Movement Research Research Articles

“It feels like a parallel universe.” Worldbuilding through climate action

ABSTRACT This study set out to explore the everyday experiences of people engaged in climate action. We focus not on one specific self-defined and bounded social movement, but on individuals engaging in different forms of climate action from protest and direct action to art and social media activism. Data were drawn from focus groups and interviews with 26 UK-based climate actors to explore motivations, experiences, emotions, conflicts and successes. Participants included scientists, artists, civil servants, community organisers, media, school students and teachers. Different ways of doing and experiencing climate action were found. Drawing on literature from science fiction and game studies, we argue that these different approaches to climate action can be conceptualised as worldbuilding. Climate action as worldbuilding consists of three key features: intentionality, separation and creating new norms. We conclude that worldbuilding is an inclusive conceptualisation as it makes space for different approaches to climate action, and allows for tensions within and between climate action movements to be viewed as a resource for learning, imagining and bringing into being preferred futures together. The study demonstrates how social movement research in the context of game design can contribute to the theorisation of activism through the production of a cultural artefact.

Dynamics of protest mobilisation in the European poly-crisis

ABSTRACT Using an original protest event dataset covering 30 European countries and the period 2000–2021, this paper studies the nature and drivers of protest mobilisation across three major crises that have hit European Member States (the Eurozone, refugee, and Covid crises). Contributing a crisis-comparative perspective to social movement research, we explore crisis mobilisation in three steps. First, looking at general protest trends throughout the past decade, we find that the overall level of protest declined significantly, and especially so after the Eurozone crisis. Second, we characterise crisis-specific protest in terms of the action forms and the actors involved. We find a high involvement of institutional actors in the Eurozone crisis, a high share of radical events in the refugee crisis, and a generally non-confrontational protest organised by civil society actors in the Covid crisis. Finally, we explain crisis-specific protest levels by examining the mobilising effect of grievances. More specifically, we study the impact of problem pressure (how hard countries were affected using economic, migration, and public health indicators) and political pressure from public opinion (the salience of crisis-specific issues) and show that both were important drivers in the three crises.

‘Children should be raised like this’: A history of the neurodiversity movement in Italy and its implications for children's well‐being

AbstractChildhood Studies scholars have increasingly engaged with the concept of neurodiversity, particularly with respect to neurodivergent children's mental well‐being. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the history of the neurodiversity movement in Italy, and the consequences on children's mental health, drawing on eight in‐depth interviews with movement leaders, researchers and members of parent associations. We argue that Italian education and health services serve as promising sites within which a neurodiversity approach can foster neurodivergent children's self‐esteem and give them powerful tools to fight against oppressive practices.

A tutorial: Analyzing eye and head movements in virtual reality.

This tutorial provides instruction on how to use the eye tracking technology built into virtual reality (VR) headsets, emphasizing the analysis of head and eye movement data when an observer is situated in the center of an omnidirectional environment. We begin with a brief description of how VR eye movement research differs from previous forms of eye movement research, as well as identifying some outstanding gaps in the current literature. We then introduce the basic methodology used to collect VR eye movement data both in general and with regard to the specific data that we collected to illustrate different analytical approaches. We continue with an introduction of the foundational ideas regarding data analysis in VR, including frames of reference, how to map eye and head position, and event detection. In the next part, we introduce core head and eye data analyses focusing on determining where the head and eyes are directed. We then expand on what has been presented, introducing several novel spatial, spatio-temporal, and temporal head-eye data analysis techniques. We conclude with a reflection on what has been presented, and how the techniques introduced in this tutorial provide the scaffolding for extensions to more complex and dynamic VR environments.

Analysis of Research Hotspots and Trends in Autism Eye Movement Studies Based on CiteSpace Software

The analysis of hot spots and trends in autism eye movement research is of great significance to the further development of autism research. This paper uses 915 valid documents screened from the Web of Science Core Collection database as a sample, and uses CiteSpace 6.1R6 software to analyze the hot spots and future research trends of autism eye movement research from 2008 to 2023. The study shows that in recent years, the research in this field has generally shown an upward trend, but it has shown a downward trend after reaching a peak in 2021; the cooperation between authors needs to be strengthened; each cluster in this field has a relatively clear research theme, and the keywords contained in the cluster are closely related; the latest research hotspot is artistic features (autistic trait).

Effect of orthopedic insoles on lower limb motion kinematics and kinetics in adults with flat foot: a systematic review.

Flatfoot is characterized by the collapse of the medial longitudinal arch, eversion of the rearfoot and abduction of the loaded forefoot. Orthopedic insoles are the frequently recommended treatment to support the arch of the foot, adjust the structure of the foot, reduce pain, improve stability and new techniques have been applied to the design of orthopedic insoles in recent years. However, the effectiveness of orthopedic insoles in different motions is still debated from the perspective of biomechanics. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the impact of orthopedic insoles on the kinematics and kinetics of lower limb motion, and to verify effectiveness and propose possible future research directions. We conducted a literature search across three databases employing Boolean operations and filtered results based on eligibility criteria. A total of 671 relevant literature were searched in this review, and 19 literature meeting the requirements were finally included. The results showed that: 1) orthopedic insoles were effective when patients walk, run and jump from the perspective of biomechanics; 2) orthopedic insoles had different result on the change of ankle sagittal angle, moment and peak pressure in the metatarsal region; 3) Whether the effect of insoles, which uses new techniques such as different 3D printed technologies and adds various accessories, can be further improved remains to be further studied; 4) Follow-up studies can pay more attention to the differences between diverse populations, increase the breadth of running and jumping and other movements research and long-term intervention.

Exploring hormonal regulation and candidate genes in leaflet nyctinasty of Averrhoa carambola

Averrhoa carambola, a commonly cultivated tree, exhibits leaflet nyctinastic movement. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The pulvinus, as a motor organ, coordinates the motion of its attached leaflet. During the leaflet expansion, flexor cells shift from contraction to expansion, with concurrent expansion and fusion of vacuole. In contrast, the extensor cells move from expansion to contraction, causing vacuole contraction and increased vacuole numbers. During the process of leaflet expansion and closure, the contents of IAA and IPA in flexor muscles increased significantly, but did not show significant changes in extensor muscles, BR content showed an opposite trend in extensor and flexor muscles, and the content of ZR increased significantly in extensor muscles but decreased significantly in flexor muscles, and ZR content only decreased in extensor muscles, but did not show significant changes in flexor muscles. Exogenous IAA (50–100 μM) significantly aids in leaflet unfolding during night time. Transcriptome analysis reveals gene enrichment in circadian rhythms, hormone signaling, ion channels, and other pathways during leaflet opening and closure. The expression of AcaCRY3, AcaPHOT1–1, AcaAPRR2, AcaLHY, and AcaAKT1–1 is prominent during expansion, while AcaAUX22–1 stands out during closure. These findings suggest a potential regulatory pathway in A. carambola 'Daguo Tianyangtao 2′ leaflets, involving light, circadian rhythm, hormone signaling, and ion channels. Findings of this study can do a great deal to broaden the plant nyctinastic movement research.

EMOKINE: A software package and computational framework for scaling up the creation of highly controlled emotional full-body movement datasets

EMOKINE is a software package and dataset creation suite for emotional full-body movement research in experimental psychology, affective neuroscience, and computer vision. A computational framework, comprehensive instructions, a pilot dataset, observer ratings, and kinematic feature extraction code are provided to facilitate future dataset creations at scale. In addition, the EMOKINE framework outlines how complex sequences of movements may advance emotion research. Traditionally, often emotional-‘action’-based stimuli are used in such research, like hand-waving or walking motions. Here instead, a pilot dataset is provided with short dance choreographies, repeated several times by a dancer who expressed different emotional intentions at each repetition: anger, contentment, fear, joy, neutrality, and sadness. The dataset was simultaneously filmed professionally, and recorded using XSENS® motion capture technology (17 sensors, 240 frames/second). Thirty-two statistics from 12 kinematic features were extracted offline, for the first time in one single dataset: speed, acceleration, angular speed, angular acceleration, limb contraction, distance to center of mass, quantity of motion, dimensionless jerk (integral), head angle (with regards to vertical axis and to back), and space (convex hull 2D and 3D). Average, median absolute deviation (MAD), and maximum value were computed as applicable. The EMOKINE software is appliable to other motion-capture systems and is openly available on the Zenodo Repository. Releases on GitHub include: (i) the code to extract the 32 statistics, (ii) a rigging plugin for Python for MVNX file-conversion to Blender format (MVNX=output file XSENS® system), and (iii) a Python-script-powered custom software to assist with blurring faces; latter two under GPLv3 licenses.

How Does Social Media as Tools for Social Movements on Global Issues? A Systematic Literature Review

This study aimed to map the development of research and scientific publications about social movements on social media. This study used the Systematic Literature Review approach to analyze 471 scientific articles that were selected based on the PRISMA procedure. The articles were taken from the Scopus database published in the 2018-2023 period. Cite Space software was used to visualize the data such as topic clusters, authors, and topic trends in the study of social movements on social media. This study reveals that there are ten topic clusters in the study of social movements on social media, namely collective action (#0), long covid (#1), stock market (#2), umbrella movement (#3), social media (#4 ), environmentally-related migration (#5), racial justice (#6), extreme events (#7), influence odoj (#8), sexual abuse (9#), and systems research (10#). Collective action is the most dominant cluster compared to other clusters, which shows that collective action is a general concept used in the study of social movements on social media, which is related to various issues in other clusters, such as Covid-19, politics, racism, and the stock market. Each topic cluster was discussed by many authors with various study focuses, but all authors used the concept of social media as a social movement to explain the issues that were the focus of their respective studies. Trend topics in the study of social movements on social media show that social movements and social media are a unified concept that can be used to explain various issues to study. This research contributes to the development of social movement studies in the digital era, the internet, mobility networks, and artificial intelligence. The limitation of this research is that the data used were from the Scopus database only so the findings cannot fully explain the study of social movements on social media. Therefore, future research needs to use data or references from other reputable databases such as the Web of Science and EBSCO.

LGBTQIA+ topics in sport, human movement and education

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper is to introduce the Second Issue of our Double Special Edition on LGBTQIA+ Topics in Health, Wellbeing and Education. This special issue focuses on LGBTQIA+ Topics in Sport, Human Movement and Education. We introduce the issue by outlining the debate about the ‘inclusivity’ of queer bodies in sport. We then introduce each article and explain how they fit into these larger debates in sport and education. We conclude the paper by outlining key takeaways from the issue. We also provide recommendations for future LGBTQIA+ research in sport, human movement and education.

THE NARROW CONFINES OF INSTITUTIONAL ACTIVISM: THE U.S. SUPREME COURT, ABORTION, AND AMICUS CURIAE BRIEFS

Abortion disputes routinely occur in the judicial realm. Before the Supreme Court, from Roe to Dobbs, both reproductive rights and antiabortion movement groups and their allies engaged in institutional activism, filing amicus curiae (or friend-of-the-court) briefs to influence case outcomes. The number of such briefs has increased substantially over time. Yet few movement researchers investigate this form of institutional activism. We examine amicus briefs in over forty abortion cases from 1971 to 2022, discerning which amicus filers and frames influence justice voting, including for the pivotal moderate justices. We situate our work in resource mobilization, professional status, and framing theorizing, concluding that amicus briefs significantly shape judicial outcomes in abortion cases. However, our results show effective amicus strategies confront a narrow set of opportunities for judicial influence. Unsurprisingly, the Supreme Court battle over reproductive rights is heavily shaped by justice ideology, with filer and framing approaches—when they are influential—impacting mainly moderate justices.

Validation of upper extremity kinematics using Markerless motion capture

Movement research has typically been performed using three-dimensional (3D) marker-based motion capture, which is considered the “gold-standard” for biomechanical assessment. However, limitations exist due to the lack of portability, extensive preparation for data collection, marker placement training, error due to marker movement, and possible skin irritation due to marker adhesives. There is inherent error due to motion artifact stemming from skin movement and differences in marker placement between testers. Markerless motion capture systems are emerging as a new method of kinematic assessment. These methods require little preparation and there is no need to alter participant clothing. Markerless motion capture has also been validated for the lower extremity in healthy older adults during gait. However, it has not been validated for other populations or for the assessment of upper extremity (UE) motion. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine differences in calculated UE kinematics between marker-based and a markerless motion capture system. Participants attended two data collection sessions. Marker-based and markerless motion capture data was collected simultaneously while participants completed the Box and Blocks test (BBT). Kinematic and spatiotemporal data from both systems was exported using identical time series to ensure the same conditions for comparisons. Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to determine between session reliability for both systems on range of motion and peak joint angular data to ensure movement variability was not affecting measurement consistency. ICCs and Bland Altman statistics were also calculated between the systems. Root mean square deviation (RMSD) values were determined between demeaned UE joint angles for the two systems to examine movement pattern differences. The resulting between-session ICCs for each system showed that the markerless system shared similar reliability during this task as the marker-based system, further supporting the effect of variability on between-session reliability. Between-system ICCs resulted in good (0.7<ICC<0.9) to excellent (ICC>0.9) agreement. Bland Altman results confirmed the existence of measurement bias between the systems. RMSD values for all UE joint angles were found to be less than 6°. Overall, the results from this study support the use of markerless motion capture in clinical settings to examine upper extremity biomechanics in children.

Dynamic Measurement and Analysis of Upper Eyelid Changes Using Ultrasound Biomicroscopy

PurposeTo define the regular upper eyelid anatomy and their changes during dynamic motion using ultrasonographically depicted structures. DesignA cross-sectional study. MethodsHigh-resolution ultrasound biomicroscopy (50MHz) was performed on 84 upper eyelids of 42 healthy volunteers without evidence of eyelid conditions. The skin-orbicularis oculi complex (SOOC), levator aponeurosis, and Müller's muscle-conjunctival complex were imaged. The thickness of these structures was measured in primary gaze and downgaze positions. ResultsSOOC and levator aponeurosis thickness was bigger with eyes open than with eyes closed (p < 0.01). With eyes closed, the thickness of SOOC on the pupillary midline and levator aponeurosis was positively correlated with age (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively), and the thickness of levator aponeurosis and SOOC on the pupil midline was also positively correlated with BMI index (p < 0.05). Similarly, SOOC thickness on the medial and lateral canthus line is also positively correlated with BMI index and age (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively). As for the differences between genders, the mean thickness of SOOC and levator aponeurosis was statistically different (p < 0.05, respectively). The magnitude of levator aponeurosis thickness in men varied more than in women in different ocular positions (p < 0.05). All measurements had an intramethod between 0.624 and 0.792, and inter-rater ICC and intrarater ICC between 0.748 and 0.850. ConclusionsUltrasound biomicroscopy represents a noninvasive tool for the visualization of upper eyelid morphology. Expanding its application can help to understand the dynamics of upper eyelid physiological movement, aging, and disease research in different populations and evaluate surgical outcomes.

A new approach to geostatistical synthesis of historical records reveals capuchin spatial responses to climate and demographic change.

Recent proliferation of GPS technology has transformed animal movement research. Yet, time-series data from this recent technology rarely span beyond a decade, constraining longitudinal research. Long-term field sites hold valuable historic animal location records, including hand-drawn maps and semantic descriptions. Here, we introduce a generalised workflow for converting such records into reliable location data to estimate home ranges, using 30 years of sleep-site data from 11 white-faced capuchin (Cebus imitator) groups in Costa Rica. Our findings illustrate that historic sleep locations can reliably recover home range size and geometry. We showcase the opportunity our approach presents to resolve open questions that can only be addressed with very long-term data, examining how home ranges are affected by climate cycles and demographic change. We urge researchers to translate historical records into usable movement data before this knowledge is lost; it is essential to understanding how animals are responding to our changing world.

‘The Real Data Set’: A Case of Challenging Power Dynamics and Questioning the Boundaries of Research Production

While the co-production of knowledge through community-engaged research is intended to be a reciprocally beneficial process, academic institutions have often devalued community expertise by treating community organizations as subjects rather than co-creators of knowledge. Drawing from ethnographic work with a community-based organization (CBO), Los Angeles Community Action Network (LA CAN), this paper shows how one CBO is challenging and critiquing these long-standing power dynamics between community and their university partners. LA CAN centered community expertise and formed long-term mutual relationships based on shared values, primarily an abolitionist framework and connection to Black Radical Thought. Drawing from LA CAN’s partnerships and their definition of power, we discuss how shifting power dynamics and centering community expertise leads to a different form of knowledge production, resulting in “the real data set”. This case shows how CBOs are movement researchers who are central to creating and interpreting theory.

Tempo-spatial analysis of pedestrian movement in the built environment based on crowdsourced big data

Over the years, the urban planning literature has focused substantial attention on walkability research, aiming to enhance physical activity and sustainable communities through urban planning and design. While motorized traffic research has gained momentum in combining innovative technologies for traffic monitoring, the common tools used to monitor pedestrian movement (PM) to this date are limited in time and scale. This study aims at analyzing tempo-spatial dynamics of walking behavior, while utilizing an emerging technology of Bluetooth sensors. We analyzed over 53 million pedestrian records, monitored in 83 street-segments in Tel-Aviv, Israel. The data was recorded for five months, including the time of COVID-19's first lockdown. We showcase tempo-spatial dynamics of PM through different times of the year, while discussing changes in walking traffic volume, walking patterns (frequency peaks), traffic at commercial vs. residential streets, popular street segments and land-uses, and possible applications to urban planning and design. Finally, we discuss the data limitations and challenges for PM monitoring and research. The study shows that BT sensor technology can provide the municipality and decisionmakers with insights on pedestrians' behavior and preferences in real-time and at street-level, enabling to locate infrastructure investments more efficiently and to support planning decisions. The preliminary results of this study suggest further use of this technology for pedestrian movement monitoring and research in urban networks.

‘ONE WITH THE EARTH’: Mapping Solidarities for the (Un)Queering of Space in the Black Lesbian Journal Aché, 1989–1993

AbstractThis study traces how Black lesbians in the San Francisco Bay Area made a place for themselves in the world at the end of the twentieth century, after the decline of the Black Power Movement and before the rise of the Black Lives Matter Movement. Geocoding and analyzing the content of a Black lesbian journal in the San Francisco Bay Area that had global distribution, the author examines how the placemaking of Black lesbians remade them as cultural‐political subjects, expanded their networks, and inspired them to reimagine their relations with the earth. As they crafted cultural spaces across the African diaspora, they faced threats—most notably, street violence, harsh policing and ecological degradation—yet they also experienced joyful interactions with each other, with allies and with nature. The belief grew in their cultural spaces that their liberation required world transformation and that they could change the world. This research, providing a frame for studying the interaction between the making of cultural spaces and the formation of political solidarities, contributes to urban movements research, critical environmental justice studies, and Black feminist/LGBTQ+ research.

GAZE DIRECTION MONITORING MODEL IN COMPUTER SYSTEM FOR ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT

This paper focuses on the research and application of eye movement and gaze direction analysis in online testing systems. The practical novelty of the proposed model of monitoring the direction of gaze in a computer-based knowledge control system lies in the possibility of automated remote control over a large audience of students. The practical significance lies in creating the same conditions for computer testing for all students and increasing the correspondence of knowledge level to the received test results. The implemented and tested system is relevant and necessary in higher educational institutions, particularly in Ukraine, where remote education has emerged as the safest means of acquiring knowledge. This is especially true for fields of study where practical tasks and laboratory work do not necessitate a student's physical presence at the institution. That is why the application of the latest information technologies is extremely important. The dynamic authentication based on the sequence of eye movements proposed in the model allows error-free user's eye area detection for further analysis of the test subject's behavior. The proposed authentication method excludes the need to enter passwords or CAPTCHAs, ensures the speed of determining the user's presence. Further analysis of the user's direction of vision includes responding to the information received, such as skipping a question or the need for re-authorization. Question skipping occurs when the system decides that the user has not been looking at the screen for an extended period (looking sideways, down, up for more than 30 seconds). Re-authentication becomes necessary if the user exits the test or if there is a user replacement. Real-time gaze control capability is implemented by using massive parallel processing system (NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1650 graphics card) for calculations. The analysis of the results obtained shows that the proposed approach allows gaze detection at different illumination ranges (from 0.3 lux to 10,000 lux), as well as to detect states of the user's eyes that violating test rules for further system response (skipping a question or re-authentication request).

Analyzing tiger interaction and home range shifts using a time-geographic approach

BackgroundInteraction through movement can be used as a marker to understand and model interspecific and intraspecific species dynamics, and the collective behavior of animals sharing the same space. This research leverages the time-geography framework, commonly used in human movement research, to explore the dynamic patterns of interaction between Indochinese tigers (Panthera tigris corbeti) in the western forest complex (WEFCOM) in Thailand.MethodsWe propose and assess ORTEGA, a time-geographic interaction analysis method, to trace spatio-temporal interactions patterns and home range shifts among tigers. Using unique GPS tracking data of tigers in WEFCOM collected over multiple years, concurrent and delayed interaction patterns of tigers are investigated. The outcomes are compared for intraspecific tiger interaction across different genders, relationships, and life stages. Additionally, the performance of ORTEGA is compared to a commonly used proximity-based approach.ResultsAmong the 67 tracked tigers, 42 show concurrent interactions at shared boundaries. Further investigation of five tigers with overlapping home ranges (two adult females, a male, and two young male tigers) suggests that the mother tiger and her two young mostly stay together before their dispersal but interact less post-dispersal. The male tiger increases encounters with the mother tiger while her young shift their home ranges. On another timeline, the neighbor female tiger mostly avoids the mother tiger. Through these home range dynamics and interaction patterns, we identify four types of interaction among these tigers: following, encounter, latency, and avoidance. Compared to the proximity-based approach, ORTEGA demonstrates better detects concurrent mother–young interactions during pre-dispersal, while the proximity-based approach misses many interactions among the dyads. With larger spatial buffers and temporal windows, the proximity-based approach detects more encounters but may overestimate the duration of interaction.ConclusionsThis research demonstrates the applicability and merits of ORTEGA as a time-geographic based approach to animal movement interaction analysis. We show time geography can develop valuable, data-driven insights about animal behavior and interactions. ORTEGA effectively traces frequent encounters and temporally delayed interactions between animals, without relying on specific spatial and temporal buffers. Future research should integrate contextual and behavioral information to better identify and characterize the nature of species interaction.

미국 대중음악에 나타난 여성 인권 운동 요소에 관한 고찰

The purpose of this study is to examine the elements of the women's rights movement that appeared in American popular music at the time by observing the women's rights movement that developed around the 1960s and the works of American popular music that reflected it during that time. As a method of research, first, the background and overall flow of the women's rights movement that emerged in the 1960s were examined, and through this, the elements of the women's rights movement were observed. Later, American popular music works published in the 1960s were selected, and the elements of the women's rights movement in American popular music were considered through analysis of the background and main lyrics. Through this study, four elements of the women's rights movement in American popular music in the 1960s 'abolishing gender discrimination', 'improving social gaze and treatment', 'strengthening women's right to decide', and 'guaranteeing women's rights'. Through this conclusion, we intend to provide basic data to observe the relationship between popular music that interacts as a device representing the women's rights movement and to help understand the characteristics of popular music that reflect the consciousness of the time and the public.