Research-based Information Research Articles

Operative Procedures and Postoperative Complications in Patients with Gastric Outlet Obstruction

Background: Gastric outlet obstruction denotes complete or partial obstruction of the distal stomach, pylorus, or proximal duodenum. This can happen as a result of an obstructing lesion, external compression, or obstruction caused by acute edema, chronic scarring and fibrosis, or a combination of the two. The most common causes of gastric outlet obstruction are gastric cancer and pyloric stenosis secondary to peptic ulceration. We have very limited research-based information regarding postoperative complications in patients with gastric outlet obstruction. Aim of the study: This study was carried out to determine the operative procedures and postoperative complications in patients with gastric outlet obstruction. Methods: Between September 2012 to February 2013, this prospective observational study was carried out in the surgery department of Rangpur Medical College Hospital, Rangpur, Bangladesh. A total of 50 patients presenting with the features of gastric outlet obstruction were included in this study. A convenient purposive sampling technic was used in sample selection. In 27 patients, surgery was performed. Registration schedules, editing computerization, preparing dummy tables, and analyzing and matching data were all part of the data processing work. Results: In the cases of benign gastric outlet obstruction, bilateral truncal vagotomy and retro colic isoperistaltic gastrojejunostomy were preferred. Distal partial gastrectomy with lymph node dissection was done in resectable antral growth of the stomach. Palliative gastrojejunostomy was done in advanced gastric and pancreatic malignancy. Gastrojejunostomy with biopsy from the duodenum and lymph node was taken from one pre-operatively diagnosed case of duodenal tuberculosis, which was made by endoscopic biopsy. Complication occurred mostly in the malignant cases; 7 (43.75%) patients developed wound infection, of which 5 (31.25%) patients developed wound dehiscence. There was a duodenal stump-blow out in ...

Growth and Quality of Four Zinnia Cultivars Grown in Eastern South Dakota

Over the past two decades, interest in local specialty cut flower production in eastern South Dakota has grown, with several new flower farms being established across the region. However, there is currently no local, research-based information available to support growers in this new wave of interest. The purpose of this study was to assess the production and quality of four zinnia cultivars grown in eastern South Dakota to support local specialty cut flower growers in their operations. A randomized complete block design was used to evaluate four zinnia cultivars (Zinderella Peach, Oklahoma Ivory, Queen Red Lime, and Benary’s Giant Purple) grown in 2022 and 2023. Zinnias were started by seed in the greenhouse and transplanted into the field in early summer each season. Harvest began each year when flowers reached maturity (July), with one harvest event taking place each week until the first frost. Harvested flowers were rated as marketable or nonmarketable based on categories of stem length (≥18-inch-long, 13- to 17.99-inch-long, 8- to 12.99-inch-long, and <8-inch-long stems), as well as nonmarketable due to defects (curved stems, insect damage, and other damage). ‘Benary’s Giant Purple’ produced high numbers of marketable long stems and had the largest bloom size, whereas ‘Queen Red Lime’ and ‘Oklahoma Ivory’ produced high numbers of marketable medium-length stems and had lower amounts of insect damage. ‘Zinderella Peach’ produced the shortest and most insect-damaged stems and also produced lower numbers of curved stems compared with the other three cultivars. All four cultivars produced high numbers of marketable flowers and would be suitable choices for specialty cut flower growers in eastern South Dakota.

Development of an E-Handbook Based on Research on the Medicinal Plant Premna serratifolia as The Natural Resources of West Kalimantan for High School Students

This research aims to develop a comprehensive e-handbook, containing research-based information on the medicinal plant Premna serratifolia as the natural resources of West Kalimantan for high school students. This research used a research and development (R&D) method with an ADDIE model and was conducted in three high schools in West Kalimantan. Research instruments include validation instruments and student response questionnaires. The research data were analyzed using quantitative data analysis. Expert validators in content, media, and language assessed the e-Hanbook, resulting in validation percentages of 85.4% for content, 82.6% for media, and 81.5% for language. The practicality of the e-Hanbook was tested through initial and final field trials, achieving percentages of 80.8% and 87.2% respectively. Consequently, the research suggests that the e-Hanbook on Premna serratifolia medicinal plants is highly suitable and practical for high school students.

Optimizing Sowing Density for Parsley, Cilantro, and Sage in Controlled Environment Production: Balancing Productivity and Plant Quality

Sowing density is a key management practice influencing productivity and quality of leafy greens and culinary herbs grown in controlled environments. However, research-based information on optimal density is limited for many culinary herbs. This greenhouse study aimed to quantify sowing density impacts on biomass output, individual plant growth, and morphological traits in hydroponically produced ‘Giant of Italy’ parsley (Petroselinum crispum), ‘Santo’ cilantro (Coriandrum sativum), and sage (Salvia officinalis). Seedlings were grown in phenolic foam cubes with 1, 5, 10, 15, or 20 seeds per cell, transplanted into an ebb-and-flow hydroponic system in a glass-glazed greenhouse with 23 °C target average daily temperature, 16-hour photoperiod, a target daily light integral of 13 mol·m−2·d−1, and harvested at 16 to 28 d after transplanting depending on species. ‘Giant of Italy’ parsley and ‘Santo’ cilantro fresh weight per cell increased quadratically by 274% (57.3 g) and 305% (19 g), respectively, as sowing density increased from 1 to 15 seeds per cell, then plateaued as density further increased. Sage fresh weight plateaued at 10 seeds per cell with an increase of 225% (29.2 g) compared with 1 seed per cell. Cilantro and sage dry weight per cell plateaued at 14 and 8 seeds per cell, respectively, and parsley dry weight quadratically increased as sowing density rose up to 20 seeds per cell. Although fresh and dry weight increased, individual plant height, stem diameter, and individual plant dry weight exhibited linear or quadratic declines as sowing density increased, indicating higher sowing densities restricted individual plant growth. In summary, as sowing density increased, fresh and dry weight per cell generally increased but individual plant quality decreased. For the greatest fresh and dry weight, 20, 18, and 10 seeds per cell should be sown for parsley, cilantro, and sage, respectively. However, to balance fresh weight and crop quality, our results suggest sowing density (seeds per cell) targets of 16 seeds for parsley, 18 seeds for cilantro, and 10 seeds for sage.

Understanding School Leadership’s Influence on Teacher Retention in High-Poverty Settings: An Exploratory Study in the U.S.

Research has identified principal leadership as one of the most salient school-level predictors of teacher retention. However, the survey-based quantitative nature and specific survey questions used in this research make it difficult to discern which leadership behaviors or approaches contribute most to teacher retention. As a result, school leaders and those responsible for preparing and/or employing them lack clear, research-based information about specific practices that could be effectively utilized, particularly in high-poverty schools. This qualitative case study, set in a high-poverty U. S. elementary school with high retention rates, utilized Simon and Johnson’s (2015) framework of how principal behaviors that increase teacher retention in the quantitative research are exhibited in under-resourced schools. The study generates qualitative understandings of how a principal’s actions contributed to retention by reaffirming a mission to serve high-poverty students, recognizing teachers for their work, developing and fostering within-faculty relationships, strengthening relationships with families, and providing disciplinary support. In doing so, the study also provides support for an existing framework for leading for retention and insights into how these actions may influence or be seen in survey responses used in survey-based research.

Collaborative Action Research in a Northern Early Childhood Educator Program: Professional Learning of Instructors and Interns

This collaborative action research, carried out by early childhood education interns, with the support of their instructor and two university researchers, shows the empowerment of postsecondary students that occurs when they are responsible for designing and implementing research projects tailored to their placement contexts. The early childhood educator interns took up a stance as reflective practitioners who developed professional skills and knowledge in an area that was meaningful to them—teaching young children their Indigenous language. The interns shared responsibility for their learning with their instructor, who was also conducting research into her practice, gathering data to identify the impact of her new teaching approach on interns’ learning. The simultaneous use of collaborative action research methods at the instructor and intern levels provides research-based information for the larger professional field. Additionally, the college instructor and the student interns are positioned as research-practitioners who use action research to support their professional growth.

Exploring the Value and Potential to Commercialize Underutilized Leafy Vegetables Found in Karbi Anglong District, Assam, India

The present paper deals with the identification, documentation and exploration of diverse underutilized leafy vegetables consumed by the Karbi tribes of Karbi Anglong District, Assam. The NE region of India is the Gateway to India’s richest biodiversity zones important for the genetic resources’ world over. Genetic diversity of such underutilized leafy vegetables is concentrated or common in Northeast India more particularly in Karbi Anglong Hill District of Assam, which is considered to be one of the hotspots of the biodiversity in the world. The Indigenous and underutilized leafy vegetables are a source of livelihood for the local/ethnic communities of the district. In addition to food security these are also a part of culture and tradition for most of the hill tribes. These underutilized leafy vegetables are mostly found in wild forms as non-timber forest products and other natural habitats though some are domesticated and cultivated. The richness of plant diversity is largely due to ecological diversity superimposed with tribal and ethnic diversification, plant usage and religious rituals. The present paper deals with some of the common underutilized leafy vegetables used by the karbi communities. From the survey conducted in different local markets/weekly markets altogether 30 species belonging to 23 families were reported from the study area. These plant species were found to be morphologically different from each other and were found to important in the Karbi Anglong District of Assam because of their medicinal values and provide economic benefit for the rural poor people. Tabulation has been done according to their Scientific name with families, vernacular name(karbi), plant parts used, common uses, mode of propagation, ITK’s. etc. These plant species are used as vegetables which are having higher nutritional properties than commonly cultivated vegetables. Underutilized leafy vegetables and wild edible plants constitute an essential part in variation of diet and bring nutritional security and act as cheap source of healthcare component among ethnic communities. Therefore, there is a need for conducting systematic studies and research-based information on these plant species so as to establish them as economically viable crop. Domestication and bringing into cultivation is the need of the hour for promotion of these herbs beyond their confined locality. Studies on adaptability of these plant species in different environment are also important for their promotion as commercial crop.

Humour-themed holistic learning processes in a Finnish primary school

Although humour in education has shown positive research results, its use in Finnish classrooms is not common and is not included in Finland’s curricula. In this study, pupils’ humour is utilised as part of a holistic learning process in Finnish primary education. Implementing holistic learning processes means focusing on child-centredness, dissolving subject boundaries and concentrating on learning-to-learn skills, overall growth and traditional subject-learning goals. As a framework for the learning process, this study follows the guidelines of the Narratives and Crafts model, which aims to connect arts-based activities with different themes. This study aims to investigate the role of humour in the context of an arts-based learning process and to assess opportunities for its more conscious use in learning. The data were taken from the outcomes of 36 pupils during a holistic learning process and were analysed using qualitative content analysis. The results indicated that creative or arts-based activities and humour worked well together as a means for pupils to incorporate their inner thoughts and personal perceptions into their assignments. Furthermore, humour can be a source of a long-term process, and expressions of pupils’ humour can be steered by assignments and preliminary materials, as well as by collaboration with other pupils and the teacher. However, teachers should have more research-based information about humour in the classroom and about the importance of humour in the community and for pupils.

Developing Parent Awareness Program to Prevent Abuse among Children with Cognitive Impairment

This study investigated parents’ awareness and preventive practices related to child abuse, with a focus on children with cognitive impairment. Utilizing a survey questionnaire and group interviews, the research found that parents demonstrated a high level of awareness about the nature of abuse and preventive practices, particularly in the areas of sexual, physical, and emotional abuse. Although survey results indicated that parents often implement preventive measures, the group interview revealed a perceived need for more comprehensive seminars and training. The participants emphasized the importance of research-based information, guidance on government assistance, and support services. In conclusion, the study advocates for ongoing efforts to enhance parents’ awareness and preventive measures against child abuse and proposes a school-based program as a practical solution.

