topic of interest. Our review provides a primer for social and personality psychologists interested in using existing games or creating new games for their research as a method for understanding attitudes, behaviors, emotions, cognitions, and perceptions.

Multiplicity: An Explorative Interview Study on Personal Experiences of People with Multiple Selves.

Background and aims: Personality psychology research relies on the notion that humans have a single self that is the result of the individual's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that can be reliably described (i.e., through traits). People who identify themselves as “multiple” have a system of multiple or alternative, selves, that share the same physical body. This is the first study to explore the phenomenon of multiplicity by assessing the experiences of people who identify themselves as “multiple.”Methods: First, an Internet forum search was performed using the terms “multiplicity” and “multiple system.” Based on that search, people who identified themselves as multiple were contacted. Interviews were conducted by a consultant psychiatrist, which produced six case vignettes.Results: Multiplicity is discussed on Twitter, Tumblr, Google+ and several other personal websites, blogs, and forums maintained by multiples. According to the study's estimates, there are 200–300 individuals who participate in these forums and believe they are multiple. Based on the six interviews, it appears that multiples have several selves who are relatively independent of each other and constitute the personality's system. Each “resident person” or self, has their own unique behavioral pattern, which is triggered by different situations. However, multiples are a heterogeneous group in terms of their system organization, memory functions, and control over switching between selves.Conclusions: Multiplicity can be placed along a continuum between identity disturbance and dissociative identity disorder (DID), although most systems function relatively well in everyday life. Further research is needed to explore this phenomenon, especially in terms of the extent to which multiplicity can be regarded as a healthy way of coping.

How to Test Questions About Similarity in Personality and Social Psychology Research

Social and personality psychologists are often interested in the extent to which similarity, agreement, or matching matters. The current article describes response surface analysis (RSA), an approach designed to answer questions about how (mis)matching predictors relate to outcomes while avoiding many of the statistical limitations of alternative, often-used approaches. We explain how RSA provides compressive and often more valid answers to questions about (mis)matching predictors than traditional approaches provide, outline steps on how to use RSA (including modifiable syntax), and demonstrate how to interpret RSA output with an example. To bolster our argument that RSA overcomes many limitations of traditional approaches (i.e., incomplete or misleading inferences), we compare results from four popular approaches (i.e., difference scores, residuals, moderated regression, and the truth and bias model) to those obtained from RSA. We discuss specific applications of RSA to social and personality psychology research.

The Role of Nature and Nurture for Individual Differences in Primary Emotional Systems: Evidence from a Twin Study.

The present study investigated for the first time the relative importance of genetics and environment on individual differences in primary emotionality as measured with the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) by means of a twin-sibling study design. In N = 795 participants (n = 303 monozygotic twins, n = 172 dizygotic twins and n = 267 non-twin full siblings), moderate to strong influences of genetics on individual differences in these emotional systems are observed. Lowest heritability estimates are presented for the SEEKING system (33%) and highest for the PLAY system (69%). Further, multivariate genetic modeling was applied to the data showing that associations among the six ANPS scales were influences by both, a genetic as well as an environmental overlap between them. In sum, the study underlines the usefulness of the ANPS for biologically oriented personality psychology research.

Шляхи утвердження в Україні особистісно орієнтованої парадигми шкільної освіти: психолого-педагогічний аспект

In the context of illuminating of ideas about the individualization of school education in Ukraine, which have being developed in the last third of the twentieth century, revealed poorly studied aspect concerning the contribution in the late 1980s - early 1990s. of Ukrainian psychologists to studying ways and means of individualization of school learning. Identified several areas in the field of educational psychology, personality psychology research related to the deepening individualization of learning. These include: studies and pilot testing of teaching differentiation system in primary and secondary schools (finding based on the use of test methods the level of child’s abilities to education and the according acquisition of the three groups of first-form children, who were distributed over the different types of classes (age norm classes, increased individual attention classes, classes of the accelerated development); the introduction in the secondary school life achievements of practical psychology, in particular the organization of psychological services in the schools; the study of the creative potential of pupils, the discovery of talents and developing the creative thinking. It is shown that the preconditions for the changing Soviet educational paradigm «school of teaching» on the personality oriented paradigm have been created by Ukrainian psychologists during the 1970-1980-ies. Analysis of the psychological and pedagogical works of Ukrainian scientists showed the direction of their research on the humanization of the educational process, the desire to ensure the implementation of individualized learning needs of pupils, which corresponds to the establishing in the Ukrainian educational system of personality oriented paradigm. At the same period under review in- creased attention from the government to the problems of gifted children, children with special needs, children who have been traumatized as a result of the Chernobyl disaster.

Post–traumatic Growth as Positive Personality Change: Evidence, Controversies and Future Directions

This target article focuses on the construct of post–traumatic growth—positive psychological change experienced as a result of the struggle with highly challenging life circumstances. Prominent theories of post–traumatic growth define it in terms of personality change, and as a result, this area of research should be of great interest to personality psychologists. Despite this fact, most of the research on this topic has not been sufficiently informed by relevant research in personality psychology, and much of the extant research suffers from significant methodological limitations. We review the literature on post–traumatic growth, with a particular focus on how researchers have conceptualized it and the specific methodological issues associated with these conceptualizations. We outline some ways in which personality science can both be enriched by the study of this phenomenon and inform rigorous research on post–traumatic growth and provide a series of guidelines for future research of post–traumatic growth as positive personality change. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology