Requirements Of Web Applications Research Articles

Display Design Model Based on the Internet of Things Prototype System

The display design of the Internet of Things prototype system is the top priority of the design of the display space, and it is also a problem to be studied in the future development of the display space. However, the current research on the display design direction of IoT prototype system is not deep enough. This article mainly studies the display design model based on the Internet of Things prototype system. This article mainly uses the related technology of IoT heterogeneous protocol to analyze the structure of the IoT prototype system and proposes to use the heterogeneous network to speculate the future development trend of the IoT. In the aspect of display design, applications such as network information retrieval and data mining at the level of missions are accelerated in depth so that the arrangement of multiple factors is more reasonable. Finally, the data conversion function is used to design each port in the IoT accessor architecture. The protocol is adapted and converted, and the parsed protocol is uniformly encapsulated and uniformly transmitted on the platform. The model in this article integrates various heterogeneous detection networks, realizes the standardized operation of top-level applications, and completes the decoupling of top-level applications. It is encapsulated in a unified protocol and meets the standard operation requirements of web applications. The experimental data in this article show that the frequency of the audio signal designed by the system under normal working conditions is mostly concentrated at about 180 Hz, and the highest frequency value is less than 800 Hz; when the system has a partial discharge failure, the frequency of the audio signal is mostly concentrated between 1400 Hz and 1800 Hz. The experimental results of this article show that the prototype system of the Internet of Things can identify and judge the state of the display design model. Applying it in practice can effectively solve practical problems such as large-scale data storage of the Internet of Things.

Features of microservices architecture in e-commerce systems

The development of information system architectures for e-commerce is a crucial task for busi-nesses in today's digital environment. This article presents a comparative analysis of different types of information system architectures used in e-commerce. The paper examines the specific characteristics of e-commerce and the requirements of web applications that support electronic business operations. Traditional monolithic architecture, microservices architecture, and server-less architecture have been characterized, and their advantages and disadvantages have been identified. Technological solutions in the field of e-commerce development have been studied to create an efficient and user-friendly platform. The article highlights such key architectural aspects as scalability, flexibility, deployment speed and management, reliability, and develop-ment and operational costs. The impact of each architecture type on performance and alignment with e-commerce business needs has been analyzed. This analysis will assist in the creation or modernization of information systems for e-commerce, enabling an informed choice of archi-tectural approach. The article specifically examines the advantages and disadvantages of micro-services architecture for developing e-commerce web applications, particularly using the Spring Boot framework. It explores how microservices can provide modularity and facilitate the devel-opment, deployment, and maintenance of e-commerce web applications. Such challenges of mi-croservices architecture as managing and coordinating services, as well as addressing data con-sistency and transaction management in distributed environments have been discussed. Some possible approaches and technical tools to overcome these challenges in the context of e-commerce web applications based on Spring Boot have been considered.

Fuzzy and Mathematical Effort Estimation Models for Web Applications

This paper proposed an Effort Estimation Model for optimizing the deployment of Web Applications Based Fuzzy and Practical Models. Fuzzy logic approach is applied for estimating the development effort, which is compared with practical efforts model in the development process with interpreting the historical data available for the existing functionalities. This paper presented effort estimation model that involves two levels development and requirements for web applications built on three-tier architecture using Microsoft technologies. The first level estimates published by Project Managers and the second level estimates presented by Project Leaders or Developers for any new requirement or enhancements. The model considers the classification of each task as either Low or Medium or High complexity. These tasks pertain to the lowest level parts in bottom-up estimation. Efforts are estimated for designing, coding and unit testing of these tasks and the efforts are summed up to get the effort estimation for the higher level which is a feature to be implemented. The paper also discusses about the application of the effort estimation model by taking a new requirement as a case study. The first level estimates calculated using the effort estimation model has a variance of about 25% when compared with the actual effort. This variance is very much acceptable considering the fact that the first level estimates can be tolerable up to 35%. The proposed effort estimation model would help the project managers to efficiently control the project, manage the resources effectively, and improve the software development process and also trade off analyses among schedule, performance, quality and functionality. Fuzzy logic is used to verify the claims made in efforts estimation. It is proposed a new relation between the number of data and efforts value membership for actual data.

CLOUD BASED WEB APPLICATION SUPPORTING VEHICLE TOLL PAYMENT

The requirements for new web applications that supports different types of devices and the purposes are growing continuously. In the paper, main advantages of web application development features covering integration with different technologies are considered. Integration and possibilities of application of cloud based web applications in real scenarios with NFC card are considered and described in the paper. The implementation and design of a cloud based web application which supporting vehicle toll payment system using NFC device is presented and described. The development framework and popular technologies used to realize a vehicle toll payment by using NFC card are described. The paper describes concept of vehicle toll payment over an online payment system. Processing, monitoring and control in the cloud based web application of such payments using NFC card are described and presented.

Using open source software for web application security testing

Web applications are a standard part of our everyday lives. Their purpose can vary significantly, from e-banking to social networks. However, one thing is similar - users have generally high expectations from different web applications. To assure such high expectations, proper web application testing is necessary. Non-functional testing is an important part of web application testing. As technology advances and requirements become more complex, the importance of non-functional application aspects becomes even greater. It is necessary to identify non-functional requirements of web applications which are important to users, implement those requirements and test them.

Energy aware resource allocation of cloud data center: review and open issues

The demand for cloud computing is increasing dramatically due to the high computational requirements of business, social, web and scientific applications. Nowadays, applications and services are hosted on the cloud in order to reduce the costs of hardware, software and maintenance. To satisfy this high demand, the number of large-scale data centers has increased, which consumes a high volume of electrical power, has a negative impact on the environment, and comes with high operational costs. In this paper, we discuss many ongoing or implemented energy aware resource allocation techniques for cloud environments. We also present a comprehensive review on the different energy aware resource allocation and selection algorithms for virtual machines in the cloud. Finally, we come up with further research issues and challenges for future cloud environments.

A Multi-objective QoS Mechanism for Web Applications: Improved EFXCP

The research of QoS is concerned with multiple QoS requirements (multi-QR): queue delay, delay jitter and guaranteed throughput etc. As different QoS requirements have different attributes, it is hard to ensure multi-QR in one QoS mechanism. A common method to ensure multi-QR is normalizing multi-QR into one value range by a utility function and then finding the optimal solution of the utility function. However, although multi-QR are considered in such QoS mechanisms, in fact, no concrete QoS requirement can been strictly ensured, which may be embarrassing because web application usually requires one or more concrete QoS requirements to be satisfied strictly. Therefore, it is significant to design a real multi-objective QoS mechanism to satisfy different QoS requirements of various web applications. Our previous works proposed an efficient and fair explicit congestion control protocol (EFXCP) which can achieve excellent performance in terms of high link utilization, low queue delay, low delay jitter, etc. Because different web applications have different throughput requirements, to further satisfy throughput requirements of web applications, we extend EFXCP in this paper to implement an improved EFXCP (IEFXCP). Firstly, ToS field in IP header is utilized to classify different web applications, and then the relative fair bandwidth allocation is proposed between different types of web applications to preferentially ensure throughput requirements of high prior web applications. Therefore, IEFXCP can simultaneously satisfy multi-QR: queue delay, delay jitter and guaranteed throughput. The performance of IEFXCP is validated by extensive NS2 simulations over a wide range of network scenarios, the results show that IEFXCP is a real multi-objective QoS mechanism. DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v12i2.4009

Performance Evaluation of a Modern Web Architecture

The past decade has marked a shift in Web development as users have become accustomed to Web applications with dynamic content and enhanced user experience. Different languages and technologies have been utilised to make way for such applications, gradually stretching existing standards and protocols to its limits. The field of Web development has been characterized by a lack of coherent architectural concepts, partly due to the absences of standard protocols that support modern communication styles. As a result of this, systems specifically designed for real-time data delivery have been required and realised with proprietary technology in the industry, consequently violating established software engineering principles such as modularity, consistency and simplicity. This paper explores how current Web technologies support the requirements of modern Web applications. A prototype application was developed in the last phase to demonstrate the efficacy of combining the WebSocket protocol and API together with the use of JavaScript as exclusive programming language at the client and server. Based on the findings of the research carried out it appears that the use of protocols and standards such as WebSocket, WebSocket API and Server-Sent Events caters for higher network performance, increased flexibility and standards compliance.