Start Early: Providing Trauma-Informed, Systems-Focused Professional Development in Early Childhood Development and Learning Contexts

Adverse and traumatic childhood experiences can have profound negative health and mental health consequences across the lifespan. Prevention and early intervention strategies to mitigate such impacts and foster resilience are essential, yet extant approaches often do not consider the systemic nature of trauma exposure, particularly among communities most impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and historic disinvestment. Addressing the impacts of trauma early in life is critical in order to mitigate their long-term effects on child development. The current project worked with a community Head Start/Early Head Start partner to adapt, deliver, and conduct a formative evaluation of Trauma-Informed Programs and Practices in Schools-Early Childhood (TIPPS-EC), a systems-focused professional development approach to creating and maintaining trauma-informed early childhood development and learning contexts serving children ages 0-5 years and their families. Training materials were designed to highlight community and systemic sources of trauma exposures; acknowledge teacher stress and burnout; and present research-based information on trauma exposure, how effects may manifest, and the impacts of trauma exposures on very young children and the adults in their lives. Data were collected to evaluate participants' responses to TIPPS-EC and solicit their input regarding implementing systems-focused, trauma-informed approaches in EC settings (n = 56 Head Start/Early Head Start professionals). Participants were satisfied with TIPPS-EC and endorsed greater knowledge of trauma-informed approaches and systemic trauma after the professional development sessions. Participants made multiple suggestions for next steps for implementing systemic approaches in EC settings. TIPPS-EC presents a framework for understanding systemic trauma exposures as they manifest in EC contexts, and for identifying systems-level strategies that can support EC professionals to help mitigate the impacts of trauma on the children and families they serve. Implications for addressing stress, burnout, and trauma impacts specifically in EC educational settings are discussed.

228 Food for Thought: How Influenceable Is the Next Generation Consumer

Abstract Spread of misinformation and disinformation in animal agriculture is rampant in social media and then add the theory of social contagion, and the reach of this information and its impact on social licensure becomes extensive. A research study evaluated susceptibility of young consumers to be affected by false information pertaining to the beef industry found in segments of YouTube videos as well as their level of pre-study food industry knowledge as determined by a Food Familiarity Index (FFI) score. This mixed-methods study included a total of 15 next generation consumers who viewed two different YouTube video clips about agriculture, one being categorized as misinformation and one communicating accurate, research-based information. Level of trust among participants was then gauged using the continuous response measurement (CRM) instrument to identify critical moments of trust and distrust which can be found in the included figures as well as to then to craft participant narrative about perceptions of the beef industry enabled by responses from the focus group. It was found that those who have less knowledge about the food industry are much more vulnerable (P < 0.05) to being misinformed and are more apt (P < 0.05) to be influenced by misinformation Figure 1 and 2). Through engagement in thought-provoking discussion and analysis of what may have encouraged higher or lower levels of trust among the participants, this study contributes to a body of literature that may help communicators within animal agriculture to better understand positions and ability to share information about the agriculture industry to American consumers.

Using spatial point process models, clustering and space partitioning to reconfigure fire stations layout

AbstractFire stations (FS) are typically non-uniformly distributed across space, and their service area is, in general, defined based on administrative boundaries. Since the location of FS may considerably influence the readiness and the effectiveness of the provided services, national and regional governments need research-based information to adequately plan where to establish firefighting facilities. In this study, we propose a method to reconfigure the fire stations layout using spatial point process models, clustering and space partitioning. First, modelling fire intensity variation across space through a point process model enables to replicate the process independently by simulation. Subsequently, for each simulation, the k-means algorithm is used to define a siting location, minimizing the total within distance between the fire occurrences and the new position. This method allows to obtain a set of locations from which the respective distribution is inferred. Assuming a bivariate normal spatial distribution, we further define confidence siting regions. Ultimately, new FS service areas are defined by Voronoi tessellation. To exemplify the application of the method, we apply it to reconfigure the fire station layout at Aveiro, Portugal.

A Study of Ghanaian Inclusive Basic School Teachers’ Perspectives and Uses of Research Evidence in Pedagogical Practice

International research findings offer inclusive education teachers various pedagogical tools to support student diversity in inclusive classrooms to counter educational disadvantages. However, according to previous research, embedding research evidence in pedagogical practice at the classroom level is rare in schools. Our study explored Ghanaian teachers’ perspectives in 10 purposively selected inclusive Basic Schools in Ghana. The study focused on teachers’ frequency of use of Research-Based Information (RBI), the type of use of RBI, opinions about RBI, awareness of useful activities that facilitate the use of RBI, individual expertise, or skills necessary for RBI use in everyday practice, organizational factors that influence the use of RBI. The study identified non-use and minimal to moderate use of RBI in professional practice. Sources of RBI were mostly from non-scholarly journals because the schools did not subscribe to peer-reviewed journals, and teachers were not willing to use their financial resources to access close-ended journal articles. An independent t-test was not significant between female and male participants. However, a Pearson product-moment correlation to assess the relationship between the various factors about RBI use found positive associations between organizational factors and expertise and between awareness factors and expertise to use RBI. Education must promote increased adoption of RBI in professional practice to enhance educational quality for all students. This can be accomplished by building ongoing solid school-university partnerships to develop context-specific frameworks that support inclusive teachers to conduct and use more research in their practice.

Efforts To Increase Understanding in Stroke Patients About Range of Motion Exercises

Efforts to increase understanding in stroke patients about range of motion exercises have an important role in optimizing the rehabilitation process and their quality of life. Evidence-based educational approaches are emphasized as the main foundation, where accurate and research-based information is conveyed to patients. Community empowerment was also reviewed, highlighting the importance of involving communities and families in supporting patients in running exercise programs. The implementation of community service activities in the form of counseling efforts to provide understanding for the community about range exercises using demonstrations and role play. The results showed that there was an increase in public understanding of the provision of range of motion training for stroke patients. It can be concluded that efforts to increase understanding in stroke patients about range of motion exercise have a crucial role in the rehabilitation process and improve their quality of life. Through evidence-based education, community empowerment, and continuous monitoring and evaluation, we can achieve positive outcomes.

KOGNITIVNÍ A LINGVISTICKÉ PREDIKTORY CIZOJAZYČNÉ GRAMOTNOSTI U ČESKÝCH ŽÁKŮ MLADŠÍHO ŠKOLNÍHO VĚKU - PŘEDBĚŽNÁ ANALÝZA VÝZKUMNÝCH NÁSTROJŮ

Although the teaching of the English language (as a foreign/second language) is now compulsory in many European countries at the level of primary education, we still lack research-based information about how young school-age pupils learn English in a formal environment and what skills are needed for the development of cognitive and language skills, these findings cannot simply be applied to childhood. The paper will present a longitudinal study, the aim of which is to map the development of foreign language literacy (reading, writing, and listening) in the first two years of formal English language teaching at primary school and to assess the influence of selected cognitive and linguistic abilities, as well as motivational and environmental factors, on individual differences in performances among pupils. Specifically, the contribution will focus on data analysis from the first testing phase, which took place among monolignous Czech 3rd year students. It will then deal in detail with the psychometric properties of selected test tasks.

Correlation of the Degrees of Hearing Loss between Male and Female Patients with Otitis Media

Background: Otitis media (OM) is an infection of the middle ear and mastoid cavity. In many studies, hearing loss is described as a consequence of otitis media (OM); the degree of hearing loss can be analyzed by biologically calibrated AA 222 diagnostic audiometer. But in Bangladesh, we have not enough research-based information regarding this issue. Aim of the Study: The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation of the degrees of hearing loss between male and female patients with otitis media. Methods: This was a prospective observational study and was conducted in the Department of Otolaryngology & Head Neck Surgery, Bashundara Ad-Din Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from January 2022 to December 2022. A total of 64 patients with chronic otitis media (COM) suffered for the past three months or more attended the mentioned hospital were enrolled in this study as the study population. Among them 32(50%) were male and other 32(50%) were female patients. Ear drums of patients were inspected on both sides suction under microscope wherever necessary. The patient’s hearing levels in decibel were tested by a biologically calibrated AA 222 diagnostic audiometer. All data were collected, processed and analyzed by using MS Office and SPSS version 23.0 programs as per need. In comparison student’s T-tests were also performed. Results: In this study, in analyzing the hearing loss status of the patients regarding ear involvement we observed that, 6(18.8), 14(43.7) and 12(37.5) male participants on the other hand 10(31.2), 11(34.4) and 11(34.4) female patients right, left and both ears were found involved respectively. In comparing the ear involvement in hearing loss between the male-female groups, we did not find any significant correlation (P=0.427). In comparing the right dB grading, left dB grading, right ear comments and left ear comments of the patients in both groups we did not find any significant correlation; the P- value were 0.932, 0.983, 0.228 and 0.618 respectively. Conclusion: As per the findings of this study we can conclude that, there was no significant correlation of degrees of hearing loss between male and female patients with otitis media.

Demographic and clinical status of the neonates admitted to an intensive care unit in Bangladesh

Background: The neonatal intensive care unit is a fundamental sector for the survival of high-risk newborns. Such a unit involves high-complexity assistance with teams trained in newborn care, reconciling technological advances with proper approaches to humanized care practices. Usually, the outcomes of neonatal intensive care unit patients depend upon the demographic and clinical status of the patients. In Bangladesh, we have very limited research-based information regarding this issue. This study aimed to assess the demographic and clinical status of neonates admitted to an intensive care unit in Bangladesh. Methods: This was an observational cohort study that was conducted in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (I.C.U.) of Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from October 2009 to September 2010. In total 230 neonates admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, after fulfilling the inclusion criteria were enrolled in this study as study subjects. Properly written consent was taken in favour of all the participants before data collection. All data were processed, analysed and disseminated by using MS Excel and SPSS version 15.0 program as per necessity. Results: Among the total of 230 participants, the male-female ratio was 1.7:1 and gestational age was found as >37 weeks in 60% of neonates. The age of the majority of the neonates (53%) was <7 days. The diaphragmatic hernia was present in the highest number (n=17) of cases as a single congenital anomaly. As the disease pattern, perinatal asphyxia with complications, preterm low birth weight with sepsis and congenital anomalies were found in 24.8%, 20.4% and 23% of cases respectively. Among the total of our patients, in 55% of cases, acid-base derangements were present. Conclusions: The higher frequency of ICU admission of male neonates is alarming for the neonatal care system. The first week of neonatal ICU may be considered the most critical period, especially for preterm babies. Neonates with perinatal asphyxia, preterm low birth weight with sepsis and congenital anomalies are some common features among neonatal ICU care patients.

Management of Acute Bacterial Meningitis in Children

Background: Meningitis is an infection of the membranes that protect the spinal cord as well as brain. Bacterial meningitis (BM) continues to be a major source of mortality and morbidity in infants and children throughout the world despite of advances in antibiotics. But in Bangladesh, we have not enough research-based information regarding the treatment and outcomes of acute bacterial meningitis in children. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to evaluate the management of acute bacterial meningitis in children. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the department of Paediatrics, Shaheed Ziaur Rahman Medical College & Hospital, Bogura, Bangladesh during the period from January 2020 to December 2022. In total 47 patients with acute bacterial meningitis were enrolled in this study as study subjects. Proper written consent was taken from all the participants before data collection. As per the inclusion criteria of this study, patients with bacterial meningitis aged between 2 and 16 years were included. All the demographic and clinical data of the participants were recorded. A predesigned questionnaire was used in data collection. All data were processed, analyzed and disseminated using MS Excel and SPSS version 23 program as necessary. Results: In this intervention, as antibiotic therapy, ‘ceftriaxone alone’ was used in the highest number of cases which was used in 36%. Besides this, ‘ampicillin plus gentamycin’, ‘ceftriaxone plus gentamycin’ and ‘crystalline penicillin plus chloramphenicol’ were used in 21%, 28% and 15% cases respectively. On the other hand, steroid was used among 45% patients. Finally in analyzing the outcomes among the participants we observed that, majority of the patients got ‘good outcomes or improvement’ which was in 66%. Poor outcomes were found among one third of total cases (34%). Conclusion: Proper antibiotic selection and timely use of steroids may reduce the complications and deaths among acute ..........