Capturing data quality requirements for web applications by means of DQ_WebRE

The number of Web applications which are part of Business Intelligence (BI) applications has grown exponentially in recent years, as has their complexity. Consequently, the amount of data used by these applications has also increased. The larger the number of data used, the greater the chance to make errors is. That being the case, managing data with an acceptable level of quality is paramount to success in any organizational business process. In order to raise and maintain adequate levels of Data Quality (DQ), it is indispensable for Web applications to be able to satisfy specific DQ requirements. To do so, DQ requirements should be captured and introduced into the development process of the Web Application, together with the other software requirements needed in the applications. In the field of Web application development, however, there appears to us to exist a lack of proposals aimed at managing specific DQ software requirements. This paper considers the MDA (Model Driven Architecture) approach and, principally, the benefits provided by Model Driven Web Engineering (MDWE), putting forward a proposal for two artifacts. These consist of a metamodel and a UML profile for the management of Data Quality Software Requirements for Web Applications (DQ_WebRE).

From requirements to implementation of ad-hoc social Web applications: an empirical pattern-based approach

Social technologies are transforming the Web to a place where users actively contribute to content production and opinion making. At B2E level, enterprises look at social networking tools as possible means for improving their operations thanks to the unstructured interaction they foster among employees. This paper tackles the problem of defining a quick and pragmatic approach for specifying the requirements of ad-hoc social web applications and for going down to their implementation. The approach is motivated by the fact that in most cases the ad-hoc needs that the company foresees are just a peculiar subset of the large set of requirements that are addressed by current social platforms. The main contributions of this work include: the classification of the social interactions that can be observed in virtual communities in a comprehensive taxonomy of requirements (based on a broad analysis of the existing social networking platforms, considering both public and enterprise solutions); the definition of requirement specification as a selection process upon this taxonomy; and the mapping to design and implementation artifacts through automatic generation of design models and of running code. This is implemented through a set of pattern-based model transformations that transform the requirements (specified according to a goal-oriented methodology) to UML models and then to running Java code. A validation of the effectiveness of the approach is provided, in terms of percentage of hand-written code with respect to the parts that can be automatically obtained through the transformations.

Power management by load forecasting in web server clusters

The complexity and requirements of web applications are increasing in order to meet more sophisticated business models (web services and cloud computing, for instance). For this reason, characteristics such as performance, scalability and security are addressed in web server cluster design. Due to the rising energy costs and also to environmental concerns, energy consumption in this type of system has become a main issue. This paper shows energy consumption reduction techniques that use a load forecasting method, combined with DVFS (Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling) and dynamic configuration techniques (turning servers on and off), in a soft real-time web server clustered environment. Our system promotes energy consumption reduction while maintaining user’s satisfaction with respect to request deadlines being met. The results obtained show that prediction capabilities increase the QoS (Quality of Service) of the system, while maintaining or improving the energy savings over state-of-the-art power management mechanisms. To validate this predictive policy, a web application running a real workload profile was deployed in an Apache server cluster testbed running Linux.

WebSpec: a visual language for specifying interaction and navigation requirements in web applications

Web application development is a complex and time-consuming process that involves different stakeholders (ranging from customers to developers); these applications have some unique characteristics like navigational access to information, sophisticated interaction features, etc. However, there have been few proposals to represent those requirements that are specific to Web applications. Consequently, validation of requirements (e.g., in acceptance tests) is usually informal and as a result troublesome. To overcome these problems, we present WebSpec, a domain-specific language for specifying the most relevant and characteristic requirements of Web applications: those involving interaction and navigation. We describe WebSpec diagrams, discussing their abstraction and expressive power. With a simple though realistic example, we show how we have used WebSpec in the context of an agile Web development approach discussing several issues such as automatic test generation, management of changes in requirements, and improving the understanding of the diagrams through application simulation.

A Survey of Requirements Specification in Model-Driven Development of Web Applications

Model-driven development has become more and more important in the last few years. In the context of web application development, many web Engineering methods that propose model-driven development processes have appeared. However, earlier stages of these processes are seldom considered and few of these methods rigorously face the problems of specifying web application requirements and translating them into the proper conceptual model. However, it is widely recognized that requirements engineering activities are essential to obtain quality software products. This article surveys Model-driven web engineering methods in a comparative study and analyzes the techniques proposed for specifying functional, data and navigational requirements as well as the mechanisms provided for automatically translating these requirements into conceptual models. Our main goal is to provide a critical view of the support that is provided by these methods for handling web application requirements in order to show their current limitations and strengths.

Strategy-focused requirements engineering method for web applications

The Web-based Business Applications concept goes well beyond e-commerce, e-banking and e-business as it encompasses the business strategies and processes of the organisation. In this context, aligning web application requirements to the organisation's business strategy is as important as the functional requirements of these applications. The paper presents an Extended Web Application Requirements Engineering (eWARE) method that is strategy-focused to align requirements to business strategy and to elicit legal, technological, business, marketing and content requirements. eWARE is an adaptation of two methods: Viewpoint-oriented Requirements Definition (VORD) to elicit web applications requirements and Balanced Scorecard (BSC) to aid in planning/analysing a business strategy.

A transformational approach to produce web application prototypes from a web requirements model

There are a significant number of proposals for modelling and developing web applications, but very few of them rigorously deal with how to elicit and represent requirements, and how to go from the Requirements Model to the Conceptual Model with a sound methodological basis. This work presents an approach to capture web application requirements. The main goal of this approach is to provide analysts with techniques that allow them to specify not only the functional and data requirements of a web application but also the navigational ones at early stages. These techniques make it possible to identify, specify and describe every task that must be achieved by web application users. In addition, we introduce a strategy based on graph transformations that allow us to automate the derivation of the navigational model of the OOWS method from early requirements specifications. Finally, by using the OOWS automatic code capabilities, we show how this graph transformations-based strategy allows us to obtain web applications prototypes from early requirements specifications.

Eliciting Web application requirements – an industrial case study

A small variety of methods and techniques are presented in the literature as solutions to manage requirements elicitation for Web applications. However, the existing state of the art is lacking research regarding practical functioning solutions that would match Web application characteristics. The main concern for this paper is how requirements for Web applications can be elicited. The Viewpoint-Oriented Requirements Definition method (VORD) is chosen for eliciting and formulating Web application requirements in an industrial case study. VORD is helpful because it allows structuring of requirements around viewpoints and formulating very detailed requirements specifications. Requirements were understandable to the client with minimal explanation but failed to capture the business vision, strategy, and daily business operations, and could not anticipate the changes in the business process as a consequence of introducing the Web application within the organisation. The paper concludes by a discussion of how to adapt and extend VORD to suit Web applications.

Goal-driven requirements analysis for hypermedia-intensive Web applications

Requirements analysis for Web applications still needs to employ effective RE practices to accommodate some distinctive aspects: capturing high-level communication goals, considering several user profiles, defining hypermedia-specific requirements, bridging the gap between requirements and Web design, and reusing requirements for an effective usability evaluation. Techniques should be usable, informal, require little training effort, and show relative advantage to project managers. On the basis of the i * framework, this paper presents a proposal for defining hypermedia requirements (concerning aspects such as content, interaction, navigation, and presentation) for Web applications. The model adopts a goal-driven approach coupled with scenario-based techniques, introduces a hypermedia requirement taxonomy to facilitate Web conceptual design, and paves the way for systematic usability evaluation. Particular attention is paid to the empirical validation of the model based on the perceived quality attributes theory. A case study developed with industrial partners is discussed.

A preprocessing framework and approach for web applications

Aiming to meet the common requirements of several typical web applications, we propose a new preprocessing framework and the corresponding approach. The framework includes three parts: Web page cle...

Towards a richer Web object model

The World Wide Web is becoming an increasingly important factor in planning for enterprise distributed computing environments, both to support external access to enterprise systems and information (e.g., by customers, suppliers, and partners), and to support internal enterprise operations. Organizations perceive a number of advantages in using the Web in enterprise computing, a particular advantage being that it provides an information representation which• supports interlinking of all kinds of content• is easy for end-users to access• supports easy content creation using widely-available toolsHowever, as organizations have attempted to employ the Web in increasingly sophisticated applications, these applications have begun to overlap in complexity the sorts of distributed applications for which distributed object architectures such as OMG's CORBA, and its surrounding Object Management Architecture (OMA) [Sol95] were originally developed. Since the Web was not originally designed to support such applications, Web application development efforts increasingly run into limitations of the basic Web infrastructure.If the Web is to be used as the basis of complex enterprise applications, it must provide generic capabilities similar to those provided by the OMA (although these may need to be adapted to the more open, flexible nature of the Web, and specific requirements of Web applications). This involves such things as providing database-like services (such as enhanced query and transaction support) and their composition in the Web. However, the basic data structuring capabilities provided by the Web (its "object model") must also be addressed, since the ability to define and apply powerful generic services in the Web, and the ability to generally use the Web to support complex applications, depends crucially on the ability of the Web's underlying data structuring facilities to support these complex applications and services.