Role of Incentive Spirometry On Management of Postoperative Pulmonary Complications in Elderly Urology Patients

Background: Incentive spirometry (IS) is a device used to improve pulmonary function. It is a device that provides patients with visual feedback when they inhale at a predetermined flow rate/volume, sustain the inflation for a minimum of 3 seconds, and then expire. It is postulated that incentive spirometry (IS) might play a significant role in preventing and treating postoperative pulmonary complications. However, we need more research-based information on this issue. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of incentive spirometry in improving pulmonary function following urologic surgery in elderly patients. Methods: This comparative study was conducted in the department of Urology, Dhaka medical college hospital (DMCH), Dhaka, Bangladesh, from January 2021 to December 2021. In total, 150 elderly people were included as the study subjects. The total subjects were divided into two groups. In group A, there were 75 patients who received incentive spirometry in addition to deep breathing, coughing and early ambulation. In Group B, there were also 75 patients, denoted as control group patients, who received standard care of treatment including deep breathing, coughing and early ambulation without incentive spirometry. All data were collected, processed, and analyzed by using MS Office and SPSS-18 programs as per need. Results: In this study in incentive spirometry, postoperative VAS, FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC scores were 5.29±1.73, 1.25±0.61, 1.21±0.45 and 88.61±18.44 respectively. On the other hand, in Group B (Non incentive spirometry), postoperative VAS, FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC scores were 5.71±1.57, 1.14±0.56, 1.09±0.22 and 91.57±19.91 respectively. We found a significant correlation in comparing FEV1 (Forced Expiratory Volume) between both groups, with a P value of 0.040. In this study, in Group A (IS), only 8% of elderly patients of urological surgery were found with postoperative pulmonary complications. On the other hand, in patients without using Incentive spirometry, one-fifth (20%) were with postoperative pulmonary complications. Conclusion: As per the findings of this study, both treatment methods are effective. But patients’ compliance may be better in applying Incentive spirometry (IS) in urological surgery in elderly patients. Physicians can minimize the possibilities of postoperative pulmonary complications by using Incentive spirometry. J Dhaka Med Coll. 2022; 31(1) : 51-55

186 Preventing and responding to a hack of a professional Facebook page

Krishona Martinson, Equine Extension Specialist at the University of Minnesota (UMN), established the UMN Extension Horse Facebook page in June 2010 to disseminate research-based information to horse owners and professionals. With Martinson as the owner, the page grew to over 25,000 followers and averaged an annual reach of 2.7 million people. In December 2022, hackers compromised Martinson's personal Facebook page, which was then disabled by Facebook, and gained ownership of the UMN Horse page. The goal of this abstract is to highlight the top 10 lessons learned, which can help others prevent and respond to a hack of a Facebook page. First, install 2-factor authentication. Martinson had not enabled this security feature because she was not comfortable sharing her contact information with Facebook. Second, use a passphrase instead of a password. Passphrases tend to be more difficult to crack due to their length. Third, delete unused social media accounts. The breach occurred when hackers connected Martinson's unused Instagram account to her personal Facebook page. Fourth, ensure the page has other administrators. Before the hackers removed all page administrators, the UMN quickly updated the page banner to notify followers of the hack, stopped all scheduled posts, and removed the branded profile photo to distance the UMN from any unwanted posts. Fifth, be aware of risks and have a plan. Martinson and the UMN page were likely targetssince she managed several Facebook pages and the UMN page had a sizable following. When planning, consider pulling metrics monthly and ensure content created specifically for Facebook (e.g., Live videos) is saved elsewhere so it is not lost if a hack occurs. Sixth, report the hack immediately to direct supervisors, your employers general counsel, and communications and cyber security teams. Seventh, change other account passwords that use the same email and the same or similar password. Eighth, as a precaution post-hack, remove page administrators who are also owners of other pages to reduce the risk of additional pages being hacked. Nineth, take screenshots of any unwanted posts or page changes. Proof of the hack is necessary when reporting to Facebook. Finally, complete as many Facebook forms as possible to report the hack. Martinson was able to file a trademark infringement report through Facebook but was unsuccessful in submitting other reports because her personal page was disabled. Despite efforts shared here, the UMN and Martinson's personal Facebook pages have yet to be recovered. We hope these tips will result in others being able to avoid a frustrating and disruptive Facebook hack or be more prepared when responding to one.